FIT3165 / FIT4165 COMPUTER NETWORKS
WEEK 12 – HIGH SPEED LANS
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12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5
HIGH SPEED LANs
DIFFERENT CONFIGURATION SETUPS FIBER CHANNEL
HIGH SPEED GIGABIT ETHERNET SOFTWARE DEFINED NETWORKING (SDN)
HIGH SPEED LANs
Why High Speed LANs?
• Office LANs used to provide basic connectivity
– Connecting PCs and terminals to mainframes and midrange systems that ran corporate applications
– Providing workgroup connectivity at departmental level
– Traffic patterns light
> Emphasis on file transfer and electronic mail
• Speed and power of PCs has risen
– Graphics-intensive applications and GUIs
• MIS organizations recognize LANs as essential
– Began with client/server computing
> Now dominant architecture in business environment > Intranetworks
> Frequent transfer of large volumes of data
Applications Requiring High Speed LANs
• Centralized server farms
– User needs to draw huge amounts of data from multiple centralized servers
– E.g. Colour publishing operation
> Servers contain tens of gigabytes of image data that must be downloaded to imaging workstations.
• Power workgroups
• Small number of cooperating users
– Draw massive data files across network
– E.g. Software development group testing new software version or computer-aided design (CAD) company regularly running simulations of new designs.
• High-speed local backbone
– Processing demand grows
– LANs proliferate at site
– High-speed interconnection is necessary
Ethernet Switched & Shared(CSMA/CD/CA)
• Most widely used LAN standard
• Developed by
– Xerox – original Ethernet
– IEEE 802.3
• Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) – Legacy
– random / contention access to media
• Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) – Wireless
Legacy 10Mbps Specification (Ethernet)
Legacy 100Mbps Fast Ethernet
• Uses a unidirectional data rate 100 Mbps over single twisted pair or optical fiber link
• Two physical medium specifications
– 100BASE-TX
> uses two pairs of twisted-pair cable for tx & rx > STP and Category 5 UTP allowed
> MTL-3 signaling scheme is used
– 100BASE-FX
> uses two optical fiber cables for tx & rx
> convert 4B/5B-NRZI code group into optical signals
100BASE-T4
• 100-Mbps over lower-quality Cat 3 UTP
– takes advantage of large installed base of cat 3 cabling – does not transmit continuous signal between packets
– useful in battery-powered applications
• cannot get 100 Mbps on single twisted pair
– so data stream split into three separate streams
– four twisted pairs used
– data transmitted and received using three pairs
– two pairs configured for bidirectional transmission
• use ternary signaling scheme (8B6T)
100BASE-T Options
Full Duplex Operation
• Traditional Ethernet was only half duplex
• Using full-duplex, station can transmit and receive simultaneously
• 100-Mbps Ethernet in full-duplex mode, giving a theoretical transfer rate of 200 Mbps
• Stations must have full-duplex adapter cards
• and must use switching (switch)
– each station constitutes separate collision domain – CSMA/CD algorithm no longer needed
– 802.3 MAC frame format used
Mixed Configurations (1)
● Fast Ethernet LANs supports mixture of existing 10-Mbps LANs and newer 100-Mbps LANs
● supporting older and newer technologies
○ e.g. 100-Mbps backbone LAN supports 10-Mbps hubs
■ stations attach to 10-Mbps hubs using 10BASE-T
■ hubs connected to switching hubs using 100BASE-T
■ high-capacity workstations and servers attach directly to 10/100 switches
■ switches connected to 100-Mbps hubs use 100-Mbps backbone links
■ 100-Mbps hubs provide building backbone
■ connected to router providing connection to WAN
Mixed Configurations (2)
• Gigabit Ethernet supports mixture of existing 100 Mbps and 10 Mbps
• supporting older and newer technologies
– e.g. 1000-Mbps backbone LAN supports 100-Mbps switches
> stations attach to 10/100-Mbps switch using 100BASE-T
> Standard workstations and servers attach directly to 10/100 switches
> high-capacity workstations and servers attach directly to 1000-Mbps switches
> switches connected to 10/100-Mbps switch use 1000-Mbps backbone links
> 1000-Mbps switches provide building blocks for backbone
> connected to router providing connection to WAN
Gigabit Ethernet Configuration
• 1000Base-SX
– Short wavelength, multimode fiber
• 1000Base-LX
– Long wavelength, Multi or single mode fiber
• 1000Base-CX
– Copper jumpers <25m, shielded twisted pair
• 1000Base-T
– 4 pairs, cat 5 UTP
Signal encoding scheme: 8B/10B for the first three Gigabit Ethernet options
10Gbps Ethernet
• Growing interest and trend in 10Gbps Ethernet
– for high-speed backbone use
– with future wider deployment
• Alternative to ATM and other WAN technologies
• Uniform technology for LAN, MAN, or WAN
• Advantages of 10Gbps Ethernet
– no expensive, bandwidth-consuming conversion between Ethernet packets and ATM cells
– IP and Ethernet together offers QoS and traffic policing capabilities that approach those provided by ATM
– have a variety of standard optical interfaces.
Gbit Ethernet Medium Options (log scale)
10Gbps Ethernet - Configuration and advantages
• Maximum link distances cover 300 m to 40 km
• Full-duplex mode only
• 10GBASE-S (short):
– 850 nm on multimode fiber
– Up to 300 m
• 10GBASE-L (long)
– 1310 nm on single-mode fiber
– Up to 10 km
• 10GBASE-E (extended)
– 1550 nm on single-mode fiber
– Up to 40 km
• 10GBASE-LX4:
– 1310 nm on single-mode or multimode fiber
– Up to 10 km
– Wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) to multiplex the bit stream across four light waves
Fibre Channel - Background
● I/O channel
○ Direct point to point or multipoint
communications link
○ Hardware based
○ High Speed
○ Very short distance
○ Transfers data between source buffer and
destination buffer
● Network connection
○ Interconnected access points
○ Software based protocol
○ Flow control, error detection & recovery
○ End systems connections
• Fibre Channel combines the best of both technologies
• Channel oriented
– Data type qualifiers for routing frame payload
– Link level constructs associated with individual I/O operations
– Protocol interface specifications to support existing I/O architectures
> e.g. Small Computer System Interface (SCSI)
• Network oriented
– Full multiplexing between multiple destinations
– Peer to peer connectivity
– Internetworking to other connection technologies
Fibre Channel Requirements
• Full duplex links with two fibers per link
• 1 Gbps to 10 Gbps on single line
– Full duplex 2 Gbps to 20 Gbps per link
– Multiple links are supported
• Support for distances up to 10 km
• Small connectors
• High-capacity utilization with distance insensitivity
• Multiple cost/performance levels
– Small systems to supercomputers
• Uses generic transport mechanism based on point-to-point links and a switching network
• Supports simple encoding and framing scheme
• In turn supports a variety of channel and network protocols
Fibre Channel Elements
• End systems – Nodes
• Switched elements – the network or fabric
• Communication across point to point links
A SAN based on Fiber Channel
Image Source – https://www.mycloudwiki.com/san/fc-san-components/
Fibre Channel Protocol Architecture
• FC-0 Physical Media
– Optical fiber for long distance
– coaxial cable for high speed short distance
– STP for lower speed short distance
• FC-1 Transmission Protocol
– 8B/10B signal encoding
• FC-2 Framing Protocol
– Topologies, Framing formats, Flow and error control
• FC-3 Common Services
– Includes multicasting
• FC-4 Mapping
– Mapping of channel and network services onto fiber channel > e.g. IEEE 802, ATM, IP, SCSI
Fibre Channel Physical Media and fabric advantages
Physical Media
• Provides range of options for physical medium, the data rate on medium, and topology of network
• Shielded twisted pair, video coaxial cable, and optical fiber
• Data rates exceeding 40 Gbps
• Point-to-point up to 10 km
Advantages
• Scalability of capacity
– As additional ports are added, the aggregate capacity of the network increases
– Minimizes congestion and contention
– Increases throughput
• Protocol independent
• Distance insensitive
• Switch and transmission link technologies may change without affecting overall configuration
Fibre Channel – More Applications
Fibre Channel Prospects
• Backed by Fibre Channel Association (FCA)
• Interface cards for different applications available
• Most widely accepted as peripheral device interconnect
– To replace such schemes as SCSI
• Technically attractive to general high-speed LAN requirements
• Must compete with Ethernet and ATM (legacy) LANs
• Cost and performance issues should dominate the consideration of these competing technologies
Ethernet Designations
Designation
Description
10 Mbps baseband Ethernet over coaxial cable with a maximum distance of 185 meters. Also referred to as Thin Ethernet or Thinnet or Thinwire.
10 Mbps baseband Ethernet over coaxial cable with a maximum distance of 500 meters. Also referred to as Thick Ethernet or Thicknet or Thickwire.
10 Mbps baseband Ethernet over multi-channel coaxial cable with a maximum distance of 3,600 meters.
10 Mbps baseband Ethernet over optical fiber.
10 Mbps baseband Ethernet over two multi-mode optical fibers using a synchronous active hub.
10 Mbps baseband Ethernet over two optical fibers and can include an optional asynchronous hub.
10 Mbps baseband Ethernet over two optical fibers using a passive hub to connect communication devices.
10 Mbps baseband Ethernet over twisted pair cables with a maximum length of 100 meters.
10Broad-36
10 Mbps baseband Ethernet over three channels of a cable television system with a maximum cable length of 3,600 meters.
Fast Ethernet Designations
Designation
Description
100Base-FX
100 Mbps baseband Ethernet over two multimode optical fibers.
100 Mbps baseband Ethernet over twisted pair cable.
100Base-T2
100 Mbps baseband Ethernet over two pairs of Category 3 or higher unshielded twisted pair cable.
100Base-T4
100 Mbps baseband Ethernet over four pairs of Category 3 or higher unshielded twisted pair cable.
100Base-TX
100 Mbps baseband Ethernet over two pairs of shielded twisted pair or Category 4 twisted pair cable.
A generic name for 100 Mbps Ethernet systems.
1 Gigabit & 10 Gigabit Ethernet Designations
Designation
Description
1000Base-CX
1000 Mbps baseband Ethernet over two pairs of 150 shielded twisted pair cable.
1000Base-LX
1000 Mbps baseband Ethernet over two multimode or single-mode optical fibers using longwave laser optics.
1000Base-SX
1000 Mbps baseband Ethernet over two multimode optical fibers using shortwave laser optics.
1000Base-T
1000 Mbps baseband Ethernet over four pairs of Category 5 unshielded twisted pair cable.
1000Base-X
A generic name for 1000 Mbps Ethernet systems.
Designation
10 Gigabit Ethernet
Description
Ethernet at 10 billion bits per second over optical fiber. Multimode fiber supports distances up to 300 meters; single mode fiber supports distances up to 40 kilometers.
HIGH SPEED GIGABIT ETHERNET
High speed Ethernet Trend
Internet Backbone Growth
• Industry consensus indicates future growth rate of 75% each year in aggregate traffic demand
• Traffic increased in ranges of 10,000x from 2000 to 2010
• Traffic projected to increase an additional 1,000x from 2015 to 2025
Ref: K. G. Coffman and A. M. Odlyzko, ‘Growth of the Internet’, I. P. Kaminow and T. Li, eds. Academic Press, 2002, pp. 17-56.
LAN Future moving towards Tb/s access
• Backend Carriers deployed Nx10 Gb/s networks several years ago
• Now evaluating deployment of (Nx) 40/100 Gb/s router networks
• Current Backbone growth rates, if sustained, will require IP link capacity to scale to > 1 Tb/s by 2020
Ref: K. G. Coffman and A. M. Odlyzko, ‘Growth of the Internet’, I. P. Kaminow and T. Li, eds. Academic Press, 2002, pp. 17-56.
Next Gen Higher Speed Ethernet
• Protocol Extensible for Speed
– Ethernet tradition has been 10x scaling
– But at current growth rates, 100 Gb/s will be insufficient by 2020 and beyond
– Desirable to standardize method of extending available speed without re-engineering the protocol stack
• Incremental Growth
– Most organizations upgrade or install new technologies with a 4-5 year lifetime
– Pre-deployment based on the speed requirement for current and 5 years in advance planning
Next Gen Higher Speed Ethernet (2)
• Hitless Growth
– Systematic “take down” of core network router & links for a substantial period of time without customer service degradations
– SLAs may be compromised or require complicated temporary workarounds if substantial down time is required for upgrade.
– Faultless upgrade of the link capacity should therefore be hitless, or at least only transitory impacting network services.
• Resiliency and Graceful Degradation
– Setup and transition should provide rapid recovery from failure of an individual channel or component
– Fault tolerance and performance needs to be taken care off.
Next Gen Higher Speed Ethernet (3)
• IEEE 802.3ba standard
– for 40/100-Gbit Ethernet provided a framework for data rates of 40 Gigabits per second and beyond
• Technology Reuse
– Highly desirable to leverage existing 10G PHYs, including 10GBASE-R, W, X, S, L, E, Z and LRM in order to foster ubiquity and avoid duplication of standards efforts
– Highly desirable to leverage existing 40G PHYs, including 40GBASE-R, W, X, S, L, E, Z and LRM in order to foster ubiquity and avoid duplication of standards efforts
• Deterministic Performance
– Latency/Delay Variation should be low for support of real-time packet based services, e.g. Streaming video, VOIP,Gaming
Next Gen Higher Speed Ethernet (4)
• WAN Manageability
– 40 or 100 GbE will be transported over wide area networks
– It should include features for low Operational Expenses and should be:
> Economical
> Reliable
> Operationally Manageable (e.g. simple fault isolation)
• WAN Transportability
– Operation over WAN fiber optic networks
– Transport across regional, national and inter-continental networks
– The protocol should be resilient to intra-channel/intra-wavelength propagation delay differences (skew)
Access technologies achieving 100 Gb/s Transport
Time Division Multiplexing
(i.e.: Baud Rate) 100 Gbps
100 Mbps 10
(ie: Bits per Hz)
8 (e.g. QAM-256) 4 (e.g. QAM-16)
2 (e.g. PAM-4, (D)QPSK)
1 2 4 6 8 10
Wavelength Division Multiplexing
Space Division
Multiplexing
(i.e.: Parallel Optics)
Which Ethernet Application?
• Ethernet is used today for many applications over different distances
– Distances > 100m primarily use optical technologies
• Performance for each application may be best advanced using a different approach
Time Division Multiplexing
(ie: Baud Rate)
Space Division Multiplexing
(ie: Parallel Optics)
Modulation
(ie: Bits per Hz)
Wavelength Division
Multiplexing
Software-Defined Virtual Networking
• Future virtualized and software defined network
– changes how services are provisioned and allows for a more flexible response to fluctuations in demand making a more efficient use of the infrastructure.
– Networks Functions Virtualization (NFV) and
– Software Defined Networking (SDN) are the disruptive technologies that enable this model
Software-Defined Virtual Networking
Networks Functions Virtualization (NFV) and Software Defined Networking (SDN) are the disruptive technologies coupled together to maximize benefits for Future networks.
Network Function Virtualization techniques
– hypervisor implements the virtualization layer that abstracts the application from the infrastructure which is viewed as a pool of computer, network and storage resources
Software Defined Networking (SDN)
– SDN separates the control and data plane, centralizing the network intelligence in a controller that manages white box switches implementing the forwarding function.
– Network administrators are no longer required to program thousands of devices and can remotely deploy network-wide policies down to the user level within an open software framework that leaves manufacturers’ dependency behind.
Live 100 GbE Demo – Chicago to
100GbE MAC with packet reordering, implemented by UCSC
10 x 10Gb/s XFP boards, provided by DTN, provided by Infinera
New internet2 network Chicago –
FPGA provided by Xilinx
10x10Gb/s 10x10Gb/s electrical 1310nm
10×11.1Gb/s 15xxnm
* Ref: Test bed 100 GbE setup by Finisar & Infinera
100 GbE first demonstrated Nov 13 at SC06 between Tampa and Houston
Optical loopbacks
End Examination
Instructions
● Duration : 2 hours and 10 minutes
● A Closed Book Examination.
● Need to answer ALL questions.
● The exam is divided into Two sections:
○ Section A consists of 30 Multiple Choice Questions and is worth 45 marks.
■ 1.5 marks per question
○ Section B consists of 13 Short Answer questions and is worth 55 marks.
● So far we have discussed
○ High Speed LANs
○ Different configurations and setups
○ Fiber Channel
○ High Speed Gigabit Ethernet
○ Software Defined Networks
○ Standard applications available in application layer
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