程序代写 ES2015 introduced a new way via fetch() and Promises

ASYNCHRONOUS
NETWORKING Networking with Promises & fetch()

• Client-Server Model + AJAX

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• Concurrency & JS
• NetworkingwithXMLHttpRequest()
• Networking with Promises & fetch()
• Networking with async/await & fetch()

RECAP Servers
XMLHttpRequest() provides one way to do asynchronous fetching.
ES2015 introduced a new way via fetch() and Promises
Before talking about fetch(), what is a Promise?
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ES2015 Promises
• Proxy for a future value
• Evaluated asynchronously
• Support chaining, branching, error handling
Image Credit: MDN Can be in one of 4 states:
• “Pending” – not evaluated yet • “Fulfilled” – Successfully
Other useful features:
• Can be orchestrated (Promise.all, Promise.race, etc.)
• “Promise-like” objects can be used with Promises
• “Rejected” – Failed to evaluate
• “Settled” – Either rejected or fulfilled

BASIC API USAGE Constructor:
• Accepts a callback that takes resolve() and reject() functions
• Fulfillment = calling resolve()
• Rejection = calling reject()
• Most common way to chain promises.
• Executes the next action if the previous one fulfilled
• Catch-all error handler for the chain above

• Nested execution of dependent operations
• Each .then() runs iff the previous promise fulfilled
• Any error/rejection that happens passed to the next-nearest .catch()
• After a .catch(), more operations can occur
• Every .then() returns a new promise
which wraps the previous one.
• Even if the given callback doesn’t
return a promise.
• Stored as Russian dolls
• But executed as a stack i.e. most-
nested happens first

• Multiple .then()’s on the same promise = branching
• When the parent promise is resolved, all .then()’s invoked in order
• Allows for complex control-flow on fulfillment
startMusic
startToPrepareDinner
watchSunset

ERROR-HANDLING
• Errors/Exceptions always cause rejections
• Explicit rejections done via calling reject()
• Any exceptions cause an implicit rejection
• .catch()clausescanhandle errors or pass them to the next .catch() by rethrowing
• .finally()isalsoavailablethat will run regardless of if an error occurred or not

ERROR-HANDLING GOTCHAS
• Promises always asynchronous
• Current function context always completes before a Promise is settled
• This means Promises don’t work with try/catch like on the left!
• Good idea to add an event listener to the window to handle the unhandledrejection event

PROMISE ORCHESTRATION
• The Promise class has some utilities for easy orchestration
• Promise.all(): returns a promise that resolves iff all of the promises passed to it resolve
• Promise.allSettled(): returns a promise that resolves once all of the promises passed to it are resolved
• Promise.any(): returns a promise that resolves if at least one of the promises passed to it resolves
• Promise.race(): returns a promise which resolves as soon as one of the promises passed to it resolves
• Promise.reject(): immediately return a rejected promise with a value
• Promise.resolve(): immediately return a resolved promise with a value

PROMISE-LIKE OBJECTS (THENABLES)
• Any object or class with a then() considered “promise-like” or a “thenable”.
• Can be used with Promise chaining
• Useful for fine-grained control over how chaining works for custom types

THE FETCH API
• Promise-based native JS API to
download remote resources
• Resolves if a Response is received, even if the HTTP status code is not 200
• Rejects if there is any network error
• Access the result of the request via
chaining then()s
• Optional 2nd argument to fetch() can control the Request options e.g.
• Authentication • CORS
• HTTP method

PROMISE + FETCH DEMO
See examples/promise-fetch

XMLHttpRequest
• Works even on very old browsers • Gives large download progress
• Easily cancelled
FETCH LIMITATIONS
• Only works on browsers with Promise support (less of a problem nowadays)
• Promises not easily cancellable
• More complex functionality implemented via the Streams API which has a non-trivial learning curve

MOVING FORWARD Servers
fetch() is a very flexible and nice API to work with. However, chaining and callbacks still removes us from
writing code like we are used to. Can we do even better?
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• Promises
• UsingPromiseswithfetch()
• Coming Up Next:
• Networkingwithasync/await&fetch()

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