Usability Engineering
Diverse User Groups: Accessibility and Internationalisation Week 7, COSC1182
Acknowledgement of
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RMIT University acknowledges the people of the Woi wurrung and Boon wurrung language groups of the eastern Kulin Nation on whose unceded lands we conduct the business of the University.
RMIT University respectfully acknowledges their Ancestors and Elders, past and present. RMIT also acknowledges the Traditional Custodians and their Ancestors of the lands and waters across Australia where we conduct our business.
Designing for Indigenous Needs and Contexts
HCI Supporting Indigenous Australians
• Large, multi-site project to connect Aboriginal and Islander people to country, and to other people from their cultural groups
• Indigenous researcher was key
• Lack of trust in institutional structures
• Connections to land very important
Leong, , and . 2019. Designing for diversity in Aboriginal Australia: Insights from a national technology project. In Proceedings of the 31st Australian Conference on Human-Computer-Interaction (OZCHI’19). ACM, , N3Y,, 418–422.
Learn about indigenous culture at RMIT
Womin Djeka orientation: https://www.rmit.edu.au/study-with-us/levels-of- study/short-courses/womin-djeka-indigenous-orientation
On Country: https://www.rmit.edu.au/students/careers-opportunities/global- experiences/on-country
Learning objectives
To understand the importance of accessibility
To know how to embed accessibility into the UCD process
To understand the influence of culture and language on design
To understand the principles of internationalisation
Accessibility
What is accessibility?
Accessibility is
Ensuring, as far as possible, that all users can use your tool or site regardless of (dis)ability
Accessibility is good for everyone: it improves overall design
(Youtube link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v= grrx2Lva7T0)
Types of disability or difference
• Visual impairment including blindness, low vision, colourblindness
• Physical disability, including limited movement, limb loss and tremor
• Cognitive difference including dyslexia, ADHD
• Deafness and hard of hearing
• Low literacy
Impacts of disability and difference
• Mouse may be unusable
• Audio may be unusable
• Short term memory challenges may make menus difficult
• Colours may not be visible
• Images may be difficult or impossible to use
Assistive technologies
Why accessibility? Because it is the right thing to do, but…
Accessibility and the Law
Accessibility requirements protected by law:
• All Australian Government Agencies required to meet WCAG 2.0 Level AA
• VIC government websites WCAG 2.1
• All businesses must comply with the Disability Discrimination Act 1992, which requires equal access to goods and services
Accessibility and the Law
Other countries:
• Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
• UK Equality Act 2010
• Human Rights Act
Accessibility and Money: NFB vs Target
• Users with visual impairment couldn’t buy from target.com
• Case law for including digital accessibility in ADA
• Settled for $18million
• https://arstechnica.com/uncatego rized/2008/08/target-to-pay-6- million-to-settle-site-accessibility- suit/
Accessibility and the Law
NAD Vs Netflix
• Resulted in closed captioning by 2014
Coles in Australia
• Accessibility improvements won
Accessibility and the Law: Lawsuits in the US
2018 2019 2020 2021
Lawsuits per year
Source: https://www.wsj.com/articles/lawsuits-over-digital-accessibility-for-people-with-disabilities-are-rising- 11626369056
Accessibility and UCD
Accessibility: Key recommendations
Logical order and headings
Support: cognitive difference, screen reader use, absence of mouse
Shallow wide menus
Support: dyslexia, ADHD, screen readers, no mouse
No image based text
Support: Screen readers, magnifiers, dyslexia, colourblindness
Make size relative
Support: screen magnifiers, visual impairment, cognitive difference
Chunk readable text
Support: screen readers, low literacy, dyslexia
Alternative formats
E.g. alt text, earcons, closed captioning
No reliance on colour
Support: dyslexia, low vision, colourblindness, screen readers
A note on the use of language
• 15-20% Australians level 1 literacy
• Many Australians use English as an additional language
• Text is challenging for some types of ADHD, dyslexia
• Avoid slang, jargon, sarcasm
• Keep text clear and explanatory
• Use paragraphs/pages to keep text short
• Use simple language
Include People With Disabilities as Users
1/6 Australians has a disability
Consider your user groups, can you test with:
• An older user?
• A user with neurodivergence?
• Someone who doesn’t use a mouse?
Internationalisation and Culturally Sensitive Design
What is culture?
• Language
• Writing system
• Text direction
• Date format
• Address format
Subjective
• Hofstede
Individualism vs collectivism Tolerance for uncertainty Power distance
Masculinity vs femininity
Use of colour
• Metaphor
Impacts on design
Structural
• Text direction • Language
• Choice of colour
• Design patterns and conventions
User Centred Design
• Density of content
• Number of colours
• Functionality
• Phone first?
Different designs, same content
Cultural sensitivity and markets
‘How 8 pixels cost Microsoft millions’
https://www.cnet.com/news/how- eight-pixels-cost-microsoft-millions/
• Siri (*****) in Georgian
• Nokia Lumia (****) in Spanish Ebay failure in China (no guanxi)
Designing for Australia: Exercise
Design for Australia: 10 minutes
• How can cultural sensitivity to indigenous be embedded into the UCD process?
• What methods would you use and why?
• What features might be appropriate?
• What are the cultural considerations you already understand?
• More information here: https://rmiteduau.sharepoint.com/sites/STEM- hub/SitePages/Our-College-people-Reconciliation.aspx#engaging- students-in-reconciliation-(orientation-more)
Why and how to internationalise?
• Growth in market share
• Respect customs/laws in new markets
• Localisation
• Linguistic support • Globalisation
The approaches
Localisation
Language support
Globalisation
Individual versions of systems for individual markets
Same system in multiple languages (best for single markets)
Simplified language, international phone numbers, units, dates, generic images
Localisation
Language support
Challenges
• Translation hard
• Language direction impacts design
• Cullture, e.g. colour, icons
Challenges: Format
Date format 10 July 2021
• Australia 10/07/2021
• US 07/10/2021
• UK 07.10.2021
• Standard 2021-07-10
Number format
• Australia 123,456.78
• Finland 123 456,78
• India 1,23,456.78 Emoticons
• English 🙂
• Japanese (^_^)
Challenges: Platform
Desktop Mobile Tablet
Desktop Mobile Tablet
Challenges: Cultural
Assumptions
• Selling in China: Guanxi
• Bowel screening in
• Walmart in Korea
• Uber integration
International user testing
Go yourself (COVID? Cost?) Remote testing (cultural difference?) Local usability consultant
Non usability expert local staff Usability staff in local markets
Culturally inappropriate assumptions will sink your product
Cultural Inclusion: Gaver’s Cultural Probes
Cultural inclusion: Diverse design teams
Boost innovation—create new ideas
Boost performance (diverse teams 35% more likely to be in top income quartile) Promote critical thinking
Best when diversity across leadership and team
Source https://hbr.org/2016/11/why-diverse-teams-are-smarter,
Users have different needs
• Accessibility
• Linguistic
• Cultural
We need to design for these needs
• For financial reasons
• For legal reasons
• Because it is the right thing to do!
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