MOBILE NETWORKING
Fall 2016 Mark P. Mahon
342E Information Sciences and Technology Building
Office Hours: Tu/Th 3-4 by Appointment
© iStock/weerapatkiatdumrong
0
Course Outline
• Overview of Wireless Networks
– Evolution of the Mobile Network
– Limitations and Challenges of Current Mobile Networks – 5G Networks
• Cellular Telecommunications
– Overview of UMTS
– Control on the air interface: LTE case study • Other air interfaces
– Control in the network: LTE case study
• Mobility in Wireless Access Packet Networks
– General Packet Radio Service (GSM/UMTS)
– “All-IP” UMTS: 3GPP
• Mobile Internet Telephony
– IETF Mobile IP
• Micro-mobility research • Macro-mobility research
– Security
1
Course Style
• Lectures
– based on handouts
– available on Canvas a few days before class
• References
– list of papers for reference – expected to read
• Homeworks and Reviews
– not graded; for you to practice for exams
• Project
– significant project – will offer suggestions and take suggestions
• Caution: lectures go fast with slides, so please ask questions or ask for a pause
2
Grading
• •
• •
– –
–
Mid Term: 30% of grade
Project: 30%
Must be new work done for this class
May be related to thesis work, but must be original and new for this class
Final: 40% of grade
comprehensive, but focus is on 2nd half of class
Attendance in class is expected
3
Lecture Schedule
DATE
TOPIC
Tu, 8/23
Overview
Th, 8/25
Tu, 8/30
Cellular Air Interfaces
Th, 9/1
Tu, 9/6
Th, 9/8
Tu, 9/13
Th, 9/15
Cellular Networking
Tu, 9/20
Th, 9/22
Tu, 9/27
Th, 9/29
Introduction to data networking
Tu, 10/4
Th, 10/6
Mid Term
Tu, 10/11
GPRS/UMTS/3G
Th, 10/13
Tu, 10/18
All-IP LTE (4G)/ Mobile IP
Th, 10/20
Tu, 10/25
Th, 10/27
Tu, 11/1
Next Gen (5G) networks
Th, 11/3
Tu, 11/8
Th, 11/10
Tu, 11/15
Th, 11/17
Tu, 11/22
Thanksgiving Break
Th, 11/24
Thanksgiving Break
Tu, 11/29
Th, 12/1
Tu, 12/6
Projects Due
Th, 12/8
4
Where we are today
In 2002, there were 850M landline phones
As of 2015, there were over 7.4 Billion wireless subscribers worldwide.
– Current approximate world population: 7.4 Billion.
In the US (as of 2014):
– 90% have cell phones
– 65% have smart phones
– 35% go online mostly with a cell phone
Worldwide: By end of 2016 there will be more devices (7.9B) than people
5
Mobile Communications: Legacy
Cellular Telecommunications Network
W ireless Controllers
• Network tailored for voice – very low bandwidth
• Devices not suitable for Internet and computing applications
Despite high penetration & coverage, Internet fizzled until the mid-2000’s
Radio
Telephone Network
Internet
The Internet – Wireless Enterprise Networks
Telephone Network
Radio Edge Access Internet Router Router
• Network tailored for best-effort data traffic – high bandwidth, no controls • Supports general computing and data networking applications
Now, ubiquitous coverage via 3G, 4G and WiFi
W ireless Gateways
6
Mobile Communications: Legacy Architecture
LTE
4G Radio Access Netw ork
HSS
WAG AAA
PCRF
SGW PGW
MME
Internet
MSC
WiFi
Hybrid architecture: evolved 3GPP & IP
Control interfaces to support evolution are sophisticated by necessity
Dependent upon access technology
IP tunneling – GPRS Tunneling Protocol (GTP) within EPS
Gateways – important part of evolved structure but introduce
throughput considerations and limitations 7
Mobile Internet – Ubiquitous Communications and Computing
Source: Ericsson Mobility Report November 2015
8
Context Aware Networking: 5G
5G Technology Focus
THE CLOUD
Center
of the Context Universe
S M AR T P H O N E S
www.4gamericas.org
9
TRAVEL
Information Centric Networking
• Usage and growth patterns require a change in the network
• Content and context aware message delivery is often associated with mobile services
• Complexities associated with legacy CS or PS drive paradigm shift
• Service typically involves dynamic binding of content/context to specific net addresses in conjunction with multicast delivery
• Retrieving information based on cached data enables scalability and reduces or eliminates complexity
10
Next Gen Mobile Networks: 5G – Mobile by Design
LTE w/FIA interface
Source: WINLAB 2015
Mobility-Centric Future Internet Architecture
Standard FIA Router
WiFi w/FIA interface
FIA Distributed Control Plane
Unified Internet/Mobile Net arch with integrated support for naming, authentication, mobility, etc.
Simplified distributed control rather than legacy complexity
Technology neutral – BS or AP plug-in
Flat network = No gateways or tunnels!
Mobile devices as “first class” citizens
11
Overview of Traditional Wireless Networks
• Primarily wireless access to wired networks
• Feature additions over wired networks – wireless media
– mobility
• New features = New Problem (or new challenges!)
UHF SHF EHF
12
US Frequency Allocations
UNITED STATES
FREQUENCY ALLOCATIONS
THE RADIO SPECTRUM
Fixed
FIXED
MARITIME MOBILE
MARITIME MOBILE
FIXED
Radiolocation
BROACDITSNG
2.4/5GHz 20-40 MHz
MARITIME MOBILE
FIXED
RADIO SERVICES COLOR LEGEND
A ERO N A U TICAL MOBILE
A ERO N A U TICA L MOBILE SATELLITE
AERONAUTICAL R A D I O N A V I G A TI O N
AMATEUR
AMATEURSATELLITE
BROADCASTING
BROADCASTING S AT E L L I T E
EARTH EXPLORATION S AT E L L I T E
FIXED
FIXED SATELLITE
ACTIVITY CODE GOVERNMENT EXCLUSIVE
INTER-SATELLITE
LAND MOBILE
LAND MOBILE S A T E L L I T E
MARITIME MOBILE
MARITIME MOBILE S AT E L L I T E
MARITIME RADIONAVIGATION
METEOROLOGICAL
METEOROLOGICAL S AT E L L I T E
MOBILE
MOBILE SATELLITE
RADIO ASTRONOMY
RA D I O D ETERMIN ATION SATELLITE
RADIOLOCATION
RADIOLOCATIONSATELLITE
RADIONAVIGATION
RADIONAVIGATIONSATELLITE
SPACE OPERATION
SPACERESEARCH
STANDARD FREQUENCY AND TIME SIGNAL
STANDARD FREQUENCY AND TIMESIGNALSATELLITE
(TV
BROADCASTING CHANNELS 5-6)
(TV
AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION
Amateur
BROADCASTING CHANNELS 7 – 13)
(TV
NON-GOVERNMENTEXCLUSIVE ALLOCATION USAGE DESIGNATION
HzCHARTWAS M
AT
N
MixeFdiloebIFXEDMOILEB
S P A C E RHESEARC
( Ear t h- t o-spcae)
IFXED MOILEB
ISM–5.8
±.075GzH
STAFEILXLEIDT-E STAELLITEFIXED-
IFXED MOILBE
IFEXD
ISM–24.1IFEXD25
MOILEB STAFEILXLEI DT-E
( space- to-Eatrh)
IADRO- LOITACON
PSLPEACSTERUNMOTO:TECHCEUPSIPAECDI.NGALLOTTEDTHESERVICESINTHESPECTRUM SEGMENTSSHOWNISNOTPROPORTIONALTOTHEACTUALAMOUNTOF
13
SERVICE
Primary Secondary
EXAMPLE DESCRIPTION
THIS
B Y
D E L
JUN E1,N2C01.
IFEXD
(MsOpILBEacILTEASEe-t-oErat)h
( I – FXEDs p a c I L LT TASE Ee – t – o E r a t ) h
Space
( rsepsaecaer- ct ho- Earth)
IFXED MOILBE
FIXED Mobile
CapitalLetters
1stCapitalwith lowercaseletters
M O
O R
I FEXD
This chart is agraphicsingle-point-in-time
NTIA.Assuch,itdoesnotcompletely reflect allaspects, i.e.footnotesandrecent changesmadetotheTable ofFrequencyAlocaitons. Therefore,forcomplete information,usersshouldconsulttheTabletodetermine the currentstatus ofU.S.alocations.
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
National Telecommunications and Information Administration Office of Spectrum Management
August 2011
For saleby theSuperintendentof Documents,U.S.Government PrintingOffice
In tern et: b o okstore.g po.go v Pho ne tollfree (8 66) 51 2-18 00; Wash in gton, DC area (2 02) 512 -180 0 Facsimile: (202) 512-2250Mai:l StopSSOP,Washington, DC20402-0001
portrayal of theTable of FrequencyAlocaitons used by theFCCand
GOVERNMENT/ NON-GOVERNMENT SHARED
30 GHz
IFXEDMOILEB
3 kHz
Wi-Fi
300 kHz
3 MHz
30 MHz
MOBILE
FIXED
300MHz
RADI O LO CTAI ON
litrcauanoeA
itvoadnagaoRn
IFEXD
MOILBE
IFXED
MOILEB
MOILBE
txcepe litrcuaeona milobe
IFXED
i()rcsbdanoaeo
300 kHz
FIXED
MOBILE
AEROITANCULA i)(rcsoadobean
IADROIAVNGITAO N
litrcueonaA itvdganaoaoRn
Maitrme Mobile
ir)(scaebodano
MITARME IADROIGVANITAON
Aeronauitcal
Mobile
3MHz
30MHz
300MHz
I S M
BROADCASTING CHANNELS 2-4)
–
6 . 7 8 ±.015MHz
I S M
–
1 3 . 5 6 0
±.07MHz
I S M –
2 7 . 1 2
±.163MHz
Earth
explor at ion- satelite (acitve)
3 GHz
trdandaS
itmeilsagn litseae t(-csoeap tr)ahE
trdadnS iTmeliganS
t(-rscpeaoaE)h
rcyneuqeF
Sat elit e
FIXED-
( SsTApaEcLeL-I tT-oEEatrhF) I XED- STAELLI TE
( space- t -oEatrh)
MOBILE-
STAELLI TE
( space- t o- Erath)( space- t -oEatrh)
IFXED
IFXED
IFEXD
IFEXD
MOILEB MOILBE
30GHz
I
S M
–
6
1
.
2 5
±0.25GHz
I S M
–
1 2 2 . 5 ±0.500GHz
I S M
–
2 4 5 . 0 ±1GHz
300 GHz
* EXCEPT AERONAUTICAL MOBILE(R) ** EXCEPT AERONAUTICALMOBILE
nad
I-FEXD
ILTSAE tr)ahE
except
aer onauitcal m obile
FI XE D
Radiolocat ion
Moblie except aer onauitcalmoilbe(R)
BROADCASTING (FM RADIO)
IADROIAVNGITAON
1
IN-TER
MOILBE
CRE R I S O
FIXED
M O I LBE
AESPC
( act ive)
IADOR-LOITACON
AMATEUR
MARITIME MOBILE
NOT ALOCATED
RADIONAVIGATION
I-FTSXEADEIL( TsEpace- t-oErat)h
Space research ( a c t i v e )
Radio- Rloacdaiot-ion location
FIXED
LROADCIAOTI O N SPACE EREDSEARC H
( a c t i v e )
Radio locatino
Space reserach ( a c t i v e )
O-
LO CATI ON
I S M
– 40.68 ±.02MHz
Miltrcoeoag t)r-(scahpaeoE
lilteaeS
TAEHR
t-(r-csapohE)e
ESPAC SEACRH
LPXEOITARO-N ILTESAE
t(-csaoeapce)
trsaonomy
Moblie- sat eilt e
MOILEB
IFEXD MOILEB
(spt-ceao
RADI O- STAELLITE
BROADCASTI NG C H A N N E L S 1 4 – 2 0 )
IFEXD
MOILBE
(TV
e x Ep alo r ta hitno -Spcaeresea(rcahct ive) s a t e l l i t e
(active)
HTAER
LEXPOITARO-N I L LT TE EAS
i()vsepa
LADN
IFEXD
MOILBE
I-LTFSAEXEDE t-)r-(scehaoapE
aR ido lcao itno
BROITASDCNG
(TVLASEHNC
-)6213
EAROILTAUNC
RSEAPSCEEARC H
( act ive)
M O BI LE*
Radio ASTRO NO MY ceapS r esear ch(psaisve) trhaEexplor aito-nsailte(epsasive)
FIXED
MOBILE exceptareonatuical m obile
AMATEUR
FIXED
MOBILE except areonatuical moblie (R)
FIXED
eilt-rxopoan
litr-xaponoe
lit-rxonaope
lit-rxeoaonp
lit-rxaoepon
pS cae re sea rch
38
trahE
trhaE
trahE
trahE salitee(caitv)e stalite(ecaitve)
5G Cellular
Ear t h exploration – sat elit e
( act ive) Space research
( a c t i v e )
EXPELAORTRHTAION – STA(EaLcLtIivTeE) SPACE RES(EaAcRtCivHe)
Eatr h xeplortaion-
Radiolocation
( a c t i v e ) TEAHR ILTEAS(active) ( act ive)
RADIONAVIGATIO N
SPACE
R E S E A R C H (space-to-Eatrh)
-TESARINILTE
MOILEB IFEXD
I n t e r – s t ae i l l t e
TAEHRLXPEOITARO-N
ILTSEA (active)
S P A C E ( aR cSE tAE ivR eCH ) SAPCERESEARCH( acSt APivCeE) RESEARCH SPA(CaEctRivEeS)EARCH
LXPEOITARO-N
et aivrec) h r( ea sc
r( eascet aivrec) h
LXPEOITARO-N TAERH
ILTESAE (active) ILTESAE
LEXPOITARO-N
LXPEOITARO-N
TSA ILTE E
BROITASACDNG( TV CHANNELS 38- 51)
trahE
S cpa re sae rc h
( a c t i v e )
TEARH
(active)
RADIOLOCATION RADI O LO CATI O N
AERONAUTICAL RADI O NAVI GATI O N
iltcadonoR
sat elitl e(aitcve)
Space r seearch R da ilco itao n R idoa lco itnoa
staelite( caitve) pSacer seerach ( act ive)
satelilte(aitcv)e
sat eilt e
( act ive) LOCRAATDIOINO- PS A C E
R E S E A R C H Ee axp rlro titao h-n satelite R dalo(ioca- act ioivne) Space
r esear ch
TEARH
Space Space
SATELLITE (Earth-to-space)
rSepsaecaerch
Radio – locaiton
(active) SPACE RESEARCH ( act ive)
.5
TAERHLPEXO(ITAROac-Ntive)SILTEAE
EARTH
ENX- PLSOTAERLTALI OTE ENXPSLTAOELRLTAI ITOE
(active) (active) RADI O –
RADI
LOCATIO
NSPACE SPACE RESEARCH RESEARCH (active) (active)
IFXED
MOILBE
IADOR TASRO NO M Y
RIADO-LOITACON
MOILBE
(Earth-to-spac)e (Eatrht-o-space)
EXPLORATION-
HTEAR
( passive)
ASPEC AESERCH ( p a s s i v e )
MOBILELXPEOITARO-N
TAEHR
ILTSEAE( Passive)
PAESC E EASCR R H
( Passive)
ISM
– 915.0±.13MHz
ISM
– 2450.0±.50MHz
trhaEiltrxnoaope- sateilte(aitcv)e
3GHz
BROITSADCNG
(AM IARDO)
Cellular
802.11abgn
Non-Federal TravelersInformationStations(TIS),amobileservice,areauthorizedinthe535-1705kHzband.FederalTISoperatesat1610kHz.
MOI-LBE
(ILTSEAEar t h- to-space)
IARDO TASRONOMY
(spaScpea-ct-oeEraret)hserach IFXED
M O I LEB
ILTEAS
IADOR
TSARONOMY
NAVIGTAI ON-
MARITIME
MOBILE
FIXED
MARITIME MOBILE
FIXED
FIXED
MARITIME MOBILE
Radiolocation
FIXED
MARITIME MOBILE
A e r o n a u t i c a l M o bli e
3G/4G-LTE
700/90
0/2100 1.4-20 MHz
ESEACRH
S p a( caecret seivrcaeh)
AEROCANLAUTI
IFXED MOILEB
IFXED
( ilne of
M O I LEB (line of
TAERH
t-r(csapeoE)h
EPASC SEARCH
Earth
es( xaptcloet riltivaet) ion-
ESEARCRH SPAEC( act ive)
RADI O – LNOEACTRAHTI O
LROADCIAOTI -O
N
EATRH
EXS PA LT OE L RL TAITE I OANE-RONAUTI CAL ( act ive)
Ear t h Ear t h exploration exploration – sat elit e – sat eilt e ( act ive) ( act ive)
RADI O LOCATIO N
r eSspaecaer ch F I X E D –
EARTH EXPLORTAIO N- STAELLI TE ( act ive) RADIO-
L O C A T I O SPACE RES(EacAtRNivCeH)
Ear t h
esxapt loerlilt aet io( na-ct ive) Radio- locaiton
Space
r esear ch ( act ive)
EARTH EXPLORTAION – STAELLI TE ( passive) MOI*LBE*
IFXED
28/– 3
GHz GHz
–
TEARH
LEPXOOITARN t(r-)cshapaeoE
– ILTSEA
EARTH
EXSPTALEOLRLTAIITOEN – (acitve)
M ARI TI M ERADIO- NVAI G TAI O N
RANDAIVOI G-ATI O N
( Ear t ht-o-spac)e(sapcet- -o space)
( space- t-oErat)h(sapcet- -o space)
WiGig
60 GHz 2 GHz
IADOR-
IVANGITAON
trdadnaSfrycnquet-)-(rscaoaehpEadnitmeilsgnailtseae
STAFEILXLEIDT-E (space-to-aErt)h
M O BI LE- ( sSpTAaEcLeL- It T-oEatrh) IADRO- IAVNGITAON
RADIO-ILTESAE IAVNGITAO-N SILTEAE
iodaR astronomyIFEXD
rdndataS
frcyuqene
dnaitmelisgna sat eiltet-)(r-scehopaE
±0.125
MOILEB
MOILEB
txcep litrcnauaeao miloeb
IARDO- LOITACON
sight only)
IFEXD
sight
LPXEOITARO-N ILTESAE
t(-scsaopaepce)
olyn)
fryceneuq
nda
AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION
RADI O
ASTRORANDOI OM Y
SPACE RESEARCH
Radiolocat ion
Am at eur
( Ear t h- t o- space)
399. 9 400. 05
FIXED FIXED FIX E D FIXED FIX E D
325
M O
B I
L E
RADI O LO CATI O N
5. 57 5. 6
FIXED MOBILE
AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R)
6. 85 6. 765
(deep space) (space-to-Earth)
STANDARD
FREQ UECY
AND
TI M E SI G NAL – S P A C E R ( E S S – . E )
SATELLI TE ( 400.1 MHz) S p a c eO p n .
3. 4
335
RADI O NAVI G ATI O N
INTER- SATELLI TE RADI O NAVI G ATI O N
3.6 3. 65 3.7
400. 15 401. 0
AERO NAUTI CAL M O BI LE ( R)
RADI O LO CATI O N
Radiolocat ion RESEARCH
35. 0
Sp( adceepr eseparcceh) (Earth-to-space)
Radio- location
SAT. ( E- S) METEOROLOGICALAIDS (RADIOSONDE)
403. 0 406. 0 406. 1
F I X E D
M O BI LE M O BI LE
M O B I L E FI XED FI XED
SPACE RH E S E A R C
( passive) SRPEASCEEARCH
( a c t i v e ) S A T T E L L I T E EARTH EXPLO RATI O N – ( SpAaTsEsLivLeI) TE
SPACE RESEARCH
( s p a c e – t o – s p a c e )
L A N D M O B I L E
37. 05 38. 0 38. 25 3490. 0
M O BI LE
FI XED
FI XED- SATELLI TE (space-to-Earth)
FI XED
LAND
M O BI LE LAND
LAND M O BI LE
M O BI LE
FI XED
LAND
FIX E D
MOB ILE
FI X( EsDp-aScAeT- Et LoL- IETaEr t h)
435
FI XED- SATELLI TE (space-to-Earth)
BRO ADCASTI NG – SATELLI TE
AERONAUTICAL AERO NAUTI CAL
MOBILE (R)
SATELLI TE ( Ear t h- t o- space) SPACE RESEARCH
M O BI LE
EARTH EXPLO RATI O N- SATELLI TE ( passive)
FI XED
M O BI LE
AERO NAUTI CAL RADI O NAVI G ATI O N
SRPEASCEEARCH
( p a s s i v e )
AERO NAUTI CAL
M O BI LE ( O R)
MOBILE
SPACEE(RApERaSTsEHsAivReCE)HX(pPaLsOisv eR)ATION-SATELLITE
FIXED BROADCASTING
M O BI LE
SAMTEOLLBII TLE-
NAVRI AGDIAOTI O N
SAITNETLELRI -TE
805. 0
Space research
RADIOLOCATION
ASTRROADNIOOMY
Amateur
AERO NAUTI CAL
(space-to-Earth)
RADI O NAVI G ATI O N
FIXED MOBILE
RADI O ASTRO NO M Y
SPACE RESEARCH RADI O LO CATI O N
FI XED
8. 55
FI XED
M O BI LE
M O BI LE
( passive)
RADI O LO CATI O N
151. 5 155. 5
RADI O N( ApVaIsGsivAeT) I O N
EARTH EXPLO RATI O N – SATELLI TE ( passive)
FI XED
M O BI LE
R( AsDpIaOceN- At VoI- GEaAr Tt IhO) ( Ns-pSaAcTeE- Lt LoI- TsEpace)
RADI O NAVI G ATI
AERO NAUTI CAL RADI O NAVI G ATI O N
AERONAUTICAL
MOBILE (OR)
SPACE RESEARCH
( passive)
RADI O ASTRO NO M Y
( passive)
1300. 0 1350. 0 1390. 0 13925. 0 140207. 0
12. 1 12. 23
ASTRO RNAODIMOY SPACE RESEARCH
M O BI LE
FI XED
RADI O LO CATI O N RADI O LO CATI O N
RadioloAcmataiot neur Am at eu-r sat eilt e
91.08. 0 10. 45
( passive) SPACE RESEARCH
( passive)
109. 5
EARTH EXPLO RATI O N – S( ApTaEsLsLivIeT) E
RADI O ASTRO NO M Y
L A N D M O B I L E
(telemetry and telecommand)
SPACE RESFE(ixApeRadCssHive) ( t e l e m e t r y )
AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R)
AERO NAUTI CAL M O BI LE AERONAUTICALMOBILE AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R)
13. 2 13. 26
FI XED
M O BI LE
RESEARCH
( passive)
RADI O ASTRO NO M Y EARTH EXPSLAOTERLALTI ITOE N-
FI XED- SATELLI TE BRO ADCASTI NG – SATELLI TE
FIXED(telemetry and FtIeXleEcDommand)
except BROADCASTING
13. 57 13. 87
SPACE RESEARCH
( p a s s i v e )
RADI O ASTRO NO M Y
FI XED- SATELLI TE Aer onat uical Radionavigat ion
( Ear t h- t o- space)
M O BI LE
FI XED
M O BI LE ( aer onaut ical t elem et r y) MOBILE SATELLITE (space-to-Earth)
128. 8125 1326. 0125
M obile
aer onaut ical m obile ( R)
59 61
FI XED
M O BI LE
122. 25 123. 0
1610. 0 1610. 6 1613. 8 1626. 5 1660. 0 1660. 5
AERONAUTICAL MOB ILE (R ) AERONAUTICAL MOB ILE (R )
RADI O ASTRO NO M Y
( passive)
F(I EXaErDt- hS-AtToE-LsLpI aTcEe)
METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITE(space-to-Earth) FI XED
Fixed FIXEDMOBILE
F F I I X X E E D D
LAND
1705
FI XED
M O BI LE
SATELLI TE (space-to-Earth)
RADI O LO CATI O N
RADI O LO CATION Spaceresearch(deepspace)(Earth-to-space)
FI XED
LAND M O BI LE
SAITNETLELRI -TE
13. 4
R( AsDpIaOceN- At VoI- GEaAr Tt IhO) ( Ns-pSaAcTeE- Lt LoI- TsEpace)
RAADEI ROONNAAVUI TGI CAATLI O N
SATELLI TE AM ATEUR
Radioastronomy RADI O LOCATION
FI XED M O BI LE SPACE RESEARCH
( passive)
AMATEUR RADI O
AM ATEUR- SATELLITE
RADI O
ASTRO NO M Y RADI O
15. 8
( passive)
RADAI EORONANVAI UGTIACTAI LO N RADI O LO CATI O N
R A D I O L O C A T I O N
5. 15 5. 25
535
EARTH
EXPLO RATI OSANT-ELLI TE ( passive)
RADI O
ASTRO NO M Y
SPACE RESEARCH ( passive)
RADI O LO CATI O N
1800
F I X E D
M O B I L E
S A T E L L I T E (space-to-Earth)
S A I T NE TL EL RI – T E
17. 3 17. 7 178. 83 18. 6
MOBILE
Mobile MARITIMEMOBILE BRO ADCASTI NG
18. 17688 18. 9 19. 0628 19. 8 1290. 9091
AM ATEUR
110
F I X E D
I NTER- SATELLI TE
M O B I L E
S A T I E NL TL EI RT – E E A R T H SAETXEPLLOI TREAT( IpOasNs-ive) SPAC( EpasRsEivSeE) ARCH
FI XED- SATELLFI TXED( space- t o- Ear t h) ( space- t o- Ear t h)
SPA( CEEar t Oh- Pt EoR- AsTpIaOceN) ( space- t o- space)
FI XED
LAND
M O BI LE
M A R I T I M E FM I XO E DB I L E FI XED
1900
RADI O ASTRO NO M Y SPAC( EpasRsEivSeE) ARCH
EXPLEOARTAHTI O N- SATELLI TE ( passive) I NTER-
SPACE
( passive)
( space- t o- Ear t h)
MOBILE FIXED
M O BI LE except aer onaut ical m oblie M ARI TI M E M O BI LE ( AI S)
M O BI LE except aer onaut ical m oblie M ARI TI M E M O BI LE ( AI S)
SPACE ( RpEaSsEsAivReC) H
FI XED- SATELLI TE ( space- t o- Ear t h) MOBILE-SATELLITE (space-to-Earth)
M ARI TI M E M O BI LE
RADI O NAVI G ATI O N
21. 2
SRPEASCEEARCH
( spEacr et -ht) o-( deep space)
M O BI LE* * Am at eur
FI XED
AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R) M ARI TI M E M O BI LE
FIXED MOBILE MOBILE
except aer onaut ical m oblie
RADI O NAVI G ATI O N- SATELLI TE
RADI O
SATELLITE
FI XED FI XED
Land m obile M OBI LE
FI XED
ASTRO NO M Y
SPACE
( passive)
RADI O ASTRO NO M Y
RESSEPAARCEH
( passive)
o b ile
Fixed
2173. 5 2190. 5
160
F I X E D M O B I L E
S TA E L L I T E
FIXED MOBILE
I NTER- SATELLI TE
Moblie RADI OLOCTAION
FI XED- SATELLI TE ( Ear t h- t o- space)
RADI O ASTRO NO M Y
A N D T I M E S I G N A L ( 2 5 M H z ) L A N D M O B I L E M ARI TI M E M O BI LE
LAND M O BI LE
SPACE RESEARCH
( passive)
ASTRROADNIOOMY
AM ATEUR
SATELLITE- (passive)
AM ATEUR
2194
RADI O ASTRO NO M Y
AM ATEUR- SATELLI TE Radio-
Radiolocat ion
FI XED
M O BI LE
SAFTIEXLELDI -TE (space-to-Earth)
Radiolocat ion
RAI DNITOERN- ASVAITGELALTI ITOE N RADIONAVIGATION FI XED
I NTER- SATELLI TE RADIOLOCATION-SATELLITE (Earth-to-
MOBILE** MOBILE** FIXED
2500. 0 2655. 0
A F I X mE D a t e ur
FI XED
M O BI LE
Radiolocat ion
24. 25 24. 45 24. 675 25. 05 25. 255
(space-to-Earth)
FI XED- SATELLI TE
( space- t o- Ear t h)
SPACE RESEARCH
( passive)
EXPLOEARRATHI O N- SATELLI TE ( passive)
LAND
M O BI LE
STANDARD
FREQ .
AND TI M E SI G NAL ( 2500kHz)
RADI O LO CATI O N Earth
Radiolocat ion
BRO ADCASTI NG
BRO ADCASTI NG SATELITE BROADCASTING MOBILE
LAND M O BI LE
RADIO ASTRONOMY FIXED-SATELLITE (s Ep Aa Rc Te H) – t o –
M OB I LE * *
435. 5 46. 9 47. 0 47. 2 48. 2 50. 2 50. 4
FIXED MOBILE FIXED MOBILE**
FIXED MOBILE
MOB ILE
aer onaut ical m obile ( R)
FIX E D
495
MOBILE-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space)FIXED-SATELLITE (Earth-to- space)
FI XED- SATELLI TE (Earth-to-space)
5. 45
NAVI RGADAITOI O- N RADI OS-ATNEALVLI GTEATI ON-
FI XED
I NTER- SATELLI TE
M O BI LE
2690. 0
except
2505
RADI O ASTRO NO M Y
M O BI LE
FI XED
FI XED
117. 975
ASTRONOMY RADI O ASTRO NO M Y
SPACE
1668. 4 1670. 0 1675. 0
AM ATEUR FI XED
RADI O
ASTRO NO M Y
MA R ITIME MOB ILE FI XED
RADI O
ASTRO NO M Y
E A R T H SEAXTPELLOLIRTAET IO N –
AERO NAUTI CAL AERO NAUTI CAL RADI O NAVI G ATI O N
METEOROLOGICAL
150. 05 150. 8 152. 855 1546. 02742755 156. 8375 157. 0375 157. 1875 157. 45 161. 56725 161. 7976525 161. 9875 1623. 013275
I NTER-
SPACE ( pRaEsSsEivAeR)CH
FI XED
212. 40 22. 21
2300. 0 2305. 0 23120. 0 2345. 0 23690. 0 2395. 0
173. 2 173. 4 174. 0
2170
SFAITXEELDLI -TE SMATOELBLI LTE – (Earth-to-space) (Earth-to-space)
RADI OMNARVI TGI MATIEO N
RADI O LO CATI O N
Radiolocat ion
FIXED MOBILE
FIX E D FIXED
MOB ILE LAND MOBILE MOBILE LAND MOBILE MOB ILE LAND MOBILE MOB ILE
AERMOONABUI TLIECA( LO R) aer onaut ical m obile ( R)
exploration – satteilte (active)
ASTRONOMY FIXED
410. 0 420. 0
FI XED- SATELLI TE (space-to-Earth) M O BI L- ESATELLI TE (space-to-Earth)
FI XED
M O BI LE M O BI LE LAND M OBI LE LAND M O BILE FIXED
BRO ADCASTI NG
43. 69
except
MOBILE-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space) FIXED-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space)
RADI O AERO NAUTI CAL
ASTRO NO M Y
RADI O NAVI G ATI O N
Space Resear ch ( Passive) RADI O NAVI G ATI O N- SATELLI TE (Earth-to-space)
MOB ILE
MOBILE (distress and cailng) M ARI TI M E M O BI LE
505 510
RADIONAVIGATION-
M O BILE-STAELLITE(Eatr-hto-space) MOBILE
SATELLI TE NASVARITAGEDLIALOTI IT-OE N-
LAND M O BI LE
4. 995 5. 005 5. 06
AM ATEUR
FIXED-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space) FIXED-
AERO NAUTI CAL
AERO NAUTI CAL
FIXED MOBILE
49. 6 50. 0
M O BI LE- SATELLI TE (Earth-to-space)
M O BI LE
AM ATEUR- SATELLI TE
FI XED
FREQ UENCY FIXED
MARI(TsIhMipsEoMnlyO) BILE
RADAI EORONANVAI UGTIACTAI LO N ( r adiobeacons)
9
MOBILE FIXED
M O BI LE
RADIO ASTRONOMY
EARTH EXPLO RATI O N- SATELLI TE ( passive)
SPACE RESEARCH ( passive)
EARTH EXPLO RATI O N- SATELLI TE ( passive)
5. 255
5. 6783 5. 59
LORACDAITOI O- N FI XED
E( ApRaTsHsiveE) XPLO RATI O N- SATELLI TE S( PpAaCsEsiveR) ESEARCH
SAITNETLELRI -TE SAITNETLELRI -TE
RADI MO ANRAIVTI IGMAETI O N RADI O LO CATI O N
RADI OMNLAORVICTGAITMAI TOEI ON N RADI O LO CATI O N
FI XED
M O BI LE
BRO ADCASTI NG ( TV CHANNELS
52- 61)
6. 525
M O B I L E * *
F I X E D
M O BILE** FIXED
I NTER- SATELLITE
7. 0 7. 1
Space research RADIOLOCATION
RADIO ASTRO N OMY
Amateur-satelite
A m
a te u r
FIXED FI XED
LAND MOBILEMOBILE RADI O LO CATI O N FI XED
AERO NAUTI CAL FI XED
MOBILE
( space- t o-
EaSrptahc)e research
( s p a c e – t o – E a r t h )
RADIO AO S TM R OY N
FI XED FI XED
SPACE
( deep SPACE RESEARCH
space) ( Ear t h- t o- space) ( Ear t h- t o- space)
( S s p p a a c c e e – r t e o s – e Ea a r r c t h h )
R A D I
O L O C A T I O N
A S T RO R A O D I N O
s a t A e m i l l t a e t e u r –
A m a t e u r
RADIO ASTRO NO M Y
FEIaXrEtDh-)SATELLITE (space-to- S A TME LELTIETOE R(Osp aLcO-eGtoIC-EAaLr th )M(sopbaliec-es-atoe-Eiltaerth) FIXED
FI XED
M O BI LE
RADI O –
L OCA T I ON
RADI O ASTRO NO M Y
FIXED MOBILE
except
SPACE RES( EpAaRsCsivHe)
EARTH SAETXTPELOLI TREATI( OpaNss-ive)
3.3
FIXED MOBILE
M O BI LE SATELLI TE
32. 0
RADI O ASTRO NO M Y SPACE
EXPLOEARRATHI O N- SA( pTaEsLsLivIeT) E
SPACE RESEARCH (passive) EARTHEXPLORATION-SATELLITE(pasive) FIXED
13. 3461
RESSEPAARCEH
( passive)
I NTER- SATELLI TE
1559. 0
AM ATEUR
e x c e p t a e r o n a u Mt i c oa bl l i em o b i l e ( R )
14. 0 14. 25 14. 35
SPAC( EpasRsEivSeE) ARCH
FI XED- SATELLI TE
FI XED- SATELLI TE
18. 8 19. 3 19. 7 20. 2
2110. 0 2180. 0 2200. 0
M ARI TI M E M O BI LE LAND M O BI LE
SATELLI TE
FI XED
21. 0 21. 485 21. 924 22. 0855 23. 0 23. 235 24. 89 245. 90917 25. 21 25. 33 256. 56157 26. 175 26. 48 26. 95 26. 96 27. 23 27. 41 27. 54 28. 0 29. 7 29. 8 29. 8991 30. 0
EXPLOEARRATHI O N- SATELLI TE ( passive) FI XED-
RESEARCH
except
FIXED MOBILE RADIOLOCATION
2700. 0
RADIOLOCATION RADIOASTRONOMY
A m a t e u r – sa te lilt e Amateur AM ATEUR
EARTH EXPLO RATI O N- SATELLI TE ( passive)
241. 0 248. 0 250. 0 252. 0
27. 0 27. 5 29. 5 30. 0
Radiolocat ion
M ETEO ROAILDOS G I CAL
RADEIRONAVUITGI CATLI O N
Radioast r onom y
RADI O ASTRO NO M Y
AM ATEUR- SATELLI TE
I nt er – sat elilt e
FI XED
FI XED
M O BI LE
M O BI LE
I NTER- SATELLI TE
FI( XEEaDr -t ShA- Tt EoL- LsIpTaEce)
2900. 0
AM ATEUR
FI XED
RADIONAVIGATION-SATELLITE RADIO NAVIGATION ASTRONOMY
MOB I LE – S A TE L L IT E (sEparcteh)-to- (Earth-toFS-sIApXTaEcDLe-L)ITE
FI XED
285
FIXED MOBILE RADIOASTRONOMY NO T ALLO CATED
2675. 0 300. 0
FI X( EDa-r St AhT- Et LoL- IsTpEace)
M O( BEIaLr Et -hS- At ToE- LsLpIaTcEe)
FI XED
AEROM NOAUBTI ILCEAL( R)
( r adiobeacons)
Aer onaut ical Radionavigat ion
( r adiobeacons)
RADIONAVIGATION
3.5
SPACE
(deep space) (Earth-to-space) LOCATION
34. 2
EAXRPTLH
MetS-ateilte ( E- S)
Earth(EE-xSp)lSat
( space- t o- Ear t h) SPACE RESEARCH
450. 0 454. 0 4556. 0 460. 0 462. 57375 467. 57375 470. 0
FIXED
FIXED
MARITIME MOBILE
4. 0 4. 063
405 415
I NTER- SATELLI TE
5 5 I . N7T E8R –
SATELLITE
E( ApRaTsHsiveE) XPLO RATI O N- SATELLI TE SATIENLTLEI RT-E
MOBILE
aer onaut ical m oblie ( R)
S( PpAaCsEsiveR) ESEARCH INTER- SATELLITE
57.
0
EARTH
EXPLO RATI O N- SATELLI TE SPACE RESEARCH
Amateur
793. 0
e x c e p t
FIXED SATELLI TE
SPACE RESEARCH ( passive)
S( PpAaCsEsiveR) ESEARCH EARSTAHTELELXI PTLEO( RpAaTsIsOiveN) –
58. 2
N A V IRGADAI TOI O N – SATELLI TE
RADI O LO CATI O N FI XED
M O BI LE
Am at eur
AM ATEUR
LORCADTIIO-N
ASTRO NO M RYADI O
EARTH SEAXTPELOLI TRAETI O N-
1164. 0
11. 175 11. 275
M O BI LE-
( sSpAaTcEeL- Lt IoT- Ear t h)
FI XED-
M O BI LE
SPAC( EpasRsEivSeE) ARCH RADIO
275
EXPLEOARTAHTI O N- S A( Ta Ec Lt Li v I e T) E
RADI O
A S T R O N O M Y
FIXED-SATELLITE (Earth-to- space)
14. 24
14. 5
14. 7145 14. 8
15. 1365 15. 35 15. 4
15. 43 15. 673 167. 61
17. 2
( Ear t h- t o- space)
(space-to-Earth) (space-to-Earth) (space-to-Earth) SATELLITE
Amateur
Amateur – satelite RADI O LO CATI O N
Mobile Fixed RESEARCH
Space research SpaMceO rBeI sLeEar ch M obile
ASTRO NO M Y
M ETEO RO LO G I CAL AI DS ( r adiosonde)
( Ear t h- t o- space) SPACE RESEARCH ( passive)
AM ATEUR
AM ATEUR-
SATELLI TE
144. 0 146. 0 148. 0 149. 9
FIXED
FI XED-
167. 0
MOBILE MOBILE SATELLITE FIXED FIXED (Earth-to-space)
AM ATEUR
AM ATEUR
SATELLI TE FIXED
F( IsXpEaDc-eS- At ToE- LELaIr Tt Eh) (space-to-Earth)
RADI O
M O BI LE
M O BI LE
FI XED
42. 0
Earth exploration ( spascaet- et iltoe- Ear t h) BRO ASDACTAESLTLI NTGE –
EARTH
EXPLO RATI O
4.4
MOBILE
FIXED
RADI O NAVI G ATI O N
RADI O NAVI G ATI O N
525
E(ApRaTsHsiveE)XPLORATION-SATELLITE
5. 46
6. 2
14
A m a t e u r – s a t e l l i t e
A M A T E U R
8. 195
M Y
BRBOROADACDACSATSITNI GNG TELLI TE
FI XED- SATELLI TE M O BI LE
M O BI LE
( Ear t h- t o- space) ( space- t o-Ear t h) F IX E D – S A TE L L IT E (E a r th t-o – sp a c )e (s p a ce – to -E a tr )h
FI XED
M O BI LE
EARTH
SATELLI TE ( passive) SAMTEOLLBI ITLEE
R A D I O (Earth-to-space) ASTRONOMY
22. 55 23. 55 23. 6
FBIRXOE DADCASTSI ANTGELLI TE location
R- adio
AM ATEUR
Fixed
F I X E D
e x c e p t a e r Mo n Oa u Bt I i c La El m o b i l e AM ATEUR SATELLI TE
SA
76. 0 77. 0 77. 5 78. 0 81. 0
FI XED- SATELLI TE ( Ear t h- t o- space) MOBILE FIXED FI XED
RESEARCH
FI XED FI XED
FI XED
LAND M O BI LE
M O BI LE
A S TR ON OMY
FIXED MOBILE
74. 6 745. 82 75. 4 76. 0
( passive)
E X P L EO A R R TA HT I O N – SA( TpEaLsALsmIivTeaE)t eur
FI XED AM ATEUR
except
EARTH
ESXAPTLEOLLRI ATTEI O N-
RADI O
ASTRO NO M Y
SPACE SPACERESREEASRECAHRCH
FIXED
RADIO ASTRONOMY MOBILE ** M E T E O R( Or a Ld Oi o s Go n I d Ce A) L A I D S
M O BI LE- SATELLI TE (Earth-to-space) RADI O NAV- SATELLI TE
M O BI LE M( EOar Bt IhL- Et -oS- AsTpEaLcLeI) TE L A MN D O BM I LO E B I L E
16. 36
SPACREESEARCH
( passive)
SA TELLITE (space-to-Earth)
1700. 0 1710. 0
17. 418 17. 9 178. 9073 18. 068
90
SAETXEPLLOI ETARERAT( HIpOasNs-ive)
BRO ADCASTI NAGM ATEUR FI XED
SATELLI TE
M O BI LE
FI XED
M AMRIOTIBMI LE
130
EXPLO RATI O N-
2290. 0
FIX E D
MOB ILE
R A D I
O
–
EXEPALROTHRATI ON-
FIXED MOBILE
MOBILE
N SATELLI TE
( Ear t h- t o- space)
40. 5
LAND
FI XED
FIXED FIXED
4.8
46. 6 47. 0
S A I T NE TL EL RI – T E
5. 6853 5. 85 5. 925 6. 425 6. 525 6. 7
67. 80725 7. 075 7. 125 7. 145 7. 19 7. 235 7. 25 7. 3
7. 45 7. 55 7. 75 7. 85 7. 9
8. 025
775. 0
30. 0
3.0 3.1
300. 0
30. 6 30. 56
3. 0
300
3
31. 0 31. 3
Spac ere sea rch Radioloca(taioncti
RADI O LO CATI O N
Radiolocat ion
AERO NAUTI CAL
RADI O NAVI G ATI O N
328. 6 335. 4
MOB ILE
FIX E D
3. 155 3. 23
31. 8 32. 3
AEROvNAeUT)I CAL RADI O NAVI G ATI O N (ground based)
RADI O NAVI G ATI O N SATELLI TE
33. 0
M ar it im e R( ar da i od ni o ab ve i ga ac t o i on ns )
A e r o nM a uo t b i ci l e a l
RAADEI ROONNAAVUI TGI CAATLI O N ( r a d i o b e a c o n s )
33. 0 33. 4
LRAEDRI O NAUVTI IGCATI ON(ground based) M O B I L E * *
RADI O LO CATI O N
FSIAXTEDL-LI TE (space-to-Earth)
Radiolocat ion F I X E D
S MA T O ( BS I – L E E) (S-E) (E-MSA)ETT.-
( S – E )
34. 0
3. 5
34. 7
MOBILE SATELLITE (Earth-to-space)RADIO
35. 5 36. 0
36. 0
37. 0 37. 5
RADIOLOCATION Amateur
Radio astronomy ASTRO NO M Y
LAND M O BI LE
FIX E D
38. 0
LAND
M O BI LE
MOB ILE
Aer onaut ical M oblie
RADI O NAVI G ATI O N
38. 6
4.2
MOBILE
RADAI EORONANVAI UGTIACTAI LO N
M ARI TI M E M OBI LE
39. 5
AERO NAUTI CAL RADI O NAVI G ATI O N
LAND
FI XED
40. 0
LAND M O BI LE M O BI LE
41. 0
4. 65 4. 7 4. 75
42. 0 42. 5
512. 0
512. 46 54. 25
608. 0 614. 0
54. 0
AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R)
56.
9
5. 35
except
59.
0
5. 47
698. 0
MARITIME MOBILE
59. 64. 0 65. 0 66. 0 71. 0
74. 0
FI XED
FI XED
FIXED MOBILE RADIO
723. 0
7. 3 7. 4
84. 0
FI XED FI XED
8. 815 89. 90645 9. 4
86. 0
FI XED- SATELLI TE(spcaet- -oEatrh) Mobile-sateilte(space-to-Earth) METEOROLOGICAL-
FIXED FIXED
FI XED FI XED
92. 0
FIXED METSEEAOTERLOLILTOGICAFELIX(s-XPEpELaDOrc-teSRh)A-TtEIoLO-LsINpT-aEce)EARSTAHTELLITE(spacet-o-Earth) FIXME(Donboile-asir(Eabatotrer-hlitntoe-)
8. 175 8. 215
STANDARD
FREQ UENCY
AERO NAUTI CAL MOBI LE
94. 0
EA(RsTpHaceE-XtPoL-O RATI O N- SATELLI TE
FI XED- SATELLI TE
M obile-
satelite (Earth- to-space) (no
air borSnpea)cer esear ch( deep
94. 1
Radiolocat ion
95. 0
8. 65 9. 0 9. 2 9. 3 9. 5
1215. 0
100. 0
RADI O NAVI G ATI O N
M et eor ological Aids
Radiolocat ion
102. 0
AERO NAUTI CAL FIXED
RADI O NAVI G ATI O N
**MOBILE MOBILE
Radiolocat ion
RADI O LO CATI O N Fixed-satelilte (Earth-to- space)
M O BI LE * *
FI XED
105. 0
RADI O LO CATI O N
Radiolocat ion
R a dRioAloDcI aOt ioLnO CAmTI aOteuNr
10. 55 10. 6 10. 68 10. 7 11. 7 12. 27 13. 25
FI XED
LAND MOBILE(medicaltelemetryandmedicaltelecommand)
MA R ITIME
MOBILE
AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (OR) AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R)
111. 8
FI XED- SATELLI TE ( space- t o- Ear t h)
( space- t o- Ear t h)
1429. 5 1430. 0 14325. 0 1525. 0
M obile
aer onaut ical m obile ( R)
3
763. 0
114. 25
FI XED
MOBILE** (Esapratche)-to-
116. 0
A E MR O O BN I AL EU T( RI C) A L
STANDARD
FREQ UENCY
AND TI M E SI G NAL ( 60 kHz)
130. 0
Space
r esear ch
Moblie-sateilte (space-to-Earth)
134. 0 136. 0 1418. 05
M O BI LE
BRO ADCASTI NG
158. 5
AERO NAUTI CAL Radiolocat ion
RADI O NAVI G ATI O N
178550. 0 2000. 0 2020. 0 2025. 0
BROADCASTING AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R)
164. 0
M ARI TI M E M O BI LE MARITIMEMOBILE(distress,urgenc,ysafety andcaling) M ARI TI M E M O BI LE
M ARI TI M E M O BI LE
M O BI LE except aer onaut ical m oblie
174. 5 174. 8 182. 0 185. 0 190. 0 191. 8 200. 0 209. 0 217. 0 226. 0
BRO ADCASTI NG – SATELLI TE
FI XED- SATELLI TFEI XE(DEar t h- t o- space)
FI( XEEaDr -t ShA- Tt EoL- LsIpTaEce)
Radiolocat ion
231. 5 232. 0
RADI O – LOCATION
Am at eur
locat ion
e x c e Mp t O a Be I r Lo En a u t i c a l m oblie
FI XED F I X E D
Land
Fixed
235. 0 238. 0
space) FIXED-SATELLITE F(I EXaErDt- hS-AtToE-LsLpI aTcEe)
( Ear t h- t o- space)
aer onaut ical m oblie
222. 0 225. 0
FIXED MOBILE
except aer onaut ical m oblie
240. 0
AM ATELUARNDSAMTEOLLBI ITLEELMAONBDI LE MOBILE
R A D I O
A S T R O N O M Y SPACE RESEARCH ( passive) FI XED
EAR TH EXPLO RATI O N- SATELLI TE ( passive)
L( Am N De d i c Ma l Ot e Bl e I m L Ee t r y
amndedical
t elecomFImXEaDtned(letceolemmmetarnyd) and
121. 9375 123. 0875 123. 5875
RADI O
ASTRO NO M Y
FI XED
MOBILE M O BI LE
Fixed
S T A N AD MA R AD T E U RF R E Q . FI XED
MARI(TtIeMlepEhoMnyO) BILE
(space-to-Earth)
(Earth-to-space) ( space- t o- Ear t h)
8. 4 8. 455
RADI O LO CATI O N
AERO NAUTI CAL RADI O NAVI G ATI O N MARITIME RADIONAVIGATION
Radio locat ion Radioiololoccaat tioionn
OS A NT – E L L I T E (Esapr at che) – t( os-pace- t o- space)
108. 0
AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R) FI XED BROADCASTING
11. 4 11. 6
Fixed FIXED MOBILE Fixed FI XED
Moblie
sateilte FI XED- SATELITE (Earth-to-space) (Earth-to-space)
M O BI LE SATELLI TE
FIX E D
MOB ILE
Radiolocation Radiolocat ion
SPACE O PERATION(Eartht-o-spac)eMOBILEFIXED
MOBILE FIXED
AERONAUTICAL
MOBILE (OR) FI XED
Radiolocation
RADI O LO CATI O N
Radiolocat ion
F I X( Es Dp – a Sc Ae T- Et Lo L- I E Ta Er t h )
(Radiosonde) ( MARIa EDd TSio .s o n d e )
MET- SAT( .E – S )
EART SAHTE.XP(LE-S)
( E – S )
( E -S )
402. 0
FIXED MOBILE
FIXED
LAND MOBILE
4. 438
( sRpAaDcIeO- t NoA- VEIaGr t AhT) I( OspNa-cSeA- Tt EoL- LsIpTaEce)
STANDARD
AND TI M E SI G NAL ( 5 M Hz)
MARITIME RADIONAVIGATION
M ETEO RAOI DLSO G I CAL RADI O LO CATI O N
AERONAUTICAL
MOBILE (OR)
Amateur-sateilte Amateur
FI XED
M O BI LE
BROADCASTI NG
a e Mr o On a Bu I t Li c Ea l m o b l i e ( R )
(space-to-Earth)
FIXED MOBILE
( Ear t h- t o- space) (Earth-to-space) MOBILE
FI XED
FI XED- SATELLI TE FI XED- SATELLI TE (Earth-to-space)
M O BI LE LAND MOBILE
BRO ADCASTI NG M O BI LE
8069. 0 849. 0 8514. 0 8946. 0 9012. 0 928. 0 929. 0 930. 0 9312. 0 935. 0 94014. 0 960. 0
AMATEUR BRO ADCASTI NG
19. 95
FI XED- SATELLI TE
F I X E D – S A T E L L I T E (s p ca e t- -o E a trh ) M ob ile – s ta lilte e ( s pa c e t-o – E ra th ) FI XED
Fixed
FIXED FI XED
LAND
MOBILE MOBILE
MARITIME MOBILE AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R) AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (OR)
FIXED
FI XED
LAND MOBILEMOBILE LAND MOBILEFIXED
M ARI TI M E M O BI LE
FI XED
( space- t o- Ear t h) MO BI LE- SATELLI TE (space- t o-Ear t h)
SATELLITE (space-to-Earth) FIXED
FI XED- SATELLI TE(Eatr -hto-space) MOBI LE- SATELITE( Eratht- -ospace) Fixed
BRO ADCASTI NG
SEAATRETLHLI TEXP( LsOpaRcAeT- It Oo- NE-ar t h) F I (XEaDr tShA-TtEoL-LsITpEacMe)obile-( sEatr et ilthe- t -o s pa c e ) (no airborne)
FI XED
AND TI M E S( IRG) NAL ( 10 M Hz) AM ATEUR
9. 995 1. 005 1.00.15
Earth)
FsIpXaEcDe) ( spSaPcAeC- Et oR- ESaEr At RhC) H ( deep space) ( space- t o- Ear t h)
FIXED
FI XED- SATELLI TE
( Ear t h- t o-FsIpXaEcDe)SATELLI TE
AM ATEUR
Mobile-sateilte (Earth-to-space)
FIXED-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space) Mobile-
RESEARCH
FIXED-SATELLITE(space-to-Earth) FIXED-SATELLITE
(space-to-Earth) FIXED-SATELLITE (space-to-Earth)
MOBILE
FIXED
MOBILE SATELLITE (space-to-Earth)
FREQ UENCY FI XED
AM ATEUR
AND TI M E SI G NAL ( 20 M Hz) Mobile
2000
EARTHSEAXTPELOLIRTAETI(OpaNss-ive) M O BI LE FIXED MOBILE MOBILE**
FI XED
RADI O LO CATI O N
aer oMnaoubt lieical m oblie ( R)
FIXED MOBILE MOBILE
EARTH EXPLO RATI O N –
MARITIMEMOBILE
SPACE RESEARCH ( passive)
24. 05
Amateur
241570. 0
190
FI XED
mobile a e M r o O n a B u I t L i c E a l e m x c o e b p l i e t
M OBI LEexcept
217. 0 21290. 0
M ARI TI M E M O BI LE LAND M O BI LE
200
EARTH
SATELLI TE ( passive)
RADI O LO CATI O N
EXPLO RATI O N –
MOBILE-SATELLITE (space-to-Earth)
S P A( Cs Ep a c Oe – Pt Eo R- AE Ta I r Ot h N) ( space- t o- space)
2065 2107
4.5
MOBILE
aer onaut ical m obile ( R)
FIXED M O BI LE ( O R)
4. 94 4. 99 5. 0 5. 01 5. 03
except
FIX E D
4. 85
13. 75
RADI O DETERM I NATI O N- SATELLITE (Earth-to-space)
AERO NAUTI CAL
M O BILE SATELLI TE (Earth-to-space)
137. 0 137. 025 137. 175 137. 825 138. 0
14. 0
SATELLI TE(Ear tht-o- spac)e
RADI O DETERM I NATI O N- SATELLI TE
A E R O N A U T IC A L RADI O NAVI G ATI O N
Mobile-satelilte
M O( sBpIaLcEe- St AoT- ELaLr It ThE) M O( sBpI aLcEe- -StAoT-EELaLrI tThE)
SPACE RESEARCH SP( AsCpEacReE- StoE- AERaCr Ht h) SP(AsCpEacReE-StoE-AERaCrHt h)
SPACE OPERATION MET.SATELLITE
SPAC( EspOacPeE- Rt AoT- IEOar Nt h) ME(Ts.paScAeT-EtLoL-I TE SP(AsCpEacOet-PoE-REAaTrI thO) N ( spaEcaer-ttoh-)EaMr thE)T.
AND TI M E SI G NAL ( 15 M Hz) AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (OR)
70
( ) MR a Ed Ti o . s o An I d De S
MET. AIDS SPACEOPN.
M E T( . S – SE A) T . M et – Sat liltee EarthExplSat
RADIO ASTRONOMY
M obile- sat elilt e
( space- t o- Ear t h)
RADIONAVIGATION RSADTIEOLLDIETTEERMINATIROADNIO-NAVIGATION AERONAUTICAL
MOBILE (sEparcteh)-to- M O BI LE SATELLI TE
FI XED
STANDARD FREQ UENCY
145. 9091 15. 1
Am at eur
RFAI DXIEOD LO CATI O N Radiolocat ion
RMADOI OBI LOE CATI O N
M O BI LE* * M O BILE BRRaOdioA- DCASTI NG
FIXED M
MARITIME MOBILE
MARITIME MOBILE ( t elephony)
LAND (medicaltelemetry and m edical t elecom m and)
AERO NAUTI CAL
LAND M O BI LE
20. 05
MOBILE SATELLITE(Earth-to-space)
M oblie- sat elit e SPACE RESEARCH (space-to-Earth) (space-to-Earth)
SPACE O PERATI O N M E (.TS sA pT aE cL eIL -TE t o- (space-to-Earth) E(asrpatche)t-o – E ra th )
BROADCASTING
1605 1615
Radiolocat ion RADIODETERMINATION- SATELLITE (space-to-Earth)
M O BI LE
MOBILE SATELLITE
Fixed
B R O A D C A S TSloINAcGTa-EtSLioALnTIETLEIT E
MOBILE (distress and caling)
RADIODETERMINATION- MOBILE SATELLITE SATELLITE (space-to-Earth) (spacet-o-Earth)
FIXED
m L o a b n i d l e Fixed
SPACE RESEARCH ( passive)
FI XED
FI XED
FIXED MOBILE
M O BI LE except aer onaut ical m obile
LAND
STANDARD
FREQ UENCY
AND TI M E SI G NAL ( 20 kHz)
LAND
(telemetry & telecommand)
& telecom mand) Fixed- sateilte
M O BI LE
LAND MOBILE
( t elem et ry
FI XED
FI XED
1240. 0
2483. 5 2495. 0
216. 0
M O BI LE except B R O R A A D D I C OA S T AI SN TG R O N O M Y
aer onaut ical m oblie
AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION
3000. 0
300. 0
3000
300
M oblie FI XED
F I
X E D
2495
AM ATEUR
FI XED MOBILE
aer onaut ical m oblie
88. 0
STANDARD
FI XED
AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (OR)
2850
AERO NAUTI CAL RADIONAVIGATION M ARI TI M E RADI O NAVI G ATI O N
Aer onaut ical M obile
RadioMnaavrigitaimt ioen ( r adiobeacons)
Common Deployments
AT&T uses:
– 850 MHz (GSM, GPRS, EDGE): 200 kHz Channels
– 1900 MHz (UMTS/HSPA): 3.84 MHz Channels
– 1.7/2.1 GHz (UMTS/HSPA): 3.84 MHz Channels
– 700 MHz Spectrum (UMTS/LTE): 5, 10, 15 MHz Channels
Verizon operates using:
– 850 MHz (CDMA), 1900 MHz (CDMA2000), 1.7/2.1 GHz (CDMA2000/1xEV-DO) and 700 MHz
– 700 MHz, 1.7GHz, 1.9GHz (LTE): 10 & 20 MHz Channels T-Mobile:
– 1900 MHz (GSM, GPRS, EDGS, UMTS), 1.7/2.1 GHz (UMTS)
– 700 MHz, 1.7 GHz, 1.9 GHz (LTE)
Metro PCS; Sprint:
– 1900 MHz (CDMA); 1900 MHz (CDMA, CDMA2000, 1xEV-DO) 14
Common Deployments (FCC)
15
Cellular Architecture
Base station Base station Base station Base station
Base station
Switch
Wired Network
16
Characteristics of Wireless Networks
• Higher error rates
• Lower bandwidth
• Variable delay
• Inconsistent performance • Easy mobility
17
Wireless Services/Applications
• Cellular Telecommunications
– fastest growing segment of telecommunications – voice
– fax
– data (packet access or circuit-switched)
• Wireless PBXs/LANs – 802.11
• Wide Area Data
– paging
– messaging
– access to the Internet
• Distribution – TV
18
Mobility Terminology
• Mobile Location
– Finding a mobile to deliver a connection/packet (LA/RA/TA) – Usually requires finding the cell in which a user is located
– Architecture design to provide area assignment
• Mobile Tracking
– Following the approximate location of a mobile as it moves while not in an active session – Usually involves some sort of registration
• Handoff (Handover)
– Transferring /forwarding a connection as a user moves while in an active session
19
Coverage Area
• Pico-cell (Femto-cell) – O(10s ft) – covers a room
• Micro-cell – O(100s ft) – covers a floor/street
• Macro-cell – O(10 mi.) – big towers
• Satellites
– regions/countries
20
Mobility
• Users can move great distances, at great speed, or both – personal mobility vs. terminal mobility
• High speeds while communicating
– cellular voice
– cellular data
– Doppler effects for wideband vs. narrowband
• Travel large distances between communication – cellular
– messaging/paging
• Limited Mobility – wireless LANs
21
Review of OSI Protocol Model
Most current protocols/systems designed for highly reliable, wired environment
Layer 7 Layer 6
Layer 5
Layer 4 Layer 3
Layer 2 Layer 1
Multimedia, file transfer, web, ….
Formats data for applications
Manages conversations
End-to-end reliable data delivery, end-to-end congestion control
End-to-end routing
Media access, low level addressing
Low error rates
22
UMTS Protocol Stack
23
UMTS Protocol Stack
24
LTE Protocol Stack – User Plane
25
LTE Protocol Stack – Control Plane
26
LTE (Evolved – UTRAN) Protocol Stack
27
Physical Layer
• Communications infrastructure is the air interface/frequency band – limited bandwidth
– shared, public media
– often regulated
– re-use of resources is key to providing sufficient capacity to users
• Harsh environment
– continually changing characteristics: adaptation – high error rate: FEC-based channel coding
– bursty errors due to sudden fades: interleaving – higher layer error recovery
• Mobility
– signal strength varies with location
– motion affects signals
– must “change” channels during handoffs
28
Physical Layer degradation
• Free space propagation model
– signal strength diminishes inversely with distance to the power n.
– n is typically between 2 to 4
– Free space propagation model predicts received power as inversely proportional to the square of the distance between transmitter and receiver
PTGTGRλ2 (4π )2 d 2
PR =
where GT and GR are transmitter and receiver antenna gains, r is the distance between the
transmitter and the receiver, and λ is the wavelength.
(λ = c/f where c is the speed of light = 3*108 m/s and f is the transmitted signal)
29
Power and Decibels
• Power has a large range over a typical coverage area – decibel is a convenient way to express this range
• Decibel expresses factors or ratios logarithmically
• For power ratios (dimensionless)
– X (dB) = 10 log (Y) For example, Y = 1000 10 log(1000) = 30dB – Y = (10 )X/10 For example, X = 30 dB1030/10 = 1000
• For power (Watt or Milliwatt)
– dBW (re:1W) and dBm (re:1mW)
– X (dBm) = 10 log (Y/1mW) For example, Y = 100uW10 log(10uW/1mW) = -20dBm – Y (mW) = (10 )X/10 For example, X = -20 dBm10-20/10 = .01 mW = 10uW
• Since the decibel scale expresses exponents, multiplying (dividing) factors corresponds to adding (subtracting) their dB values
30
Log-distance path loss model (Average Large-Scale Fading)
• Path loss is the difference (in dB) between transmitted and received power • Average received power decreases logarithmically with distance
PL =10log(P ) dB T
P
R PL(d)∝(d )n
0
PLdB(d)=PLdB(d0)+10nlog(d ) 0
n is the path loss exponent (2 for free space, 2-4 for cellular radio) and d0 is the reference distance close to the transmitter (usually 1m, but can be defined as other)
31
Physical Layer degradation (Small-Scale Fading)
• Multipath
Diffraction Reflection
T
Scattering
– Signal can get severely distorted due to reflection (objects larger than wavelength), scattering (objects smaller than wavelength), and diffraction (shadow fading)
• Rayleigh Fading (fast fading)
– statistical model of fading over the air
• Shadow Fading
– dependent on environment, signal variation has a log-normal distribution
• Inter-symbol interference (ISI)
– adaptive equalization techniques
32
Types of Small-Scale Fading
Based on Multipath Time Delay Spread
Flat Fading
1. BWsig
2. Delay spread > Symbol period
Based on Doppler Spread
Fast Fading
1. High Doppler spread
2. Coherence time < Symbol period 3. Channel variations faster than
baseband signal variations
Slow Fading
1. Lower Doppler spread
2. Coherence time > Symbol period 3. Channel variations slower than
baseband signal variations
33
Types of Small-Scale Fading
TS
Flat Slow Fading
Flat Fast Fading
Frequency Selective Fast Fading
TS
BS
BC
Frequency Selective Slow Fading
στ
TC
Transmitted Symbol Period
Frequency Selective Fast Fading
Frequency Selective Slow Fading
Flat Slow Fading
Flat Fast Fading
Bd Transmitted BB BW BS34
Limits of wireless channel
• Shannon defined the capacity limits of communication channel with additive white Gaussian noise
•Forachannelwithoutfading,shadowing,ISI, themaximumpossibledatarateonagiven channel of bandwidth, B, is
C (bps) = B log2(1+SNR)
where SNR is received Signal to Noise Ratio
• This theoretical limit cannot be achieved in practice but novel design and coding techniques help data rates approach this bound
35
Typical operations
Speech
Speech
Digitization/ Voice coding
Channel coding
Interleaving
Ciphering
Voice decoding
Channel decoding
Modulation
De-interleaving
De-Ciphering Demodulation
36
Channel Sublayer: Frequency Assignments
•
FDMA/TDMA systems
Key: split spectrum into set of frequencies (channels) and reuse frequencies in distant cells=> careful frequency planning
Take advantage of frequency attenuation Dynamic channel allocation
CDMA systems
Entire spectrum available to all cells (full re-use => little frequency planning)
Capacity depends on interference level (soft capacity)
Coverage is dynamic and depends on instantaneous number of users: “Breathing cell” => careful planning of thresholds and power levels
OFDMA (orthogonal FDMA)
Combination of CDMA and FDMA
•
•
37
Sample ‘Orthogonal’ Sequences
38
Spreading Code
39
Channel Sublayer: Frequency Assignments
Source: Broadband Evolution and Spectrum Challenges,Ahyman Alnashar
40
Frequency Reuse
• Each pattern represents a different set of carriers • Re-use factor of 3 shown
41
MAC Layer
• Maximize capacity and minimize delay (circuit vs. packet access)
– FDMA,TDMA,CDMA – for voice, streaming
– Aloha, Slotted Aloha – low delay for bursty, short messages (signaling)
– CSMA-based protocols – bursty messages, larger number of users
– Packet Reservation MA and other reservation-based protocols – bursty, long messages, large number of users
• Fairness/Quality of Service
– Don’t allow a user to hog bandwidth
– Schedule traffic to meet requirements
• Handoffs
– Assign new channels
42
Logical Link Control
• Error recovery
– yes or no (handled by TCP)? – ordered data delivery
43
Network Layer
• Responsible for routing
– circuit-switching: performed at connection establishment time – datagrams: performed or each packet
• Key problem caused my mobility
– address no longer = location to route connections/messages
• Address is a logical identifier • Ad hoc networks
– No infrastructure
– Self-organizing networks
44
Traditional Circuit-Switched Connection Establishment
CPE SW SW SW CPE
SETUP
IAM
IAM
SETUP
ALERT ACM
ALERT
CONNECT
ACM
ANM
ANM
CONNECT
• Route determination performed once
• Hierarchical geographical addressing (areas code – exchange – terminal) (based on location)
45
Traditional Datagram Addressing
H
H Net add GW Router Router Host
H
• Each packet routed individually (potentially on different paths) • Hierarchical address (network + host) (not geographical)
46
Mobility and the Network Layer
• Circuit Switching
– address no longer points to location
– must find user once, then establish connection – connections must be updated for handoffs
• Datagram
– find user each time?
– smart solutions avoid this
47
Transport Layer
• Current data transport protocol (TCP) designed to work in fixed networks – establish end-to-end connection (in end points only)
– recover from errors
– flow control (react to congestion)
• Mobility causes problems due to errors or discontinuous transmission – may misinterpret lost packets
– may be affected by delay in locating mobile users
• Wireless Media – error rates
– low bandwidth
48
Applications
• Wireless media
– high error rates
– low bandwidth
– can high quality audio, video be supported? – can data applications be supported
• Mobility
– pauses in transmission
– possibility for new applications?
• Solution Techniques
– asymmetric design of applications and protocols
– network-based proxies to perform complex functions on behalf of mobile users – pre-fetching and caching of data
49
Review of Math
• M/M/1 Queuing System – M: arrival distribution
– M: service distribution – 1: number of servers
• Poisson process
– System is memoryless
P(k) = (λT)ke- λT/k!, k arrivals in T
50
M/M/1 Queue
• Birth-Death Process
– model as a Markov chain
– derive balance equations
– solve for steady state probabilities
– determine average number of items in the queue – determine average delay
• Notation
– λ = arrival rate
– μ = service rate
– ρ = λ/μ
– pi = probability i items in queue
51
Review of M/M/1
λλλλλ
012 i
μμμμμ
μp1 =λp0, p1=ρp0 μp2 =λp1, p2=ρ2p0 μp3 =λp2, p3=ρ3p0
In general: pi= p0ρi Sum of p’s = 1:
p0= 1 – ρ
pi = ρi(1- ρ)
1= ∑∞ p0ρi i=0
52
M/M/1 Review
Expected number in the system:
N=∑∞ ipi i=0
N = ρ/(1- ρ)
T = ρ/λ(1- ρ), T is delay in the system
53
Review of M/M/m/m
λλλλ
012 N
μ 2μ 3μ μp1 =λp0, p1=ρp0
2μp2 =λp1, p2=1/2ρ2p0
3μ p3 = λ p2, p3= 1/(3×2)ρ3p0 In general: pn= (1/n!)p0ρi
Nμ
1
2 μ
. .
μ
Sum of p’s = 1: ∑N n=0
ρn p0 =1 n!
N μ
Models input (call rate) of λ, N trunks, holding time of μ
p0= 1
∑N ρn n=0 n!
ρn
pN = pB = ∑N ρn
λ
N! n=0 n!
54