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Knowledge-Based Artificial Intelligence: Cognitive Systems

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What is knowledge-based artificial intelligence?

How does it fit into the rest of artificial intelligence?

What can I expect to learn from this course?

What is the structure of this course?

What are some things Watson must be able to do to participate in Jeopardy?
Read the clue
Search its knowledge base
Decide on an answer
Properly phrase that answer

Fundamental Conundrums of Artificial Intelligence

Intelligent agents have limited resources.

Computation is local, but problems have global constraints.

Logic is deductive, but many problems are not.

The world is dynamic, but knowledge is limited.

Problem solving, reasoning, and learning are complex, but explanation and justification are even more complex.

Characteristics of AI Problems

Knowledge often arrives incrementally.

Problems exhibit recurring patterns.

Problems have multiple levels of granularity.

Many problems are computationally intractable.

The world is dynamic, but knowledge of the world is static.

The world is open-ended, but knowledge is limited.

Characteristics of AI Agents

Agents have limited computing power.

Agents have limited sensors.

Agents have limited attention.

Computational logic is fundamentally deductive.

AI agents’ knowledge is incomplete relative to the world.

Which of these are AI problems?

ο Answering questions on Jeopardy.
ο Configuring the dimensions for the basement of a new house.
ο Tying shoelaces.
ο Deciding on a route to a new destination.
ο Making sense of a news broadcast.
ο Designing a robot that walks on water.
ο Establishing whether a flower pot can be used as a drinking cup.
ο Deciding whether or not a new animal is a bird.

Deliberation 审议
Reasoning
Learning
Memory

thinking
acting
optimally
like humans
Agents that think rationally
Agents that think like humans
Agents that act like humans
Agents that act rationally

machine learning

airplane autopilot

semantic web 语义网

improvisational robots
即兴机器人
thinking
acting
optimally
like humans

What are cognitive systems?

Cognitive: dealing with human-like intelligence.

Systems: multiple interacting components such as learning, reasoning, and memory.

Cognitive Systems: Systems that exhibit human-like intelligence through processes like learning, reasoning, and memory.

Cognitive System
The World
Input
Output

Cognitive System
The World
Cognitive System
Cognitive System

Cognitive System
Reaction
Deliberation
Metacognition
Reasoning
Learning
Memory
Input
Output

Planning
Design & Creativity
Analogical Reasoning
Common Sense Reasoning
Metacognition
Learning
Fundamentals
Visuospatial Reasoning
Knowledge-Based Artificial Intelligence
类比推理

Semantic Networks
Generate and Test
Problem Reduction
Means-Ends Analysis
Fundamentals
Production Systems

Planning
Logic
Planning

Common Sense Reasoning
Frames
Understanding
Scripts
Common Sense Reasoning

Learning by Recording Cases
Incremental Concept Learning
Version Spaces
Classification
Learning

Learning by Recording Cases
Case-Based Reasoning
Analogical Reasoning
Explanation-Based Learning
Analogical Reasoning

Visuospatial Reasoning
Constraint Propagation
Visuospatial Reasoning

Design & Creativity
Configuration
Diagnosis
Creativity
Design

Metacognition
Learning by Correcting Mistakes
Meta-Reasoning
Ethics in Artificial Intelligence

Knowledge-Based Artificial Intelligence

Logic
Planning

Frames
Understanding
Scripts
Common Sense Reasoning

Constraint Propagation
Visuospatial Reasoning

Configuration
Diagnosis
Computational Creativity
Design
Learning by Correcting Mistakes
Meta-Reasoning
Ethics in Artificial Intelligence

Semantic Networks
Generate and Test
Problem Reduction
Means-End Analysis
Production Systems
Learning by Recording Cases
Incremental Concept Learning
Scripts
Classification
Learning by Recording Cases
Case-Based Reasoning
Analogical Reasoning
Explanation-Based Reasoning

To recap…

Conundrums and characteristics

Four schools of AI

What is KBAI?

Cognitive Systems

Topics in AI

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