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Sensing Systems and Signal Processing
Dr Richard
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Classifying sensors
There are a number of different ways to classify different types of sensors. These could include:
The type of signal produced:
Analog sensors produce a signal that is continuous in both magnitude and temporal (spatial) content. Most physical measurands are analogue.
Digital sensors produce an output in discrete steps or states. Digital signals are typically more repeatable, reliable and easier to transmit.
The power requirements of the device:
Passive device directly generate an electrical signal in response to an external stimuli. The output signal power comes from the stimulus. (Thermocouples Piezoelectric sensors)
Active sensors require an external power supply or an excitation signal for their operation. The output signal power comes from the power supply. (Thermistors, Chemo-resistors)
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Classifying sensors
Measurand Examples
Mechanical Force, Pressure, Stress, Strain, Mass, Density, Moment, Torque, Viscosity, Stiffness Roughness, Velocity, Acceleration, Position.
Optical Wave, Amplitude, Phase, Polarisation, Spectrum
Electrical Charge, Current, Potential, Potential Difference, Electric Field, Conductivity, Permittivity
Acoustic Wave Amplitude, Wave Velocity, Frequency
Thermal Temperature, Heat Flux, Specific Heat, Thermal Conductivity
Chemical Components, Concentration
Radiation Type, Energy, Intensity
Biological Biomas, Concentration, States,
Magnetic Magnetic Field, Magnetic Flux, Permeability
The type of the Measurand
mechanical / thermal / magnetic etc (see table)
Input/output relationship:
the order of the relationship – linear, quadratic, logarithmic.
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Conversion methods
Physical – thermo-elastic, thermo-electric, thermo-magnetic, thermo-optic –photo-electric, photo-elastic, photo-magnetic, –electro-elastic, electro-magnetic –magneto-electric
Chemical –chemical transport, physical transformation, electro-chemical
Biological –biological transformation, physical transformation
Measurand Examples
Mechanical Force, Pressure, Stress, Strain, Mass, Density, Moment, Torque, Viscosity, Stiffness Roughness, Velocity, Acceleration, Position.
Optical Wave, Amplitude, Phase, Polarisation, Spectrum
Electrical Charge, Current, Potential, Potential Difference, Electric Field, Conductivity, Permittivity
Acoustic Wave Amplitude, Wave Velocity, Frequency
Thermal Temperature, Heat Flux, Specific Heat, Thermal Conductivity
Chemical Components, Concentration
Radiation Type, Energy, Intensity
Biological Biomas, Concentration, States,
Magnetic Magnetic Field, Magnetic Flux, Permeability
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Importance of sensors
Where are sensors needed?
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Importance of sensors
Sensors are everywhere!
Current drivers are
Internet of things
Consumer electronics
Automotive industry
Wearable technology
Anything that needs automating needs sensors!
https://www.i-scoop.eu/global-sensor-market-forecast-2022/
Visited January 2019
“According to Allied Market Research (AMR), the global market of sensors (along with actuators the main types of transducers) is poised to grow with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 11.3 percent until 2022 when the market would reach $241 billion”
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Choosing sensors
How to choose a sensor?
What factors are important?
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Choosing sensors
Application needs or design constraints
Power usage
Sensitivity / resolution / accuracy
Lifetime / reliability
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