CMPSC473, Spring 2020
Malloc Lab: Writing a Dynamic Storage Allocator Assigned: Jan. 23
Checkpoint 1 Due: Thu., Feb. 6, Noon Checkpoint 2 Due: Thu., Feb. 13, Noon Due: Thu., Feb. 20, Noon
Please read this document carefully!
1 Introduction
In this lab, you will be writing a dynamic storage allocator for C programs, i.e., your own version of the malloc, free, and realloc functions. You are encouraged to explore the design space creatively and implement an allocator that is correct, space efficient, and fast.
The only file you will be modifying is mm.c. Modifications in other files will not be used in the grading. You will be implementing the following functions:
• bool mm init(void)
• void* malloc(size t size)
• void free(void* ptr)
• void* realloc(void* oldptr, size t size) • bool mm checkheap(int lineno)
You are encouraged to define other (static) helper functions, structures, etc. to better structure your code.
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Programming Rules
IMPORTANT: You are required to implement a heap checker (see Section 5) that will be graded. The heap checker will help you debug your code.
IMPORTANT: You are required to write comments for all of your code including the heap checker. Addi- tionally, you need to write a file comment at the top of the file describing your overall malloc design. See Section 7 for grading details.
IMPORTANT: You must show your partial work on this assignment by periodically committing and submitting (i.e., pushing) your code to git. This will be used both for grading the checkpoints as well as ensuring academic integrity.
IMPORTANT: The week following the final due date, you will be required to stop by TA office hours for a short 2-3min demo of your heap checker. See Section 7 for details.
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You are not allowed to change any of the interfaces in mm.c.
You are not allowed to invoke any memory-management related library calls or system calls. For example, you are not allowed to use sbrk, brk, or the standard library versions of malloc, calloc, free, or realloc. Instead of sbrk, you should use our provided mem sbrk.
Your code is expected to work in 64-bit environments, and you should assume that allocation sizes and offsets will require 8 byte (64-bit) representations.
You are not allowed to use macros as they can be error-prone. The better style is to use static functions and let the compiler inline the simple static functions for you.
You are limited to 128 bytes of global space for arrays, structs, etc. If you need large amounts of space for storing extra tracking data, you can put it in the heap area.
IMPORTANT: Failure to abide by these requirements may result in a 0 for the assignment.
Description of the dynamic memory allocator functions
mm init: Before calling malloc, realloc, calloc, or free, the application program (i.e., the trace- driven driver program that will evaluate your code) calls your mm init function to perform any necessary initializations, such as allocating the initial heap area. The return value should be true on success and false if there were any problems in performing the initialization.
malloc: The malloc function returns a pointer to an allocated block payload of at least size bytes. The entire allocated block should lie within the heap region and should not overlap with any other allocated chunk. If the requested size is 0 or if mem sbrk is unable to extend the heap, then you should return NULL. Similar to how the standard C library (libc) always returns payload pointers that are aligned to 16 bytes, your malloc implementation should do likewise and always return 16-byte aligned pointers.
free: The free function frees the block pointed to by ptr. It returns nothing. This function is only guaranteed to work when the passed pointer (ptr) was returned by an earlier call to malloc, calloc, or realloc and has not yet been freed. If ptr is NULL, then free should do nothing.
realloc: The realloc function returns a pointer to an allocated region of at least size bytes with the following constraints.
– ifptrisNULL,thecallisequivalenttomalloc(size);
– ifsizeisequaltozero,thecallisequivalenttofree(ptr);
– if ptr is not NULL, it must have been returned by an earlier call to malloc, calloc, or realloc. The call to realloc changes the size of the memory block pointed to by ptr (the old block) to size bytes and returns the address of the new block. Notice that the address of the new block might be the same as the old block, or it might be different, depending on your implementation, the amount of internal fragmentation in the old block, and the size of the realloc request.
The contents of the new block are the same as those of the old ptr block, up to the minimum of the old and new sizes. Everything else is uninitialized. For example, if the old block is 8 bytes and the new block is 12 bytes, then the first 8 bytes of the new block are identical to the first 8 bytes of the old block and the last 4 bytes are uninitialized. Similarly, if the old block is 8 bytes and the new block is 4 bytes, then the contents of the new block are identical to the first 4 bytes of the old block.
These semantics match the the semantics of the corresponding libc malloc, realloc, and free functions. Run man malloc to view complete documentation.
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4 Support Functions
The memlib.c package simulates the memory system for your dynamic memory allocator. You can invoke the following functions in memlib.c:
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void* mem sbrk(int incr): Expands the heap by incr bytes, where incr is a positive non-zero inte- ger. It returns a generic pointer to the first byte of the newly allocated heap area. The semantics are identical to the Unix sbrk function, except that mem sbrk accepts only a non-negative integer argument. You must use our version, mem sbrk, for the tests to work. Do not use sbrk.
void* mem heap lo(void): Returns a generic pointer to the first byte in the heap.
void* mem heap hi(void): Returns a generic pointer to the last byte in the heap.
size t mem heapsize(void): Returns the current size of the heap in bytes.
size t mem pagesize(void): Returns the system’s page size in bytes (4K on Linux systems).
void* memset(void* ptr, int value, size t n): Sets the first n bytes of memory pointed to by ptr to value.
void* memcpy(void* dst, const void* src, size t n): Copies n bytes from src to dst. Heap Consistency Checker
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Dynamic memory allocators are notoriously tricky beasts to program correctly and efficiently. They are difficult to program correctly because they involve a lot of untyped pointer manipulation and low-level manipulation of bits and bytes. You will find it very helpful to write a heap checker mm checkheap that scans the heap and checks it for consistency. The heap checker will check for invariants which should always be true.
Some examples of what a heap checker might check are:
• Is every block in the free list marked as free?
• Are there any contiguous free blocks that somehow escaped coalescing? • Is every free block actually in the free list?
• Do the pointers in the free list point to valid free blocks?
• Do any allocated blocks overlap?
• Do the pointers in a heap block point to valid heap addresses?
You should implement checks for any invariants you consider prudent. It returns true if your heap is in a valid, consistent state and false otherwise. You are not limited to the listed suggestions nor are you required to check all of them. You are encouraged to print out error messages when the check fails. You can use dbg printf to print messages in your code in debug mode. To enable debug mode, uncomment the line #define DEBUG.
To call the heap checker, you can use mm checkheap( LINE ), which will pass in the line number of the caller. This can be used to identify which line detected a problem.
You are required to implement a heap checker for your code, both for grading and debugging purposes. See Section 7 for details on grading.
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6 Testing your code
First, you need to compile/build your code by running: make. You need to do this every time you change your code for the tests to utilize your latest changes.
To run all the tests after building your code, run: make test.
To test a single trace file after building your code, run: ./mdriver -f traces/tracefile.rep.
Each trace file contains a sequence of allocate, reallocate, and free commands that instruct the driver to call your malloc, realloc, and free functions in some sequence.
Other command line options can be found by running: ./mdriver -h To debug your code with gdb, run: gdb mdriver.
7 Evaluation
You will receive zero points if:
• you break any of the programming rules in Section 2 • your code does not compile/build
• your code is buggy and crashes the driver
Otherwise, your grade will be calculated as follows:
50 pts
100 pts
Checkpoint 1 (Due: Thu., Feb. 6, Noon): This part of the assignment simply tests the correctness of your code. Space utilization and throughput will not be tested in this checkpoint. Your grade will be based on the number of trace files that succeed.
Checkpoint 2 (Due: Thu., Feb. 13, Noon): This part of the assignment requires that your code is entirely functional and tests the space utilization (60 pts) and throughput (40 pts) of your code. Each metric will have a min and max target (i.e., goal) where if your utilization/throughput is above the max, you get full score and if it is below the min, you get no points. Partial points are assigned proportionally between the min and max.
– Spaceutilization(60pts):Thespaceutilizationiscalculatedbasedonthepeakratiobetweentheaggregate amount of memory used by the driver (i.e., allocated via malloc or realloc but not yet freed via free) and the size of the heap used by your allocator. You should design good policies to minimize fragmentation in order to increase this ratio.
– Throughput (40 pts): The throughput is a performance metric that measures the average number of op- erations completed per second. As the performance of your code can vary between executions and between machines, your score as you’re testing your code is not guaranteed. The performance testing will be performed on the W204 cluster machines to ensure more consistent results.
Final submission (Due: Thu., Feb. 20, Noon): This part of the assignment is graded identically as Checkpoint 2, except that the grading curve has not been significantly reduced as is the case with Checkpoint 2.
Heap checker demo and code comments (Due: Thu., Feb. 20, Noon): As part of the final submission, we will be reviewing your heap checker code and comments through your code. The week following the final due date, you will need to stop by TA office hours to give a short 2-3 minute demo to explain your heap checker code as well as demonstrating that it works. Your heap checker will be graded based on correctness, completeness, and comments. The comments should be understandable to a TA. The demo will show correctness. Your explanation of the heap checker and your malloc design will determine the degree to which your checker is checking invariants.
100 pts 50 pts
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There will be a balance between space efficiency and speed (throughput), so you should not go to extremes to optimize either the space utilization or the throughput only. To receive a good score, you must achieve a balance between utilization and throughput.
8 Handin Instructions
You must show your partial work on this assignment by periodically committing and submitting (i.e., pushing) your code to git. To do this, run:
git add mm.c
git commit -m “Write a comment here about your code changes” git push
We will use the latest submission before each deadline as well as the latest submission before each late deadline for grading purposes. Each checkpoint and final submission can use the late policy, and we will calculate and use the better of the normal score and the late score with the late penalty. Thus, make sure you are committing and submitting to git often.
Additionally, you must submit your github username that you used for the assignment in Canvas.
9 Hints
• Use the mdriver -f option. During initial development, using tiny trace files will simplify debugging and testing. We have included some trace files ending in -short.rep that you can use for initial debugging.
• Write a good heap checker. This will help detect errors much closer to when they occur. This is one of the most useful techniques for debugging data structures like the malloc memory structure.
• Use gdb; watchpoints can help with finding corruption. gdb will help you isolate and identify out of bounds memory references as well as where in the code the SEGFAULT occurs. To assist the debugger, you may want to compile with make debug to produce unoptimized code that is easier to debug. To revert to optimized code, run make release for improved performance. Additionally, using watchpoints in gdb can help detect where corruption is occurring if you know the address that is being corrupted.
• The textbooks have detailed malloc examples that can help your understanding. You are allowed to reference any code within the textbooks as long as you cite the source. However, looking for or using any code online is strictly forbidden.
• Encapsulate your pointer arithmetic and bit manipulation in static functions. Pointer arithmetic in your im- plementation can be confusing and error-prone because of all the casting that is necessary. You can reduce the complexity significantly by writing static functions for your pointer operations and bit manipulation. The compiler should inline these simple functions for you.
• Use git to track your different versions. git will allow you to track your code changes to help you remember what you’ve done in the past. It can also provide an easy way to revert to prior versions if you made a mistake.
• Use the mdriver -v and -V options. These options allow extra debug information to be printed.
• Start early! Unless you’ve been writing low-level systems code since you were 5, this will probably be some of
the most difficult and sophisticated code you have written so far in your career. So start early, and good luck!
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