程序代写代做代考 Data Representation

Data Representation

Data Representation
COE 301
Computer Organization
Prof. Muhamed Mudawar
College of Computer Sciences and Engineering
King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals

Data Representation COE 301 – Computer Organization – KFUPM © Muhamed Mudawar – slide ‹#›
Presentation Outline
Positional Number Systems
Binary and Hexadecimal Numbers
Base Conversions
Integer Storage Sizes
Binary and Hexadecimal Addition
Signed Integers and 2’s Complement Notation
Sign Extension
Binary and Hexadecimal subtraction
Carry and Overflow
Character Storage

Data Representation COE 301 – Computer Organization – KFUPM © Muhamed Mudawar – slide ‹#›
Different Representations of Natural Numbers

XXVII Roman numerals (not positional)
27 Radix-10 or decimal number (positional)
110112 Radix-2 or binary number (also positional)
Fixed-radix positional representation with k digits
Number N in radix r = (dk–1dk–2 . . . d1d0)r
Value = dk–1×r k–1 + dk–2×r k–2 + … + d1×r + d0
Examples: (11011)2 = 1×24 + 1×23 + 0×22 + 1×2 + 1 = 27
(2103)4 = 2×43 + 1×42 + 0×4 + 3 = 147
Positional Number Systems

Data Representation COE 301 – Computer Organization – KFUPM © Muhamed Mudawar – slide ‹#›
Binary Numbers
Each binary digit (called bit) is either 1 or 0
Bits have no inherent meaning, can represent
Unsigned and signed integers
Characters
Floating-point numbers
Images, sound, etc.
Bit Numbering
Least significant bit (LSB) is rightmost (bit 0)
Most significant bit (MSB) is leftmost (bit 7 in an 8-bit number)

1

0

0

1

1

1

0

1
2
7
2
6
2
5
2
4
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Most
Significant Bit

Least
Significant Bit

Data Representation COE 301 – Computer Organization – KFUPM © Muhamed Mudawar – slide ‹#›
Converting Binary to Decimal
Each bit represents a power of 2
Every binary number is a sum of powers of 2
Decimal Value = (dn-1  2n-1) + … + (d1  21) + (d0  20)
Binary (10011101)2 = 27 + 24 + 23 + 22 + 1 = 157

1

0

0

1

1

1

0

1
2
7
2
6
2
5
2
4
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Some common powers of 2

Data Representation COE 301 – Computer Organization – KFUPM © Muhamed Mudawar – slide ‹#›
Convert Unsigned Decimal to Binary
Repeatedly divide the decimal integer by 2
Each remainder is a binary digit in the translated value

37 = (100101)2

least significant bit

most significant bit
stop when quotient is zero

Data Representation COE 301 – Computer Organization – KFUPM © Muhamed Mudawar – slide ‹#›
Hexadecimal Integers
16 Hexadecimal Digits: 0 – 9, A – F
More convenient to use than binary numbers
Binary, Decimal, and Hexadecimal Equivalents

Data Representation COE 301 – Computer Organization – KFUPM © Muhamed Mudawar – slide ‹#›
Converting Binary to Hexadecimal
Each hexadecimal digit corresponds to 4 binary bits
Example:
Convert the 32-bit binary number to hexadecimal
1110 1011 0001 0110 1010 0111 1001 0100
Solution:
0100
4
1001
9
0111
7
1010
A
0110
6
0001
1
1011
B
1110
E

Data Representation COE 301 – Computer Organization – KFUPM © Muhamed Mudawar – slide ‹#›
Multiply each digit by its corresponding power of 16
Value = (dn-1  16n-1) + (dn-2  16n-2) + … + (d1  16) + d0
Examples:
(1234)16 = (1  163) + (2  162) + (3  16) + 4 =
Decimal Value 4660
(3BA4)16 = (3  163) + (11  162) + (10  16) + 4 =
Decimal Value 15268
Converting Hexadecimal to Decimal

Data Representation COE 301 – Computer Organization – KFUPM © Muhamed Mudawar – slide ‹#›
Converting Decimal to Hexadecimal

Decimal 422 = 1A6 hexadecimal
stop when quotient is zero

least significant digit

most significant digit
Repeatedly divide the decimal integer by 16
Each remainder is a hex digit in the translated value

Data Representation COE 301 – Computer Organization – KFUPM © Muhamed Mudawar – slide ‹#›
Integer Storage Sizes
What is the largest 20-bit unsigned integer?
Answer: 220 – 1 = 1,048,575
Storage Type Unsigned Range Powers of 2
Byte 0 to 255 0 to (28 – 1)
Half Word 0 to 65,535 0 to (216 – 1)
Word 0 to 4,294,967,295 0 to (232 – 1)
Double Word 0 to 18,446,744,073,709,551,615 0 to (264 – 1)

Byte
8
16
32
64
Half Word
Word
Double Word
Storage Sizes

Data Representation COE 301 – Computer Organization – KFUPM © Muhamed Mudawar – slide ‹#›
Binary Addition
Start with the least significant bit (rightmost bit)
Add each pair of bits
Include the carry in the addition, if present

0

0

0

1

1

1

0

1

0

0

1

1

0

1

1

0

+
(54)
(29)
(83)
1
carry

0
1
2
3
4
bit position:
5
6
7
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
1

Data Representation COE 301 – Computer Organization – KFUPM © Muhamed Mudawar – slide ‹#›
Hexadecimal Addition
Start with the least significant hexadecimal digits
Let Sum = summation of two hex digits
If Sum is greater than or equal to 16
Sum = Sum – 16 and Carry = 1
Example:
A
F
C
D
B
0
1
1
1

1
C
3
7
2
8
6
A
9
3
9
5
E
8
4
B
+
A + B = 10 + 11 = 21
Since 21 ≥ 16
Sum = 21 – 16 = 5
Carry = 1
5
1
carry:

Data Representation COE 301 – Computer Organization – KFUPM © Muhamed Mudawar – slide ‹#›
Signed Integers
Several ways to represent a signed number
Sign-Magnitude
Biased
1’s complement
2’s complement
Divide the range of values into 2 equal parts
First part corresponds to the positive numbers (≥ 0)
Second part correspond to the negative numbers (< 0) Focus will be on the 2's complement representation Has many advantages over other representations Used widely in processors to represent signed integers Data Representation COE 301 – Computer Organization – KFUPM © Muhamed Mudawar – slide ‹#› Two's Complement Representation 8-bit Binary value Unsigned value Signed value 00000000 0 0 00000001 1 +1 00000010 2 +2 . . . . . . . . . 01111110 126 +126 01111111 127 +127 10000000 128 -128 10000001 129 -127 . . . . . . . . . 11111110 254 -2 11111111 255 -1 Positive numbers Signed value = Unsigned value Negative numbers Signed value = Unsigned value – 2n n = number of bits Negative weight for MSB Another way to obtain the signed value is to assign a negative weight to most-significant bit = -128 + 32 + 16 + 4 = -76 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 -128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 Data Representation COE 301 – Computer Organization – KFUPM © Muhamed Mudawar – slide ‹#› Forming the Two's Complement Sum of an integer and its 2's complement must be zero: 00100100 + 11011100 = 00000000 (8-bit sum)  Ignore Carry Another way to obtain the 2's complement: Start at the least significant 1 Leave all the 0s to its right unchanged Complement all the bits to its left starting value 00100100 = +36 step1: reverse the bits (1's complement) 11011011 step 2: add 1 to the value from step 1 + 1 sum = 2's complement representation 11011100 = -36 Binary Value = 00100 1 00 2's Complement = 11011 1 00 least significant 1 Data Representation COE 301 – Computer Organization – KFUPM © Muhamed Mudawar – slide ‹#› Sign Bit Highest bit indicates the sign 1 = negative 0 = positive For Hexadecimal Numbers, check most significant digit If highest digit is > 7, then value is negative
Examples: 8A and C5 are negative bytes
B1C42A00 is a negative word (32-bit signed integer)

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

1

0
Sign bit
Negative
Positive

Data Representation COE 301 – Computer Organization – KFUPM © Muhamed Mudawar – slide ‹#›
Sign Extension
Step 1: Move the number into the lower-significant bits
Step 2: Fill all the remaining higher bits with the sign bit
This will ensure that both magnitude and sign are correct
Examples
Sign-Extend 10110011 to 16 bits

Sign-Extend 01100010 to 16 bits

Infinite 0s can be added to the left of a positive number
Infinite 1s can be added to the left of a negative number

10110011 = -77
11111111 10110011 = -77

01100010 = +98
00000000 01100010 = +98

Data Representation COE 301 – Computer Organization – KFUPM © Muhamed Mudawar – slide ‹#›
Two’s Complement of a Hexadecimal
To form the two’s complement of a hexadecimal
Subtract each hexadecimal digit from 15
Add 1
Examples:
2’s complement of 6A3D = 95C2 + 1 = 95C3
2’s complement of 92F15AC0 = 6D0EA53F + 1 = 6D0EA540
2’s complement of FFFFFFFF = 00000000 + 1 = 00000001
No need to convert hexadecimal to binary

Data Representation COE 301 – Computer Organization – KFUPM © Muhamed Mudawar – slide ‹#›
Binary Subtraction
When subtracting A – B, convert B to its 2’s complement
Add A to (–B)

0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1
0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 (2’s complement)
0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 (same result)
Final carry is ignored, because
Negative number is sign-extended with 1’s
You can imagine infinite 1’s to the left of a negative number
Adding the carry to the extended 1’s produces extended zeros


+

borrow:
carry:
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

Data Representation COE 301 – Computer Organization – KFUPM © Muhamed Mudawar – slide ‹#›
Hexadecimal Subtraction
When a borrow is required from the digit to the left, then
Add 16 (decimal) to the current digit’s value
Last Carry is ignored

Borrow:

5
7
6
C
F
4
1
B
7
4
2
A
E
9
3
8
E
2
4
2
1
B
D
2

16 + 5 = 21
1
1
1
E
B
D
4
1
2
1
+
5
7
6
C
F
4
1
B

9
B
D
5
1
6
C
7
(2’s complement)
(same result)
Carry:
2
1
1
1
2
1

Data Representation COE 301 – Computer Organization – KFUPM © Muhamed Mudawar – slide ‹#›
Ranges of Signed Integers
For n-bit signed integers: Range is -2n–1 to (2n–1 – 1)
Positive range: 0 to 2n–1 – 1
Negative range: -2n–1 to -1
Practice: What is the range of signed values that may be stored in 20 bits?
Storage Type Signed Range Powers of 2
Byte –128 to +127 –27 to (27 – 1)
Half Word –32,768 to +32,767 –215 to (215 – 1)
Word –2,147,483,648 to +2,147,483,647 –231 to (231 – 1)
Double Word –9,223,372,036,854,775,808 to
+9,223,372,036,854,775,807 –263 to (263 – 1)

Data Representation COE 301 – Computer Organization – KFUPM © Muhamed Mudawar – slide ‹#›
Carry and Overflow
Carry is important when …
Adding or subtracting unsigned integers
Indicates that the unsigned sum is out of range
Either < 0 or >maximum unsigned n-bit value
Overflow is important when …
Adding or subtracting signed integers
Indicates that the signed sum is out of range
Overflow occurs when
Adding two positive numbers and the sum is negative
Adding two negative numbers and the sum is positive
Can happen because of the fixed number of sum bits

Data Representation COE 301 – Computer Organization – KFUPM © Muhamed Mudawar – slide ‹#›

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

1

1

1

+

1

0

0

0

1

1

1

1

79
64
143
(-113)
Carry = 0 Overflow = 1

1

1

0

0

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

0

1

1

0

1

0

+

0

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

218 (-38)
157 (-99)
119
Carry = 1 Overflow = 1

1
1

1
Carry and Overflow Examples
We can have carry without overflow and vice-versa
Four cases are possible (Examples are 8-bit numbers)

1

1

1

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

1

1

+

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

1

15
248 (-8)
7
Carry = 1 Overflow = 0

1
1
1
1
1

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

1

1

+

0

0

0

1

0

1

1

1

15
8
23
Carry = 0 Overflow = 0

1

Data Representation COE 301 – Computer Organization – KFUPM © Muhamed Mudawar – slide ‹#›
Unsigned Integers: n-bit representation

Signed Integers: n-bit 2’s complement representation
Range, Carry, Borrow, and Overflow
max = 2n–1
min = 0
Carry = 1
Addition
Numbers > max

Borrow = 1
Subtraction
Numbers < min Positive Overflow Numbers > max

Negative
Overflow
Numbers < min max = 2n-1–1 Finite Set of Signed Integers 0 min = -2n-1 Finite Set of Unsigned Integers Data Representation COE 301 – Computer Organization – KFUPM © Muhamed Mudawar – slide ‹#› Character Storage Character sets Standard ASCII: 7-bit character codes (0 – 127) Extended ASCII: 8-bit character codes (0 – 255) Unicode: 16-bit character codes (0 – 65,535) Unicode standard represents a universal character set Defines codes for characters used in all major languages Used in Windows-XP: each character is encoded as 16 bits UTF-8: variable-length encoding used in HTML Encodes all Unicode characters Uses 1 byte for ASCII, but multiple bytes for other characters Null-terminated String Array of characters followed by a NULL character Data Representation COE 301 – Computer Organization – KFUPM © Muhamed Mudawar – slide ‹#› Printable ASCII Codes 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F 2 space ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ?
4 @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O
5 P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _
6 ` a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o
7 p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~ DEL

Examples:
ASCII code for space character = 20 (hex) = 32 (decimal)
ASCII code for ‘L’ = 4C (hex) = 76 (decimal)
ASCII code for ‘a’ = 61 (hex) = 97 (decimal)

Data Representation COE 301 – Computer Organization – KFUPM © Muhamed Mudawar – slide ‹#›
Control Characters
The first 32 characters of ASCII table are used for control
Control character codes = 00 to 1F (hexadecimal)
Not shown in previous slide
Examples of Control Characters
Character 0 is the NULL character  used to terminate a string
Character 9 is the Horizontal Tab (HT) character
Character 0A (hex) = 10 (decimal) is the Line Feed (LF)
Character 0D (hex) = 13 (decimal) is the Carriage Return (CR)
The LF and CR characters are used together
They advance the cursor to the beginning of next line
One control character appears at end of ASCII table
Character 7F (hex) is the Delete (DEL) character

Data Representation COE 301 – Computer Organization – KFUPM © Muhamed Mudawar – slide ‹#›

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