CS计算机代考程序代写 arm Introduction to the Internet of Things

Introduction to the Internet of Things

Syllabus
This module introduces the Internet of Things (IoT) technology, covering
• The meaning of IoT
• A brief history of IoT
• Technologies that enable the IoT paradigm
• The technical challenges facing IoT ecosystems
• Opportunities and potential applications
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What is IoT?
Internet of Things (IoT) refers to a large ecosystem of devices and smart objects that can gather, exchange, and act on information over networking infrastructure.
These “things” include:
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Home appliances, e.g., washing machines, fridges, kettles, vacuum cleaners, light bulbs, thermostats, door locks, and video cameras
Civil engineering structures, e.g., bridges and railways
Wearable devices, e.g., smart watches, smart glasses, rings, and clothes
Entertainment devices, e.g., TVs, game consoles, and toys
Biomedical devices, e.g., pacemakers, blood pressure monitors, digital pills And conceivably any THING in the world

How does an object become part of the IoT family?
Objects that make up the IoT typically have the following properties:
They incorporate computing hardware with small form-factor Have (multiple) sensing and/or actuation capabilities
Often have low-power consumption and can be battery-powered Usually transmit and receive information wirelessly
They are connected to the Internet and may be uniquely addressable Their functionality can be (re)programmed
May be able to operate autonomously without human interaction
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The history of IoT
1988
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Mark Weiser (Xerox PARC) – Ubiquitous Computing
“…hundreds of wireless computing devices per person per office, of all scales […] This is different from PDA’s, dynabooks, or information at your fingertips. It is invisible, everywhere computing that does not live on a personal device of any sort, but is in the woodwork everywhere. […] its highest ideal is to make a computer so imbedded, so fitting, so natural, that we use it without even thinking about it.”
Weiser, M. (1988). What Ubiquitous Computing Isn’t.

The history of IoT
1988 1999-2002
Neil Gershenfeld (MIT Media Lab)
“in retrospect it looks like the rapid growth of the World Wide Web may have been just the trigger charge that is now setting off the real explosion, as things start to use the Net.”
Kevin Ashton (Auto-ID @ MIT) – Internet of Things
“We need an internet for things, a standardized way for computers to understand the real world.”
Ghershenfeld, N. (1999). When Things Start to Think.
Forbes (2002). The internet of things.
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The history of IoT
1988 1999-2002 2005
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ITU (2005). ITU Internet Reports 2005: The Internet of Things.
International Telecommunications Union (ITU) Internet Report: The Internet of Things
“always on communications, in which new ubiquitous technologies (such as radio-frequency identification and sensors) promise a world of networked and interconnected devices (e.g. fridge, television, vehicle, garage door, etc.) that provide relevant content and information whatever the location of the user – heralding the dawn of a new era, one in which the internet (of data and people) acquires a new dimension to become an Internet of Things.”

The history of IoT
1988 1999-2002 2005
2009
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Commission of the European Communities (2009). Internet of Things — An action plan for Europe
European Commission,
IoT — An action plan for Europe
“network of interconnected objects, from books to cars, from electrical appliances to food […]. These objects will sometimes have their own Internet Protocol addresses, be embedded in complex systems and use sensors to obtain information from their environment […] and/or use actuators to interact with it.”

The history of IoT
1988 1999-2002 2005
Cisco coins Internet of Everything
2009 2012
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“The Internet of Everything (IoE) brings together people, processes, data, and things to make networked connections more relevant and valuable than ever before – turning information into actions that create new capabilities, richer experiences, and unprecedented economic opportunity for businesses, individuals, and countries.”
Evans, D. (2012). The Internet of Everything: How More Relevant and Valuable Connections Will Change the World

From embedded systems to IoT
• IoT can be seen as an evolution of wireless sensor networks, where the network is no longer dedicated to a single application.
• Instead IoT provides a platform that can accommodate a range of applications and devices that are easier to manage.
• Like in the ubiquitous computing paradigm, IoT devices operate seamlessly, but in addition
Arm envisions 1 trillion Internet-connected devices by 2035
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they are connected to the Internet, have more functionality, and
are more intelligent.

Technologies that enable IoT
Mobile computing:
Faster, cheaper, low-power processors and devices (e.g., smartphones and tablets)
Little devices and more sensing options:
Wearables and rich data sources
Big data and the cloud:
Cloud-computing services to process data from sensors
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Technologies that enable IoT
Better batteries:
E.g., lithium-ion polymer – more energy storage, rapid charging
Faster and more diverse standardized connectivity options:
Short-range (Bluetooth, Zigbee), medium-range (Wi-Fi, cellular), and long-range (LoRa, SigFox)
Development resources:
APIs and protocols (REST, MQTT), language-independent data formats (e.g., JSON), development communities (Mbed)
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Technologies that enable IoT
Mobile computing
IEEE 802.15.4
LTE
Networking standards that enable scalability
IoT
Little devices and more sensors/Big data and the cloud
Applications
Devices
Big Data
1,000,000s
Platform
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Cloud and community-based development

More compute power at reduced energy consumption
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The performance of micro- processors has increased dramatically over the past 5 years
Deliver interactive media and graphics experiences
•
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Technologies that enable IoT
IoT
Little devices and more sensors/Big data and the cloud
Devices Applications Big Data
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Little devices and sensing (little data)
LTE
IEEE 802.15.4
Nodes Nodes
Security Communication Discovery
Data Storage & Analytics Management Applications
Local processing
Little Data
Big Data
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Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) connectivity
• Ultra low power, designed to run with coin cells, e.g., 10mW
• Short range communication, e.g., < 100 meters • Powering small IoT devices, e.g., wearables • Proximity sensing/inventory tracking (BLE beacons) • Many-to-many communications (mesh networking), e.g. building automation 19 © 2020 Arm Limited Wi-Fi connectivity • Longer communication range • Uses unlicensed spectrum and simple decentralized channel access protocol → easy to deploy • Higher throughput supported • Particularly suitable for devices with less stringent power constraints, e.g., smart home appliances • Power-saving mode (PSM) also defined to save energy in battery-powered devices 20 © 2020 Arm Limited Technologies that enable IoT IoT 1,000,000s Platform Cloud and community-based development 21 © 2020 Arm Limited Cloud and community-based development Accelerating IoT deployment 22 © 2020 Arm Limited MCUs Radios • Rapid, professional IoT device development • An open source platform and libraries for Cortex -M microcontrollers • Mix and match essential components for your product design • Microcontrollers, radios, sensors, and software stacks • Bluetooth, 802.15.4/6LoWPAN, WiFi, and cellular • Simplify integration with cloud services • Integration with Arm Pelion IoT platform • Embedded agents and APIs for cloud services Sensors Challenges facing IoT Interconnecting many devices that exchange (big) data can be challenging Better hardware and code that runs efficiently. Ensuring energy efficient operation. Aggregating large data sets and acting on it in real- time. Modeling and predicting the behavior of complex systems. Ensuring reliable connectivity and scalability. 23 © 2020 Arm Limited Guaranteeing secure operation and data confidentiality Developing easy to use products and services Complying with regulations Challenges facing IoT Interconnecting many devices that exchange (big) data can be challenging Better hardware and code that runs efficiently. Ensuring energy efficient operation. Aggregating large data sets and acting on it in real- time. Modeling and predicting the behavior of complex systems. Ensuring reliable connectivity and scalability. 24 © 2020 Arm Limited Guaranteeing secure operation and data confidentiality Developing easy to use products and services Complying with regulations Add service assurance on top of everything! 25 © 2020 Arm Limited Example: Wearable specific constraints Wristband fitness trackers monitoring activity, sleep, heart rate, etc. • Limited memory • Battery powered • Minimal user interface • Short range communication • Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) • Wireless communication • Risks of eavesdropping, surveillance, etc. 26 © 2020 Arm Limited Tackling IoT challenges Multiple approaches required Theoretical perspective: Rigorous models that capture system behavior at different levels of abstraction. Engineering perspective: Architectural and network challenges posed by large scale, heterogeneous systems with dynamic behavior. Experience perspective: Understand the principles underpinning human-machine interaction and how IoT shapes society from a socio-technical perspective. 27 © 2020 Arm Limited Opportunities Appliances Farming Automotive 28 © 2020 Arm Limited Lighting Manufacturing Fitness/Healthcare Portable and Wearable Electronics Resource Management Industrial Internet Application domains • Industry (manufacturing, transportation, agriculture) • Consumer (smart homes, appliances, assisted living) • Wearables (healthcare, fitness, productivity) The IoT opportunity gap Heterogeneous Tech/ Silos of Things Today The IoT opportunity is huge Analysts’ predictions for the number of connected devices by 2030: 125 billion? 500 billion? 1 trillion? Current trends show strong growth IoT has been around for about 25 years, but the number of connected things (20bn in 2020) is now increasing faster than the world’s human population (7.7bn in 2020). 29 © 2020 Arm Limited Time Reach Scale and diversity of IoT is very different to mobile 30 © 2020 Arm Limited IoT in the home 15 devices per person expected by 2030 Benefits Risks • Lower home carbon footprint (thermostats, smart metering, smart lighting) • Personalization (voice-controlled personal assistants, access control) • Increased comfort (appliances automation, assisted living robotics) • Safety (smart cameras, smart locks) • Communication is wireless and therefore potentially subject to abuse • Control via software running on phone (app) – risk of malware and privileges abuse • Hijacking and weaponization (e.g., Mirai botnet) 31 © 2020 Arm Limited

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