CSCI E-80
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence with Python
Harvard Extension School
Fall 2020
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Quick Start Guide
Minesweeper
Write an AI to play Minesweeper.

Background
Minesweeper
Minesweeper is a puzzle game that consists of a grid of cells, where some of the cells contain hidden “mines.” Clicking on a cell that contains a mine detonates the mine, and causes the user to lose the game. Clicking on a “safe” cell (i.e., a cell that does not contain a mine) reveals a number that indicates how many neighboring cells – where a neighbor is a cell that is one square to the left, right, up, down, or diagonal from the given cell – contain a mine.
In this 3×3 Minesweeper game, for example, the three 1 values indicate that each of those cells has one neighboring cell that is a mine. The four 0 values indicate that each of those cells has no neighboring mine.

Given this information, a logical player could conclude that there must be a mine in the lower-right cell and that there is no mine in the upper-left cell, for only in that case would the numerical labels on each of the other cells be accurate.
The goal of the game is to flag (i.e., identify) each of the mines. In many implementations of the game, including the one in this project, the player can flag a mine by right-clicking on a cell (or two-finger clicking, depending on the computer).
Propositional Logic
Your goal in this project will be to build an AI that can play Minesweeper. Recall that knowledge-based agents make decisions by considering their knowledge base, and making inferences based on that knowledge.
One way we could represent an AI’s knowledge about a Minesweeper game is by making each cell a propositional variable that is true if the cell contains a mine, and false otherwise.
What information does the AI have access to? Well, the AI would know every time a safe cell is clicked on and would get to see the number for that cell. Consider the following Minesweeper board, where the middle cell has been revealed, and the other cells have been labeled with an identifying letter for the sake of discussion.

What information do we have now? It appears we now know that one of the eight neighboring cells is a mine. Therefore, we could write a logical expression like the below to indicate that one of the neighboring cells is a mine.
Or(A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H)
But we actually know more than what this expression says. The above logical sentence expresses the idea that at least one of those eight variables is true. But we can make a stronger statement than that: we know that exactly one of the eight variables is true. This gives us a propositional logic sentence like the below.
Or(
And(A, Not(B), Not(C), Not(D), Not(E), Not(F), Not(G), Not(H)),
And(Not(A), B, Not(C), Not(D), Not(E), Not(F), Not(G), Not(H)),
And(Not(A), Not(B), C, Not(D), Not(E), Not(F), Not(G), Not(H)),
And(Not(A), Not(B), Not(C), D, Not(E), Not(F), Not(G), Not(H)),
And(Not(A), Not(B), Not(C), Not(D), E, Not(F), Not(G), Not(H)),
And(Not(A), Not(B), Not(C), Not(D), Not(E), F, Not(G), Not(H)),
And(Not(A), Not(B), Not(C), Not(D), Not(E), Not(F), G, Not(H)),
And(Not(A), Not(B), Not(C), Not(D), Not(E), Not(F), Not(G), H)
)
That’s quite a complicated expression! And that’s just to express what it means for a cell to have a 1 in it. If a cell has a 2 or 3 or some other value, the expression could be even longer.
Trying to perform model checking on this type of problem, too, would quickly become intractable: on an 8×8 grid, the size Microsoft uses for its Beginner level, we’d have 64 variables, and therefore 2^64 possible models to check – far too many for a computer to compute in any reasonable amount of time. We need a better representation of knowledge for this problem.
Knowledge Representation
Instead, we’ll represent each sentence of our AI’s knowledge like the below.
{A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H} = 1
Every logical sentence in this representation has two parts: a set of cells on the board that are involved in the sentence, and a number count, representing the count of how many of those cells are mines. The above logical sentence says that out of cells A, B, C, D, E, F, G, and H, exactly 1 of them is a mine.
Why is this a useful representation? In part, it lends itself well to certain types of inference. Consider the game below.

Using the knowledge from the lower-left number, we could construct the sentence {D, E, G} = 0 to mean that out of cells D, E, and G, exactly 0 of them are mines. Intuitively, we can infer from that sentence that all of the cells must be safe. By extension, any time we have a sentence whose count is 0, we know that all of that sentence’s cells must be safe.
Similarly, consider the game below.

Our AI would construct the sentence {E, F, H} = 3. Intuitively, we can infer that all of E, F, and H are mines. More generally, any time the number of cells is equal to the count, we know that all of that sentence’s cells must be mines.
In general, we’ll only want our sentences to be about cells that are not yet known to be either safe or mines. This means that, once we know whether a cell is a mine or not, we can update our sentences to simplify them and potentially draw new conclusions.
For example, if our AI knew the sentence {A, B, C} = 2, we don’t yet have enough information to conclude anything. But if we were told that C were safe, we could remove C from the sentence altogether, leaving us with the sentence {A, B} = 2 (which, incidentally, does let us draw some new conclusions.)
Likewise, if our AI knew the sentence {A, B, C} = 2, and we were told that C is a mine, we could remove C from the sentence and decrease the value of count (since C was a mine that contributed to that count), giving us the sentence {A, B} = 1. This is logical: if two out of A, B, and C are mines, and we know that C is a mine, then it must be the case that out of A and B, exactly one of them is a mine.
If we’re being even more clever, there’s one final type of inference we can do.

Consider just the two sentences our AI would know based on the top middle cell and the bottom middle cell. From the top middle cell, we have {A, B, C} = 1. From the bottom middle cell, we have {A, B, C, D, E} = 2. Logically, we could then infer a new piece of knowledge, that {D, E} = 1. After all, if two of A, B, C, D, and E are mines, and only one of A, B, and C are mines, then it stands to reason that exactly one of D and E must be the other mine.
More generally, any time we have two sentences set1 = count1 and set2 = count2 where set1 is a subset of set2, then we can construct the new sentence set2 – set1 = count2 – count1. Consider the example above to ensure you understand why that’s true.
So using this method of representing knowledge, we can write an AI agent that can gather knowledge about the Minesweeper board, and hopefully select cells it knows to be safe!
Getting Started
Download the distribution code from https://cdn.cs50.net/ai/2020/spring/projects/1/minesweeper.zip and unzip it.
Once in the directory for the project, run pip3 install -r requirements.txt to install the required Python package (pygame) for this project if you don’t already have it installed.
Understanding
There are two main files in this project: runner.py and minesweeper.py. minesweeper.py contains all of the logic the game itself and for the AI to play the game. runner.py has been implemented for you, and contains all of the code to run the graphical interface for the game. Once you’ve completed all the required functions in minesweeper.py, you should be able to run python runner.py to play Minesweeper (or let your AI play for you)!
Let’s open up minesweeper.py to understand what’s provided. There are three classes defined in this file, Minesweeper, which handles the gameplay; Sentence, which represents a logical sentence that contains both a set of cells and a count; and MinesweeperAI, which handles inferring which moves to make based on knowledge.
The Minesweeper class has been entirely implemented for you. Notice that each cell is a pair (i, j) where i is the row number (ranging from 0 to height – 1) and j is the column number (ranging from 0 to width – 1).
The Sentence class will be used to represent logical sentences of the form described in the Background. Each sentence has a set of cells within it and a count of how many of those cells are mines. The class also contains functions known_mines and known_safes for determining if any of the cells in the sentence are known to be mines or known to be safe. It also contains functions mark_mine and mark_safe to update a sentence in response to new information about a cell.
Finally, the MinesweeperAI class will implement an AI that can play Minesweeper. The AI class keeps track of a number of values. self.moves_made contains a set of all cells already clicked on, so the AI knows not to pick those again. self.mines contains a set of all cells known to be mines. self.safes contains a set of all cells known to be safe. And self.knowledge contains a list of all of the Sentences that the AI knows to be true.
The mark_mine function adds a cell to self.mines, so the AI knows that it is a mine. It also loops over all sentences in the AI’s knowledge and informs each sentence that the cell is a mine, so that the sentence can update itself accordingly if it contains information about that mine. The mark_safe function does the same thing, but for safe cells instead.
The remaining functions, add_knowledge, make_safe_move, and make_random_move, are left up to you!
Specification
Complete the implementations of the Sentence class and the MinesweeperAI class in minesweeper.py.
In the Sentence class, complete the implementations of known_mines, known_safes, mark_mine, and mark_safe.
The known_mines function should return a set of all of the cells in self.cells that are known to be mines.
The known_safes function should return a set of all the cells in self.cells that are known to be safe.
The mark_mine function should first check to see if cell is one of the cells included in the sentence.
If cell is in the sentence, the function should update the sentence so that cell is no longer in the sentence, but still represents a logically correct sentence given that cell is known to be a mine.
If cell is not in the sentence, then no action is necessary.
The mark_safe function should first check to see if cell is one of the cells included in the sentence.
If cell is in the sentence, the function should update the sentence so that cell is no longer in the sentence, but still represents a logically correct sentence given that cell is known to be safe.
If cell is not in the sentence, then no action is necessary.
In the MinesweeperAI class, complete the implementations of add_knowledge, make_safe_move, and make_random_move.
add_knowledge should accept a cell (represented as a tuple (i, j)) and its corresponding count, and update self.mines, self.safes, self.moves_made, and self.knowledge with any new information that the AI can infer, given that cell is known to be a safe cell with count mines neighboring it.
The function should mark the cell as one of the moves made in the game.
The function should mark the cell as a safe cell, updating any sentences that contain the cell as well.
The function should add a new sentence to the AI’s knowledge base, based on the value of cell and count, to indicate that count of the cell’s neighbors are mines. Be sure to only include cells whose state is still undetermined in the sentence.
If, based on any of the sentences in self.knowledge, new cells can be marked as safe or as mines, then the function should do so.
If, based on any of the sentences in self.knowledge, new sentences can be inferred (using the subset method described in the Background), then those sentences should be added to the knowledge base as well.
Note that any time that you make any change to your AI’s knowledge, it may be possible to draw new inferences that weren’t possible before. Be sure that those new inferences are added to the knowledge base if it is possible to do so.
make_safe_move should return a move (i, j) that is known to be safe.
The move returned must be known to be safe, and not a move already made.
If no safe move can be guaranteed, the function should return None.
The function should not modify self.moves_made, self.mines, self.safes, or self.knowledge.
make_random_move should return a random move (i, j).
This function will be called if a safe move is not possible: if the AI doesn’t know where to move, it will choose to move randomly instead.
The move must not be a move that has already been made.
The move must not be a move that is known to be a mine.
If no such moves are possible, the function should return None.
Hints
Be sure you’ve thoroughly read the Background section to understand how knowledge is represented in this AI and how the AI can make inferences.
If feeling less comfortable with object-oriented programming, you may find Python’s documentation on classes helpful.
You can find some common set operations in Python’s documentation on sets.
When implementing known_mines and known_safes in the Sentence class, consider: under what circumstances do you know for sure that a sentence’s cells are safe? Under what circumstances do you know for sure that a sentence’s cells are mines?
add_knowledge does quite a lot of work, and will likely be the longest function you write for this project by far. It will likely be helpful to implement this function’s behavior one step at a time.
You’re welcome to add new methods to any of the classes if you would like, but you should not modify any of the existing functions’ definitions or arguments.
When you run your AI (as by clicking “AI Move”), note that it will not always win! There will be some cases where the AI must guess, because it lacks sufficient information to make a safe move. This is to be expected. runner.py will print whether the AI is making a move it believes to be safe or whether it is making a random move.
Be careful not to modify a set while iterating over it. Doing so may result in errors!
How to Submit
If you don’t already have it installed, install submit50 by running pip3 install submit50. Then, execute the below, logging in with your GitHub username and password when prompted. For security, you’ll see asterisks (*) instead of the actual characters in your password.
submit50 ai50/projects/2020/fall/minesweeper