Midterm Guide:
This is not an example midterm, so the length is does not indicate the length of the exam. This is a list that illustrates the types of questions that could be asked. The examples I give in these questions will not be repeated, so focus more on understanding how to answer the question with respect to the course material rather than the specific examples I give
1. Increasing protectionist trade policies causes the volume of trade between two countries to diminish
2. Sanctions on autocratic governments and their financial assets leads them to engage in espionage against former citizens living outside the country.
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3. The election of a nationalist government in a country causes increased anxiety among refugees seeking asylum.
(Q) Pick one of the causal claims from above.
– Write down a variable that corresponds to this concept.
– Propose a measure for this variable.
(Q) Give an example of one way that the (variable / measure) you gave in (preceding question) could lack validity. Be sure to clarify why this would lead to a lack of validity.
(Q) Identify the level of measurement for the following two variables:
(a) Level of political freedom on a scale from 1 (most free) to 7 (least free) based on expert evaluations.
(b) The number of people in Metro Vancouver that were not born in Canada.
(Q) The city of Vancouver wants to measure its number of homeless residents to determine how much funding to allocate for shelters and other programs.
(a) Propose a measure for this variable that would produce systematic measurement error. Be sure to explain why the procedure would produce systematic measurement error.
(b) What is the direction of the error you would expect to result from your procedure?
Assume the following is true: Polls on approval of ’s performance as President showed a sharp decline after he fired FBI Director . However, the firing did not change any opinions of Trump, instead Republicans became less likely to answer surveys, while Democrats became more likely to answer surveys.
(Q) If we are interested in the attitudes of individual survey respondents, it this an example of measurement bias (systematic measurement error). YES | NO
“I have worked for the mining industry my whole life, I saw the improvements that natural resource extraction projects of this magnitude can bring to a community. Expanding this pipeline will be an economic boost for the Northwest, you can trust me on this.”
What is the claim in this quote?
What kind of claim is it (identify whether it is empirical or normative and then which sub-type it
What is the basis given for this claim?
Identify one way in which the basis for this claim does not meet the criteria for scientific bases for claims (identify the specific criterion it does not meet and explain why this is so)
a. “We should buy mosquito nets for people living in places with a high risk of malaria”
(Q) Assume that you accept the claim (b) “reducing avoidable deaths from infectious disease is desirable”
– What kind of claim is (a)?
– What kind of claim is (b)
– If we accept (b) is true, on the basis of that alone, are we able to accept (a)? If not, give an example of another claim (c) that we would have to accept (in addition to (b)) in order to accept (a)? What kind of claim is (c)?
(Q) For this question, examine the following two claims:
(i) “Higher voter turnout is a good thing.’’
(ii) “We should make the date of the federal election a national holiday to increase voter
turnout.’’
Assume you accept claim (i) is true.
1. What type of claim is (i)? Be as specific as possible. ( point)
2. What type of claim is (ii) ? Be as specific as possible. (1 point)
3. If we assume (i) is true, on the basis of that alone, can we accept (ii) is true? If not, give
an example of another claim (iii) that we would have to accept (in addition to (i)) in order to accept (ii) and indicate what kind of claim (iii) is. (2 points)
H (Q) Consider the following quote:
“And you have 14 percent of noncitizens, according to academic research, at a minimum, are registered to vote…” – , senior adviser to
1. What kind of claim is in this quote? (identify whether it is empirical or normative and then which sub-type it is.) ( point)
2. What is the basis given for this claim? (1 point)
3. Identify one way in which the basis for this claim does not meet the criteria for scientific basesfor claims(identifyonespecificcriterionitdoesnotmeetandexplain why
this is so). (1 point)
For Q1 and Q2, select (and circle) one of the following causal claims:
1. An increase in fake news results in declining public trust in democratic institutions
2. Interference by a foreign power to support pro-democracy protests in a country causes greater resistance to democracy by that country’s (non-democratic) ruling coalition.
3. An increase in the number of refugees entering a country leads to the rise of anti-immigration attitudes in that country.
(Q1) Using either the concept that is causing the effect or the concept that is affected by the cause (circle which one you will use):
1. Please write down a variable that corresponds to this concept. (1 point)
2. Propose a measure for the variable you gave in above (1 point)
(Q2) Give an example of one way that using the measure you gave in Q1 could suffer from random measurement error. Be sure to explain why (in your example) this measure would produce specifically random measurement error (as opposed to measurement bias). If you used this measure, would this lead to a problem with validity or reliability? (2 points)
(Q) Identify the level of measurement for the following two variables:
1. The first preference of electoral system submitted by a voter in the recent BC referendum on proportional representation. (1 point)
2. The number of years since the last turnover of power in a government. (1 point) K
(Q) You are hired by the Liberal party to find out ’s approval rate among all eligible voters in Canada. Describe a measure for this variable that suffers from measurement bias that results from sampling bias. Explain clearly why the procedure would generate sampling bias and why the sampling bias would also lead to measurement bias in this case. (2 points)
(Q) Please label the following sentences as True or False.
1. Random Sampling Error can be solved by increasing the number of cases in a sample. (1 point) TRUE | FALSE
2. In an anonymous poll in which respondents were asked whether or not they believe climate change is a hoax, 10% said that they did. In a follow-up survey one week later, the same individuals were asked to fill out a survey in which they were asked the same question. Again, 10% said they believed climate change a hoax. But, although the respondents’ opinions had not changed, only three quarters of those who said climate change was a hoax in the first survey did so on the second. This is an example of measurement bias (systematic measurement error). (1 point) TRUE | FALSE
(Q) Identify the level of measurement for the following three variables:
1. An individual’s place of birth (1 point)
2. The amount of greenhouse gas emissions in British Columbia from 2008 to 2019 (in
metric tons). (1 point)
3. The fraction of Canadians who “strongly disapprove” of increasing the number of
refugees granted asylum in Canada each year (1 point) N
(Q) The following figure (like this figure) shows the relationship between the true value of variable X and the values given by three different measures (X1, X2, X3) of variable X.
(a) Which of these measures suffer from systematic measurement error? (b) Which of these measures suffer from random measurement error?
(Q) What is random sampling? Please describe it in terms of both the population and the sample.
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