lcccccc & (1) & (2) & (3) & (4) & (5) & (6)
VARIABLES & Ln(Patents) & Ln(Patents) & Ln(Patents) & Ln(Patents) &
Ln(Patents) & Ln(Patents)
& & & & & &
Beforeˆ3- & -0.395*** & -0.395*** & -0.395*** & -0.395*** & -0.395*** &
-0.395***
& (0.113) & (0.113) & (0.113) & (0.113) & (0.113) & (0.113)
Beforeˆ2 & 0.048 & 0.048 & 0.048 & 0.048 & 0.048 & 0.048
& (0.157) & (0.157) & (0.157) & (0.157) & (0.157) & (0.157)
Afterˆ1 & -0.132 & -0.132 & -0.132 & -0.132 & -0.132 & -0.132
& (0.173) & (0.173) & (0.173) & (0.173) & (0.173) & (0.173)
Afterˆ2 & 0.157 & 0.157 & 0.157 & 0.157 & 0.157 & 0.157
& (0.190) & (0.190) & (0.190) & (0.190) & (0.190) & (0.190)
Afterˆ3+ & 0.326** & 0.326** & 0.326** & 0.326** & 0.326** & 0.326**
& (0.132) & (0.132) & (0.132) & (0.132) & (0.132) & (0.132)
Ln(Population) & 0.394*** & 0.394*** & 0.394*** & 0.394*** & 0.394*** &
0.394***
& (0.022) & (0.022) & (0.022) & (0.022) & (0.022) & (0.022)
Urban ratio & 4.301*** & 4.301*** & 4.301*** & 4.301*** & 4.301*** &
4.301***
& (0.493) & (0.493) & (0.493) & (0.493) & (0.493) & (0.493)
Slave ratio & -4.604*** & -4.604*** & -4.604*** & -4.604*** & -4.604*** &
-4.604***
& (0.747) & (0.747) & (0.747) & (0.747) & (0.747) & (0.747)
White ratio & -3.354*** & -3.354*** & -3.354*** & -3.354*** & -3.354*** &
-3.354***
& (0.744) & (0.744) & (0.744) & (0.744) & (0.744) & (0.744)
Constant & -3.993*** & -3.993*** & -3.993*** & -3.993*** & -3.993*** &
-3.993***
& (0.525) & (0.525) & (0.525) & (0.525) & (0.525) & (0.525)
& & & & & &
Observations & 2,562 & 2,562 & 2,562 & 2,562 & 2,562 & 2,562
R-squared & 0.885 & 0.885 & 0.885 & 0.885 & 0.885 & 0.885
State FE & YES & YES & YES & YES & YES & YES
Year FE & YES & YES & YES & YES & YES & YES
Cluster by Year & YES & YES & YES & YES & YES & YES
1