CS作业代写 PC 750 in 1999 (10M transistors)

1007ICT / 1807ICT / 7611ICT Computer Systems & Networks
1B. Introduction to Computers

Lecture Contents

 Learning objectives
 What is a computer / computer system?
Mechanical, electro-mechanical and electronic computers
 Integrated circuits
Evolution of computer processors and storage
 Quantum, optical and nano-computing
 Different types of computers
 Computer system abstractions
© . Revised and updated by , , and Wee Lum Tan

Learning Objectives
At the end of this lecture you will have learnt:
 What is a computer / computer system
Background on mechanical, electro-mechanical and electronic computers
 History of integrated circuit development
 Evolution of computer processors and storage
Background on quantum, optical and nano- computing
The distinction between various types of common computer systems
 An overview of computer system abstractions © . Revised and updated by , , and Wee Lum Tan

Introduction to Computers
 Alittlehistory
 Mechanical computers
 Electromechanical computers  Electronic computers
 IncredibleShrinkingMachine  Moore’s Law
 Amdahl’s Law
 FutureComputing
 Optical & Quantum Computers  Nanotechnology
 TypesofComputers
 ComputerSystemAbstractions
© . Revised and updated by , , and Wee Lum Tan

What is a computer? (Section 1.2)
A computer
1. Accepts input in the form of instructions and data
2. Process the data according to a set of instructions (program)
3. Produces output in the form of information or actions
© . Revised and updated by , , and Wee Lum Tan

What is a Computer System? (Section 1.2)
What is a Computer System?
 A combination of hardware, software and network components that work together to perform data processing, transfer and storage tasks.
 Includes one or more connected processing units, memory storage and Input/Output (IO) located centrally or remotely via a network.
© . Revised and updated by , , and Wee Lum Tan

Mechanical Computers – 1840
’s Difference Engine
For calculating tables eg (sine & polynomial)
Used gears and wheels and other mechanical movements
You had to turn a crank handle to make it work
© . Revised and updated by , , and Wee Lum Tan

Electromechanical and Electrical
Computers 1940
First built from relays and were slow & noisy
(Section 1.4)
ENIAC: first general purpose fully electrical computer using vacuum tubes
Designed for calculating bombing trajectories
Electromagnet
 It was huge
Less powerful than a pocket calculator
© . Revised and updated by , , and Wee Lum Tan
Reed relay

Electronic Computers – 1950s
 First electronic computers used up to 20,000 vacuum tubes instead of relays.
 Vacuumtubesgeneratedalotofheatand consumed as much power as a small city
 With the invention of the transistor in the early 1950’s computers were finally set to take off
Transistor © . Revised and updated by , , and Wee Lum tubes

First Integrated CPU – 1971
 Intel4004Processor
 4bit data + 8bit instruction
 Contained2300transistors
 Clockspeed100kHz
 Addressable memory was 640Bytes
 Used to build world’s first pocket calculator
Actual Size
Intel 4004
© . Revised and updated by , , and Wee Lum Tan

Computer Evolution
Clock Speed
Number of Transistors
Addressable Memory Space
© . Revised and updated by , , and Wee Lum Tan

Moore’s Law
 In1965,GordonMoorepredictedthatthenumberof transistors integrated on a chip would double every 18 months – he was wrong it was every 2 years.
1,000,000,000 100,000,000 10,000,000 1,000,000 100,000 10,000 1,000
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Intel Processors
P4 Itanium 2 Itanium
PIII Pentium
© . Revised and updated by , , and Wee Lum Tan
Transistors

Moore’s Law in Pictures
 Transistorprototype
 1951Firsttransistorthatcanbemade
in quantity
 1961FirstlogicIntegratedCircuit (dual flip-flop with 4 transistors)
 1963IntegratedCircuitwith4flip-flops
 1967IntegratedCircuitwith150logic
© . Revised and updated by , , and Wee Lum Tan

Moore’s Law in Pictures
The first Integrated Circuit 1961(4 transistors)
IBM PowerPC 750 in 1999 (10M transistors)
© . Revised and updated by , , and Wee Lum Tan

Evolution in DRAM Chip Capacity
© . Revised and updated by , , and Wee Lum Tan

Disk Storage
 1920-60s punch cards used for storage
 1950 finally, tape drives started to replace punch cards. Followed some years later, by magnetic drums.
 1956, The first hard drive It required 50 24-inch disks to store 5 MB of data and cost roughly $35,000 a year to lease.
 1973 – IBM introduces the Winchester hard disk unit.
 The first PCs used paper tape and Data (audio) cassette
recorder, which was very slow.
 1983 First 5.25-inch hard disk drives with 5MB (10 MB was
considered too large for personal computers).
 1987 First 3 1⁄2 inch drive appears with 300MB capacity
 1992 First 2 1⁄2 inch drive appear with 100MB capacity
 2000 First 1 inch drive appear with 350MB capacity
 2004 First 0.88 inch drive appears with 4GB capacity
© . Revised and updated by , , and Wee Lum Tan

5.25-inch 3.5-inch
© . Revised and updated by , , and Wee Lum Tan
1-inch 2.5-inch 1.8-inch

Disk Storage
© . Revised and updated by , , and Wee Lum Tan

A comparison 1989 – now
4096 MB RAM
© . Revised and updated by , , and Wee Lum Tan
150 times faster. 9 times cheaper

Drastic Performance Increases
 logiccapacity:about30%~35%peryear  clockrate:about20%~30%peryear
 Memoryspeed:about10%peryear
 Costperbit:improvesabout25%peryear
 DRAMcapacity:about60%peryear(4xevery3years)
Disk Storage Network Bandwidth
 Capacity:about60%~100%peryear  Speed: about 10% per year
 1Mbps10 Mbps100Mbps1 Gbps
© . Revised and updated by , , and Wee Lum Tan

Amdahl’s Law
 Theoverallperformanceofasystemisaresultof the interaction of all of its components.
• As you speed up some function in your machine, some other function will become the bottleneck
 ThisideaisquantifiedbyAmdahl’sLaw:
The performance improvement of using some faster mode of execution is limited by the fraction of the time the faster mode can be used
© . Revised and updated by , , and Wee Lum Tan

Quantum & Optical Computers
Quantum Optical
 Gatesgetsosmallthey Intheorymuchfasterthan
are made of a few atoms
 Extremelyfastandsmall
 Basedonthelawsof quantummechanicsnot classical physics.
 Doesnotusebinarybut quantum bits (qubit). 
electronics
Originallyforspecial purpose applications
Forgeneralpurpose computing – currently bigger and slower
Could eliminate interconnection and simplify fabrication.
 Qubitshave3states0, 1, or both at the same time, with a value to represent the probability for each state.
 BasedonDNAmolecule
 Canbe“open”or“closed”
© . Revised and updated by , , and Wee Lum Tan

Nanotechnology
 Nanotechnology refers to any new technology that is put together atom-by-atom or molecule-by-molecule and is less than 100 nanometers in size.
 A nanometer is one billionth of a meter. By comparison, today the smallest transistors on an IC are about 200 nanometers in size.
 Nanotechnology includes quantum computers as well as micromachines like those shown on this page.
© . Revised and updated by , , and Wee Lum Tan
Legs of a spider mite

Types of Computers
 Tablets / Phablets / Mobile Phones ~$ 800  Mobile handheld devices
 Embedded / Network Computers ~$100  Have little storage and only run single application
 Microcomputers (eg PCs) ~$1000  Single User
 NetworkAccessibleStorage/Servers~$10,000  Multiuser systems typically for serving applications
 Mainframe ~$500,000  Large centralised, enterprise wide computer
 Typically replaced with “server farms”
 Supercomputer ~$2,000,000  Specialpurposehighperformancecomputers
© . Revised and updated by , , and Wee Lum Tan

Computer System Abstractions
• Computersystemscanbeviewedindifferentways
Hardware Model
Software Model
4. The Internet and Local Area Networks
4/5. Distributed and Network programs
HTTP, FTP, IRC, IM, P2P
3. Computer Systems (PCs)
3. Programs / Applications
app.exe java.exe
2. Circuit Boards (eg video card, motherboard, etc)
2. Operating Systems
Unix,DOS, Windows
1. Components (CPU, RAM)
1. Processor Instructions
MOV AX,5 JMP sub
0. Logic Gates
0. Binary Logic
011010 110001
© . Revised and updated by , , and Wee Lum Tan

Have considered:
Basic Components of Computer Systems
 Evolution of Computer Hardware
© . Revised and updated by , , and Wee Lum Tan

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