CSIT314 Software Development Methodologies
Introduction to Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI) model
Acknowledgement: Lecture slides are adapted from Software Engineering Institute CMMI.
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Definition of Process
A set of interrelated activities, which transform inputs into outputs, to achieve a given purpose.
The quality of a system is highly influenced by the quality of the process used to acquire, develop, and maintain it.
Evolutionary Improvement
Ad Hoc Processes
Process descriptions are not rigorously followed or enforced.
Performance is highly dependent on current practitioners.
Understanding of the current status of a project is limited.
Immature processes result in fighting fires:
There is no time to improve—instead, practitioners are
constantly reacting.
Firefighters get burned.
Embers might rekindle later.
Can you think of an example of Ad Hoc processes?
Improved Processes
Process descriptions are consistent with the way work actually is done.
Processes are supported visibly by management and others.
They are well controlled—process fidelity is evaluated and enforced.
There is constructive use of product and process measurement.
Technology is introduced in a disciplined manner.
Can you think of an example of Improved Processes?
Institutionalized Processes
The organization builds an infrastructure that contains effective, usable, and consistently applied processes.
The organizational culture conveys the process.
Management nurtures the culture.
Culture is conveyed through role models and recognition.
Institutionalized processes endure after the people who originally defined them have gone.
Can you think of an example of Institutionalized Processes?
Why capability counts?
See this video clip
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FzNeUF nyous
What is CMMI?
CMMI (Capability Maturity Model Integration) is a proven industry framework to improve product quality and development efficiency for both hardware and software
Sponsored by US Department of Defence in cooperation with University and the Software Engineering Institute (SEI)
Many companies have been involved in CMMI definition such as Motorola and Ericsson
CMMI has been established as a model to improve business results
What is CMMI?
CMMI, staged, uses 5 levels to describe the maturity of the organization, same as predecessor CMM
Vastly improved version of the CMM
Emphasis on business needs, integration and institutionalization
CMMI for Process Improvement
Use CMMI in process improvement activities as:
a collection of best practices
framework for organizing and prioritizing
activities
support for the coordination of multi- disciplined activities that might be required to successfully build a product
means to emphasize the alignment of the process improvement objectives with organizational business objectives
Optimizing
Slide 11 of 146
CMMI Staged Representation – 5 Maturity Levels
Quantitatively Managed
Level 3 Level 2
Process performance continually improved through incremental and innovative technological improvements.
Processes are controlled using statistical and other quantitative techniques.
Processes are well characterized and understood. Processes, standards, procedures, tools, etc. are defined at the organizational (Organization X ) level. Proactive.
Processes are planned, documented, performed, monitored, and controlled at the project level. Often reactive.
Processes are unpredictable, poorly controlled, reactive.
Maturity Level 1 Initial
Maturity Level 1 deals with performed processes.
Processes are unpredictable, poorly controlled,
The process performance may not be stable and may not meet specific objectives such as quality, cost, and schedule, but useful work can be done.
Maturity Level 2 Managed at the Project Level
Maturity Level 2 deals with managed processes.
A managed process is a performed process that is
Planned and executed in accordance with policy
Employs skilled people
Adequate resources are available
Controlled outputs are produced
Stakeholders are involved
The process is reviewed and evaluated for adherence to requirements
Processes are planned, documented, performed, monitored, and controlled at the project level. Often reactive.
The managed process comes closer to achieving the specific objectives such as quality, cost, and schedule.
Maturity Level 3
Defined at the Organization Level
Maturity Level 3 deals with defined processes. A defined process is a managed process that:
Well defined, understood, deployed and executed across the entire organization. Proactive.
Processes, standards, procedures, tools, etc. are defined at the organizational (Organization X ) level. Project or local tailoring is allowed, however it must be based on the organization’s set of standard processes and defined per the organization’s tailoring guidelines.
Major portions of the organization cannot “opt out.”
CMMI Process Areas
Within each of the 5 Maturity Levels, there are basic functions that need to be performed – these are called Process Areas (PAs).
CMMI process areas are classified into four groups: Process Management
Project Management
Engineering
Each process area is defined by a set of goals and
There are 22 process areas
CMM Process Areas (cont.)
Support:
Causal Analysis & Resolution
identify causes of defects and other problems and take action to prevent them from occurring in the future
Decision Analysis & Resolution
analyze possible decisions using a formal evaluation process that evaluates identified alternatives against established criteria.
Adapted from https://www.tutorialspoint.com/cmmi/cmmi-process-areas.htm
CMM Process Areas (cont.)
Support:
Measurement & Analysis
develop and sustain a measurement capability that is used to support management information needs.
Process & Product Quality Assurance
provide staff and management with objective insight
into processes and associated work products. Configuration Management
establish and maintain the integrity of work products using configuration identification, configuration control, configuration status accounting, and configuration audits.
Adapted from https://www.tutorialspoint.com/cmmi/cmmi-process-areas.htm
CMM Process Areas (cont.)
Project Management:
Quantitative Project Management
quantitatively manage the project’s defined process to achieve the project’s established quality and process-performance objectives.
Integrated Project Management
establish and manage the project and the involvement of the relevant stakeholders according to an integrated and defined process that is tailored from the organization’s set of standard processes.
Adapted from https://www.tutorialspoint.com/cmmi/cmmi-process-areas.htm
CMM Process Areas (cont.)
Project Management: Risk Management
to identify potential problems before they occur so that risk-handling activities can be planned and invoked as needed across the life of the product or project to mitigate adverse impacts on achieving objectives.
Project Planning
establish and maintain plans that define project
activities.
Adapted from https://www.tutorialspoint.com/cmmi/cmmi-process-areas.htm
CMM Process Areas (cont.)
Project Management:
Project Monitoring & Control
provide an understanding of the project’s progress so that appropriate corrective actions can be taken when the project’s performance deviates significantly from the plan.
Supplier Agreement Management
manage the acquisition of products from suppliers for
which there exists a formal agreement.
Adapted from https://www.tutorialspoint.com/cmmi/cmmi-process-areas.htm
CMM Process Areas (cont.)
Engineering:
Requirements Development
to produce and analyze customer, product, and product-component requirements.
Technical Solution
design, develop, and implement solutions to requirements. Solutions, designs, and implementations encompass products, product components, and product-related life-cycle processes either singly or in combination as appropriate.
Product Integration
assemble the product from the product components, ensure that the product, as integrated, functions properly, and deliver the product.
Adapted from https://www.tutorialspoint.com/cmmi/cmmi-process-areas.htm
CMM Process Areas (cont.)
Engineering: Verification
ensure that selected work products meet their specified requirements.
Validation
demonstrate that a product or product component fulfills its intended use when placed in its intended environment.
Requirements Management
manage the requirements of the project’s products and product components and to identify inconsistencies between those requirements and the project’s plans and work products.
Adapted from https://www.tutorialspoint.com/cmmi/cmmi-process-areas.htm
CMM Process Areas (cont.)
Process management:
Organizational Innovation & Deployment
select and deploy incremental and innovative improvements that measurably improve the organization’s processes and technologies. The improvements support the organization’s quality and process-performance objectives as derived from the organization’s business objectives.
Organizational Process Performance
establish and maintain a quantitative understanding of the performance of the organization’s set of standard processes in support of quality and process- performance objectives, and to provide the process performance data, baselines, and models to
quantitatively manage the organization’s projects. Adapted from https://www.tutorialspoint.com/cmmi/cmmi-process-areas.htm
CMM Process Areas (cont.)
Process management:
Organizational Process Focus
plan and implement organizational process improvement based on a thorough understanding of the current strengths and weaknesses of the organization’s processes and process assets.
Organizational Process Definition
establish and maintain a usable set of organizational
process assets.
Organizational Training
develop the skills and knowledge of people so they can perform their roles effectively and efficiently.
Adapted from https://www.tutorialspoint.com/cmmi/cmmi-process-areas.htm
CMMI Process Areas
For Maturity Level 2 there are 7 Process Areas that must be completely satisfied.
For Maturity Level 3 there are 11 Process Areas that must be completely satisfied.
Given the interactions and overlap, it becomes more efficient to work the Maturity Level 2 and 3 issues concurrently.
Maturity Level Project Managment Engineering Process Management Support
5 Optimizing
Organizational Innovation & Deployment
Causal Analysis & Resolution
4 Quantitatively Managed
Quantitative Project Mngt
Organizational Process Performance
Integrated Project Mngt Risk Management
Requirements Development Technical Solution
Product Integration Verification
Validation
Organizational Process Focus Organizational Process Definition Organizational Training
Decision Analysis & Resolution
Project Planning
Project Monitoring & Control
Supplier Agreement Mngt
Requirements Mngt
Measurement & Analysis
Process & Product Quality Assurance Configuration Mngt
CMMI Process Areas
CMMI Process Areas – Exercises
Mapthefollowingstatementtoprocessareas
Whenever we conduct a detailed technical review of a work product, we record the item reviewed, the preparation time taken by each participant, the duration of the review, the types and numbers of defects found and fixed, and a list of all assigned action items.
Maturity Level Project Managment Engineering Process Management Support
5 Optimizing
4 Quantitatively Managed
Quantitative Project Mngt
Integrated Project Mngt Risk Management
Project Planning
Project Monitoring & Control
Supplier Agreement Mngt
Requirements Development Technical Solution
Product Integration Verification
Validation
Requirements Mngt
Organizational Innovation & Deployment
Organizational Process Performance
Organizational Process Focus Organizational Process Definition Organizational Training
Causal Analysis & Resolution
Decision Analysis & Resolution
Measurement & Analysis
Process & Product Quality Assurance Configuration Mngt
CMMI Process Areas – Exercises (cont.)
Mapthefollowingstatementtoprocessareas
We have our own quality assurance people regularly check on the quality assurance activities performed by our key suppliers and suggest corrective actions as needed
Maturity Level Project Managment Engineering Process Management Support
5 Optimizing
4 Quantitatively Managed
Quantitative Project Mngt
Integrated Project Mngt Risk Management
Project Planning
Project Monitoring & Control
Supplier Agreement Mngt
Requirements Development Technical Solution
Product Integration Verification
Validation
Requirements Mngt
Organizational Innovation & Deployment
Organizational Process Performance
Organizational Process Focus Organizational Process Definition Organizational Training
Causal Analysis & Resolution
Decision Analysis & Resolution
Measurement & Analysis
Process & Product Quality Assurance Configuration Mngt
CMMI Process Areas – Exercises (cont.)
Mapthefollowingstatementtoprocessareas
Preliminary versions of the user’s manual and the maintenance manual are produced early in the project life cycle so that the operations and maintenance staff can give us some early feedback on the usability of these support documents.
Maturity Level Project Managment Engineering Process Management Support
5 Optimizing
4 Quantitatively Managed
Quantitative Project Mngt
Integrated Project Mngt Risk Management
Project Planning
Project Monitoring & Control
Supplier Agreement Mngt
Requirements Development Technical Solution
Product Integration Verification
Validation
Requirements Mngt
Organizational Innovation & Deployment
Organizational Process Performance
Organizational Process Focus Organizational Process Definition Organizational Training
Causal Analysis & Resolution
Decision Analysis & Resolution
Measurement & Analysis
Process & Product Quality Assurance Configuration Mngt
CMMI Process Areas – Exercises (cont.)
Mapthefollowingstatementtoprocessareas
We agree with the customer on the detailed acceptance testing procedures to be performed, trying to cover not only intended operational use scenarios, but also expected maintenance and training scenarios.
Maturity Level Project Managment Engineering Process Management Support
5 Optimizing
4 Quantitatively Managed
Quantitative Project Mngt
Integrated Project Mngt Risk Management
Project Planning
Project Monitoring & Control
Supplier Agreement Mngt
Requirements Development Technical Solution
Product Integration Verification
Validation
Requirements Mngt
Organizational Innovation & Deployment
Organizational Process Performance
Organizational Process Focus Organizational Process Definition Organizational Training
Causal Analysis & Resolution
Decision Analysis & Resolution
Measurement & Analysis
Process & Product Quality Assurance Configuration Mngt
CMMI Process Areas – Exercises (cont.)
Mapthefollowingstatementtoprocessareas
Our project identifies potential problems that we might encounter, estimates the likelihood and expected impact of each potential problem, and determines which ones have the highest priority for mitigation planning.
Maturity Level Project Managment Engineering Process Management Support
5 Optimizing
4 Quantitatively Managed
Quantitative Project Mngt
Integrated Project Mngt Risk Management
Project Planning
Project Monitoring & Control
Supplier Agreement Mngt
Requirements Development Technical Solution
Product Integration Verification
Validation
Requirements Mngt
Organizational Innovation & Deployment
Organizational Process Performance
Organizational Process Focus Organizational Process Definition Organizational Training
Causal Analysis & Resolution
Decision Analysis & Resolution
Measurement & Analysis
Process & Product Quality Assurance Configuration Mngt
CMMI Process Areas – Exercises (cont.)
Mapthefollowingstatementtoprocessareas
Based upon historical data from many projects, we have calculated the expected range of product components that will normally be tested per day and the expected range of defects to be found in each test.
Maturity Level Project Managment Engineering Process Management Support
5 Optimizing
4 Quantitatively Managed
Quantitative Project Mngt
Integrated Project Mngt Risk Management
Project Planning
Project Monitoring & Control
Supplier Agreement Mngt
Requirements Development Technical Solution
Product Integration Verification
Validation
Requirements Mngt
Organizational Innovation & Deployment
Organizational Process Performance
Organizational Process Focus Organizational Process Definition Organizational Training
Causal Analysis & Resolution
Decision Analysis & Resolution
Measurement & Analysis
Process & Product Quality Assurance Configuration Mngt
CMMI Process Areas – Exercises (cont.)
Mapthefollowingstatementtoprocessareas
We have a detailed plan for the order in which product components are to be assembled together into sub-systems and which sub-systems are to be integrated into the final product, and we measure and report the number of completed assemblies and integrations performed versus those planned
Maturity Level Project Managment Engineering Process Management Support
5 Optimizing
4 Quantitatively Managed
Quantitative Project Mngt
Integrated Project Mngt Risk Management
Project Planning
Project Monitoring & Control
Supplier Agreement Mngt
Requirements Development Technical Solution
Product Integration Verification
Validation
Requirements Mngt
Organizational Innovation & Deployment
Organizational Process Performance
Organizational Process Focus Organizational Process Definition Organizational Training
Causal Analysis & Resolution
Decision Analysis & Resolution
Measurement & Analysis
Process & Product Quality Assurance Configuration Mngt
CMMI Process Areas – Exercises (cont.)
Mapthefollowingstatementtoprocessareas
We have established a set of guidelines for determining which decisions require formal structured decision making, based largely on the decision process costs versus the decision’s impact
Maturity Level Project Managment Engineering Process Management Support
5 Optimizing
4 Quantitatively Managed
Quantitative Project Mngt
Integrated Project Mngt Risk Management
Project Planning
Project Monitoring & Control
Supplier Agreement Mngt
Requirements Development Technical Solution
Product Integration Verification
Validation
Requirements Mngt
Organizational Innovation & Deployment
Organizational Process Performance
Organizational Process Focus Organizational Process Definition Organizational Training
Causal Analysis & Resolution
Decision Analysis & Resolution
Measurement & Analysis
Process & Product Quality Assurance Configuration Mngt
CMMI Process Areas – Exercises (cont.)
Mapthefollowingstatementtoprocessareas
Our executives always review the records of which employees have successfully completed which relevant courses when they consider appointing a new task leader or project manager.
Maturity Level Project Managment Engineering Process
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