PowerPoint Presentation
Explanation-Based Learning
Learning by Recording Cases
Case-Based Reasoning
Analogical Reasoning
Explanation-Based Learning
Analogical Reasoning
Lesson Preview
Concept space
Prior knowledge
Abstraction
Analogical transfer
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Which of these might be useful for transporting soup from the kitchen to the table?
Image credit
Rico Shen, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:BrockF5
Atomic Taco, https://secure.flickr.com/photos/atomictaco/8376082216/
4
A Cup
A cup is an object that is stable and enables drinking.
An Object
This object is light and made of porcelain. It has a decoration, a concavity, and a handle. The bottom is flat.
Can we prove this object is a cup?
Object
Cup
is
Object
Bottom
has
Bottom
Flat
is
Object
Concavity
has
Object
Light
is
Object
Handle
has
Object
Porcelain
made-of
Object
Decoration
has
A Brick
The brick is stable because its bottom is flat. A brick is heavy.
A Glass
The glass enables drinking because it carries liquids and is liftable. It is pretty.
Prior Knowledge
A Briefcase
The briefcase is liftable because it has a handle and is light. It is useful because it is a portable container for papers.
A Bowl
The bowl carries liquids because it has a concavity. The bowl contains cherry soup.
A Brick
The brick is stable because its bottom is flat. A brick is heavy.
Brick
Stable
is
Brick
Bottom
has
Bottom
Flat
is
Brick
Brick
Heavy
is
A Briefcase
The briefcase is liftable because it has a handle and is light. It is useful because it is a portable container for papers.
Briefcase
Liftable
is
Briefcase
Light
is
Briefcase
Handle
has
Briefcase
Briefcase
Useful
is
Briefcase
Portable
is
A Bowl
The bowl carries liquids because it has a concavity. The bowl contains cherry soup.
Bowl
Liquids
carries
Bowl
Concavity
has
Bowl
Bowl
Cherry Soup
has
A Glass
The glass enables drinking because it carries liquids and is liftable. It is pretty.
Glass
Drinking
enables
Glass
Liquids
carries
Glass
Liftable
is
Glass
Glass
Pretty
is
Bowl
Liquids
carries
Bowl
Concavity
has
Bowl
Bowl
Cherry Soup
has
Bowl
Liquids
carries
Bowl
Concavity
has
Bowl
Bowl
Cherry Soup
has
Object
Liquids
carries
Object
Concavity
has
Object
Cup
is
Object
Bottom
has
Bottom
Flat
is
Object
Concavity
has
Object
Light
is
Object
Handle
has
Object
Porcelain
made-of
Object
Decoration
has
Object
Cup
is
Object
Bottom
has
Bottom
Flat
is
Object
Concavity
has
Object
Light
is
Object
Handle
has
Object
Porcelain
made-of
Object
Decoration
has
Object
Liquids
carries
Bowl
Object
Cup
is
Object
Bottom
has
Bottom
Flat
is
Object
Concavity
has
Object
Light
is
Object
Handle
has
Object
Porcelain
made-of
Object
Decoration
has
Object
Liquids
carries
Object
Liftable
is
Briefcase
Object
Cup
is
Object
Bottom
has
Bottom
Flat
is
Object
Concavity
has
Object
Light
is
Object
Handle
has
Object
Porcelain
made-of
Object
Decoration
has
Object
Liquids
carries
Object
Liftable
is
Object
Drinking
enables
Glass
Object
Cup
is
Object
has
Bottom
Flat
is
Object
Concavity
has
Light
Object
Handle
has
Object
Porcelain
made-of
Object
Decoration
has
Object
Liquids
carries
Object
Concavity
has
Object
Liftable
is
Object
is
Object
Drinking
enables
Object
Stable
is
Bottom
Brick
Object
Cup
is
Object
Bottom
has
Bottom
Flat
is
Object
Concavity
has
Object
Light
is
Object
Handle
has
Object
Porcelain
made-of
Object
Decoration
has
Object
Liquids
carries
Object
Liftable
is
Object
Drinking
enables
Object
Stable
is
Cup
Object
Cup
is
Object
Bottom
has
Bottom
Flat
is
Object
Concavity
has
Object
Light
is
Object
Handle
has
Object
Porcelain
made-of
Object
Decoration
has
Object
Liquids
carries
Object
Liftable
is
Object
Drinking
enables
Object
Stable
is
A Mug
A mug is an object that is stable, enables drinking, and protects against heat.
An Object
This object is light and made of clay. It has a concavity and a handle. The bottom is flat, and the sides are thick.
Can we prove this object is a mug?
A Pot
The pot carries liquids because it has a concavity. It limits heat transfer because it has thick sides and is made of clay.
A Mug
A mug is an object that is stable, enables drinking, and protects against heat.
An Object
This object is light and made of clay. It has a concavity and a handle. The bottom is flat, and the sides are thick.
Can we prove this object is a mug?
ο Yes ο No
A Pot
The pot carries liquids because it has a concavity. It limits heat transfer because it has thick sides and is made of clay.
Object
Mug
is
Object
Drinking
enables
Object
Stable
is
Object
Heat
protects
against
Object
Heat transfer
limits
Object
Thick sides
has
Object
Clay
made-of
Pot
ο A Serving Plate
The serving plate protects against heat because it is made of clay and is shaped like an oval.
What knowledge would finish our proof that this object is a mug?
ο A Wooden Spoon
The spoon is long and made of wood. It protects against heat because it has a handle.
ο An Oven Mitt
The oven mitt is made of cloth. It protects against heat because it limits heat transfer.
ο A Baking Dish
A baking dish protects against heat because it is made of porcelain and has a handle.
Object
is
Object
Drinking
enables
Object
Stable
is
Object
Heat
protects
against
Object
Heat transfer
limits
Object
Thick sides
has
Object
Thick sides
made-of
Oven Mitt
Mug
Object
is
Object
Drinking
enables
Object
Stable
is
Object
Heat
protects
against
Object
Handle
has
Wooden Spoon
Mug
Assignment
How would you use explanation-based learning to design an agent that could answer Raven’s progressive matrices?
To recap…
Concept space
Prior knowledge
Abstraction & transfer
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