CS计算机代考程序代写 assembly assembler 4.1 Introduction

4.1 Introduction
Section 4 AVR Assembler User Guide
Welcome to the Atmel AVR Assembler. This manual describes the usage of the Assem- bler. The Assembler covers the whole range of microcontrollers in the AT90S family.
The Assembler translates assembly source code into object code. The generated object code can be used as input to a simulator or an emulator such as the Atmel AVR In-Cir- cuit Emulator. The Assembler also generates a PROMable code and an optional EEPROM file which can be programmed directly into the program memory and EEPROM memory of an AVR microcontroller.
The Assembler generates fixed code allocations, consequently no linking is necessary.
The Assembler runs under Microsoft Windows 3.11, Microsoft Windows95 and Microsoft Windows NT. In addition, there is an MS-DOS command line version. The Windows version of the program contains an on-line help function covering most of this document.
The instruction set of the AVR family of microcontrollers is only briefly described, refer to the AVR Data Book (also available on CD-ROM) in order to get more detailed knowl- edge of the instruction set for the different microcontrollers.
To get quickly started, the Quick-Start Tutorial is an easy way to get familiar with the Atmel AVR Assembler.
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AVR Assembler User Guide
4.2 Assembler Quick Start Tutorial
4.2.1 Getting Started
4.2.2 Assembling Your First File
This tutorial assumes that the AVR Assembler and all program files that come with it are properly installed on your computer. Please refer to the installation instructions
Start the AVR Assembler. By selecting “File → Open” from the menu or by clicking
on the toolbar, open the file “tutor1.asm”. This loads the assembly file into the Editor window. Read the program header and take a look at the program but do not make any changes yet.
Once you have had a look at the program, select Assemble from the menu. A second window (the Message window) appears, containing a lot of error messages. This win- dow will overlap the editor window, so it is a good idea to clean up your work space on the screen. Select the Editor window containing the program code, and select “Window → Tile Horizontal” from the menu. It is useful to have the Editor window larger than the Message window, so move the top of the Message window down a bit, and follow with the bottom of the Editor window. Your screen should look like this:
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Development Tools User Guide

4.2.3 Finding and Correcting Errors
From the looks of the Message window, it seems that you have attempted to assemble a program with lots of bugs. To get any further, the errors must be found and corrected. Point to the first error message in the Message window (the one reported to be on line 54) and press the left mouse button. Notice that in the Editor window, a red vertical bar is displayed all over line 54. The error message says that only registers R0 to R31 can be assigned variable names. That is true since the AVR has exactly 32 General Pur- pose working registers numbered R0-R31, and “tutor1.asm” tries to assign a name to register 32. See the figure below.
Double click on the error message in the Message window and observe that the Editor window becomes active while the cursor is positioned at the start of the line containing the error. Correct the mistake by changing “r32” to “r19” in the Editor window. One down, five to go.
Now click on the next error in the list. The message “Illegal argument type or count”, tells that something is wrong with the arguments following the compare (“cp”) instruction. Notice that the register named “BH” is one of the arguments, which happens to be the variable we just corrected. By clicking along on the remaining errors, it appears that the first error generated all the messages.
To find out whether all errors have been corrected, double click on any error (to activate the Editor window) or click inside the Editor window before you assemble once more. If you have done it all right up till now, the Message window will tell that you are crowned with success.
4.2.4 Reassembling
AVR Assembler User Guide
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AVR Assembler User Guide
4.3
Assembler source
The Assembler works on source files containing instruction mnemonics, labels and directives. The instruction mnemonics and the directives often take operands.
Code lines should be limited to 120 characters.
Every input line can be preceded by a label, which is an alphanumeric string terminated by a colon. Labels are used as targets for jump and branch instructions and as variable names in Program memory and RAM.
An input line may take one of the four following forms:
1. [label:]directive[operands][Comment] 2. [label:]instruction[operands][Comment] 3. Comment
4. Emptyline
A comment has the following form:
; [Text]
Items placed in braces are optional. The text between the comment-delimiter (;) and the end of line (EOL) is ignored by the Assembler. Labels, instructions and directives are described in more detail later.
Examples:
label:
test:
.EQU var1=100
.EQU var2=200
rjmp test
; Set var1 to 100 (Directive)
; Set var2 to 200
; Infinite loop (Instruction)
; Pure comment line
; Another comment line
Note:
There are no restrictions with respect to column placement of labels, directives, comments or instructions.
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AVR Assembler User Guide
4.4
Instruction The Assembler accepts mnemonic instructions from the instruction set. A summary of
mnemonics
the instruction set mnemonics and their parameters is given here. For a detailed description of the Instruction set, refer to the AVR Data Book.
Mnemonics
Operands
Description
Operation
Flags
#Clock Note
ARITHMETIC AND LOGIC INSTRUCTIONS
ADD
Rd, Rr
Add without Carry
Rd ← Rd + Rr
Z,C,N,V,H
1
ADC
Rd, Rr
Add with Carry
Rd ← Rd + Rr + C
Z,C,N,V,H
1
ADIW
Rd, K
Add Immediate to Word
Rd+1:Rd ← Rd+1:Rd + K
Z,C,N,V
2
SUB
Rd, Rr
Subtract without Carry
Rd ← Rd – Rr
Z,C,N,V,H
1
SUBI
Rd, K
Subtract Immediate
Rd ← Rd – K
Z,C,N,V,H
1
SBC
Rd, Rr
Subtract with Carry
Rd ← Rd – Rr – C
Z,C,N,V,H
1
SBCI
Rd, K
Subtract Immediate with Carry
Rd ← Rd – K – C
Z,C,N,V,H
1
SBIW
Rd, K
Subtract Immediate from Word
Rd+1:Rd ← Rd+1:Rd – K
Z,C,N,V
2
AND
Rd, Rr
Logical AND
Rd ← Rd • Rr
Z,N,V
1
ANDI
Rd, K
Logical AND with Immediate
Rd ← Rd • K
Z,N,V
1
OR
Rd, Rr
Logical OR
Rd ← Rd v Rr
Z,N,V
1
ORI
Rd, K
Logical OR with Immediate
Rd ← Rd v K
Z,N,V
1
EOR
Rd, Rr
Exclusive OR
Rd ← Rd ⊕ Rr
Z,N,V
1
COM
Rd
One’s Complement
Rd ← $FF – Rd
Z,C,N,V
1
NEG
Rd
Two’s Complement
Rd ← $00 – Rd
Z,C,N,V,H
1
SBR
Rd,K
Set Bit(s) in Register
Rd ← Rd v K
Z,N,V
1
CBR
Rd,K
Clear Bit(s) in Register
Rd ← Rd • ($FFh – K)
Z,N,V
1
INC
Rd
Increment
Rd ← Rd + 1
Z,N,V
1
DEC
Rd
Decrement
Rd ← Rd – 1
Z,N,V
1
TST
Rd
Test for Zero or Minus
Rd ← Rd • Rd
Z,N,V
1
CLR
Rd
Clear Register
Rd ← Rd ⊕ Rd
Z,N,V
1
SER
Rd
Set Register
Rd ← $FF
None
1
MUL
Rd,Rr
Multiply Unsigned
R1, R0 ← Rd × Rr
C
2 (1)
Note:
1. Not available in base-line microcontrollers
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AVR Assembler User Guide
Mnemonics
Operands
Description
Operation
Flags
#Clock Note
BRANCH INSTRUCTIONS
RJMP
k
Relative Jump
PC ← PC + k + 1
None
2
IJMP
Indirect Jump to (Z)
PC ← Z
None
2
JMP
k
Jump
PC ← k
None
3
RCALL
k
Relative Call Subroutine
PC ← PC + k + 1
None
3
ICALL
Indirect Call to (Z)
PC ← Z
None
3
CALL
k
Call Subroutine
PC ← k
None
4
RET
Subroutine Return
PC ← STACK
None
4
RETI
Interrupt Return
PC ← STACK
I
4
CPSE
Rd,Rr
Compare, Skip if Equal
if (Rd = Rr) PC ← PC + 2 or 3
None
1/2/3
CP
Rd,Rr
Compare
Rd – Rr
Z,C,N,V,H
1
CPC
Rd,Rr
Compare with Carry
Rd – Rr – C
Z,C,N,V,H
1
CPI
Rd,K
Compare with Immediate
Rd – K
Z,C,N,V,H
1
SBRC
Rr, b
Skip if Bit in Register Cleared
if (Rr(b)=0) PC ← PC + 2 or 3
None
1/2/3
SBRS
Rr, b
Skip if Bit in Register Set
if (Rr(b)=1) PC ← PC + 2 or 3
None
1/2/3
SBIC
P, b
Skip if Bit in I/O Register Cleared
if(I/O(P,b)=0) PC ← PC + 2 or 3
None
1/2/3
SBIS
P, b
Skip if Bit in I/O Register Set
if(I/O(P,b)=1) PC ← PC + 2 or 3
None
1/2/3
BRBS
s, k
Branch if Status Flag Set
if (SREG(s) = 1) then PC ← PC+k + 1
None
1/2
BRBC
s, k
Branch if Status Flag Cleared
if (SREG(s) = 0) then PC ← PC+k + 1
None
1/2
BREQ
k
Branch if Equal
if (Z = 1) then PC ← PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BRNE
k
Branch if Not Equal
if (Z = 0) then PC ← PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BRCS
k
Branch if Carry Set
if (C = 1) then PC ← PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BRCC
k
Branch if Carry Cleared
if (C = 0) then PC ← PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BRSH
k
Branch if Same or Higher
if (C = 0) then PC ← PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BRLO
k
Branch if Lower
if (C = 1) then PC ← PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BRMI
k
Branch if Minus
if (N = 1) then PC ← PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BRPL
k
Branch if Plus
if (N = 0) then PC ← PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BRGE
k
Branch if Greater or Equal, Signed
if (N ⊕ V= 0) then PC ← PC+ k + 1
None
1/2
BRLT
k
Branch if Less Than, Signed
if (N ⊕ V= 1) then PC ← PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BRHS
k
Branch if Half Carry Flag Set
if (H = 1) then PC ← PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BRHC
k
Branch if Half Carry Flag Cleared
if (H = 0) then PC ← PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BRTS
k
Branch if T Flag Set
if (T = 1) then PC ← PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BRTC
k
Branch if T Flag Cleared
if (T = 0) then PC ← PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BRVS
k
Branch if Overflow Flag is Set
if (V = 1) then PC ← PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BRVC
k
Branch if Overflow Flag is Cleared
if (V = 0) then PC ← PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BRIE
k
Branch if Interrupt Enabled
if (I = 1) then PC ← PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BRID
k
Branch if Interrupt Disabled
if (I = 0) then PC ← PC + k + 1
None
1/2
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AVR Assembler User Guide
Mnemonics
Operands
Description
Operation
Flags
#Clock Note
DATA TRANSFER INSTRUCTIONS
MOV
Rd, Rr
Copy Register
Rd ← Rr
None
1
LDI
Rd, K
Load Immediate
Rd ← K
None
1
LDS
Rd, k
Load Direct from SRAM
Rd ← (k)
None
3
LD
Rd, X
Load Indirect
Rd ← (X)
None
2
LD
Rd, X+
Load Indirect and Post-Increment
Rd ← (X), X ← X + 1
None
2
LD
Rd, -X
Load Indirect and Pre-Decrement
X ← X – 1, Rd ← (X)
None
2
LD
Rd, Y
Load Indirect
Rd ← (Y)
None
2
LD
Rd, Y+
Load Indirect and Post-Increment
Rd ← (Y), Y ← Y + 1
None
2
LD
Rd, -Y
Load Indirect and Pre-Decrement
Y ← Y – 1, Rd ← (Y)
None
2
LDD
Rd,Y+q
Load Indirect with Displacement
Rd ← (Y + q)
None
2
LD
Rd, Z
Load Indirect
Rd ← (Z)
None
2
LD
Rd, Z+
Load Indirect and Post-Increment
Rd ← (Z), Z ← Z+1
None
2
LD
Rd, -Z
Load Indirect and Pre-Decrement
Z ← Z – 1, Rd ← (Z)
None
2
LDD
Rd, Z+q
Load Indirect with Displacement
Rd ← (Z + q)
None
2
STS
k, Rr
Store Direct to SRAM
(k) ← Rr
None
3
ST
X, Rr
Store Indirect
(X) ← Rr
None
2
ST
X+, Rr
Store Indirect and Post-Increment
(X) ← Rr, X ← X + 1
None
2
ST
-X, Rr
Store Indirect and Pre-Decrement
X ← X – 1, (X) ← Rr
None
2
ST
Y, Rr
Store Indirect
(Y) ← Rr
None
2
ST
Y+, Rr
Store Indirect and Post-Increment
(Y) ← Rr, Y ← Y + 1
None
2
ST
-Y, Rr
Store Indirect and Pre-Decrement
Y ← Y – 1, (Y) ← Rr
None
2
STD
Y+q,Rr
Store Indirect with Displacement
(Y + q) ← Rr
None
2
ST
Z, Rr
Store Indirect
(Z) ← Rr
None
2
ST
Z+, Rr
Store Indirect and Post-Increment
(Z)← Rr, Z ← Z + 1
None
2
ST
-Z, Rr
Store Indirect and Pre-Decrement
Z ← Z – 1, (Z) ← Rr
None
2
STD
Z+q,Rr
Store Indirect with Displacement
(Z + q)← Rr
None
2
LPM
Load Program Memory
R0 ← (Z)
None
3
IN
Rd, P
In Port
Rd ← P
None
1
OUT
P, Rr
Out Port
P ← Rr
None
1
PUSH
Rr
Push Register on Stack
STACK ← Rr
None
2
POP
Rd
Pop Register from Stack
Rd ← STACK
None
2
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AVR Assembler User Guide
Mnemonics
Operands
Description
Operation
Flags
#Clock Note
BIT AND BIT-TEST INSTRUCTIONS
LSL
Rd
Logical Shift Left
Rd(n+1) ← Rd(n),Rd(0) ← 0,C ← Rd(7)
Z,C,N,V,H
1
LSR
Rd
Logical Shift Right
Rd(n) ← Rd(n+1),Rd(7) ← 0,C ← Rd(0)
Z,C,N,V
1
ROL
Rd
Rotate Left Through Carry
Rd(0) ← C,Rd(n+1) ← Rd(n),C ← Rd(7)
Z,C,N,V,H
1
ROR
Rd
Rotate Right Through Carry
Rd(7) ← C,Rd(n) ← Rd(n+1),C ← Rd(0)
Z,C,N,V
1
ASR
Rd
Arithmetic Shift Right
Rd(n) ← Rd(n+1), n=0..6
Z,C,N,V
1
SWAP
Rd
Swap Nibbles
Rd(3..0) ↔ Rd(7..4)
None
1
BSET
s
Flag Set
SREG(s) ← 1
SREG(s)
1
BCLR
s
Flag Clear
SREG(s) ← 0
SREG(s)
1
SBI
P, b
Set Bit in I/O Register
I/O(P, b) ← 1
None
2
CBI
P, b
Clear Bit in I/O Register
I/O(P, b) ← 0
None
2
BST
Rr, b
Bit Store from Register to T
T ← Rr(b)
T
1
BLD
Rd, b
Bit load from T to Register
Rd(b) ← T
None
1
SEC
Set Carry
C←1
C
1
CLC
Clear Carry
C←0
C
1
SEN
Set Negative Flag
N←1
N
1
CLN
Clear Negative Flag
N←0
N
1
SEZ
Set Zero Flag
Z←1
Z
1
CLZ
Clear Zero Flag
Z←0
Z
1
SEI
Global Interrupt Enable
I←1
I
1
CLI
Global Interrupt Disable
I←0
I
1
SES
Set Signed Test Flag
S←1
S
1
CLS
Clear Signed Test Flag
S←0
S
1
SEV
Set Two’s Complement Overflow
V←1
V
1
CLV
Clear Two’s Complement Overflow
V←0
V
1
SET
Set T in SREG
T←1
T
1
CLT
Clear T in SREG
T←0
T
1
SEH
Set Half Carry Flag in SREG
H ←1
H
1
CLH
Clear Half Carry Flag in SREG
H←0
H
1
NOP
No Operation
None
1
SLEEP
Sleep
None
1
WDR
Watchdog Reset
None
1
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The Assembler is not case sensitive. The operands have the following forms:
Rd: Rr: b: s: P: K: k:
q:
R0-R31 or R16-R31 (depending on instruction)
R0-R31
Constant (0-7), can be a constant expression
Constant (0-7), can be a constant expression
Constant (0-31/63), can be a constant expression
Constant (0-255), can be a constant expression
Constant, value range depending on instruction. Can be a constant expression.
Constant (0-63), can be a constant expression
AVR Assembler User Guide
4.5 Assembler directives
The Assembler supports a number of directives. The directives are not translated directly into opcodes. Instead, they are used to adjust the location of the program in memory, define macros, initialize memory and so on. An overview of the directives is given in the following table.
Summary of directives:
Directive
Description
BYTE
Reserve byte to a variable
CSEG
Code Segment
DB
Define constant byte(s)
DEF
Define a symbolic name on a register
DEVICE
Define which device to assemble for
DSEG
Data Segment
DW
Define constant word(s)
ENDMACRO
End macro
EQU
Set a symbol equal to an expression
ESEG
EEPROM Segment
EXIT
Exit from file
INCLUDE
Read source from another file
LIST
Turn listfile generation on
LISTMAC
Turn macro expansion on
MACRO
Begin macro
NOLIST
Turn listfile generation off
ORG
Set program origin
SET
Set a symbol to an expression
Note: All directives must be preceded by a period.
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AVR Assembler User Guide
4.5.1
BYTE – Reserve bytes to a variable
The BYTE directive reserves memory resources in the SRAM. In order to be able to refer to the reserved location, the BYTE directive should be preceded by a label. The directive takes one parameter, which is the number of bytes to reserve. The directive can only be used within a Data Segment (see directives CSEG, DSEG and ESEG). Note that a parameter must be given. The allocated bytes are not initialized.
4.5.2
CSEG – Code Segment
The CSEG directive defines the start of a Code Segment. An Assembler file can consist of several Code Segments, which are concatenated into one Code Segment when assembled. The BYTE directive can not be used within a Code Segment. The default segment type is Code. The Code Segments have their own location counter which is a word counter. The ORG directive (see description later in this document) can be used to place code and constants at specific locations in the Program memory. The directive does not take any parameters.
Syntax:
Example:
.DSEG
.CSEG
LABEL: .BYTE expression
Syntax:
.CSEG
Example:
.DSEG
.CSEG
vartab: .BYTE 4
const: .DW 2 mov r1,r0
; Start data segment
; Reserve 4 bytes in SRAM
; Start code segment
; Write 0x0002 in prog.mem.
; Do something
var1: .BYTE 1 table: .BYTE tab_size
ldi r30,low(var1) ldi r31,high(var1) ld r1,Z
; reserve 1 byte to var1
; reserve tab_size bytes
; Load Z register low
; Load Z register high
; Load VAR1 into register 1
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4.5.3 DB-Define constant byte(s) in program
memory or E2PROM memory
The DB directive reserves memory resources in the program memory or the EEPROM memory. In order to be able to refer to the reserved locations, the DB directive should be preceded by a label.
The DB directive takes a list of expressions, and must contain at least one expression. The DB directive must be placed in a Code Segment or an EEPROM Segment.
The expression list is a sequence of expressions, delimited by commas. Each expres- sion must evaluate to a number between -128 and 255. If the expression evaluates to a negative number, the 8 bits two’s complement of the number will be placed in the pro- gram memory or EEPROM memory location.
If the DB directive is used in a Code Segment and the expressionlist contains more than one expression, the expressions are packed so that two bytes are placed in each pro- gram memory word. If the expressionlist contains an odd number of expressions, the last expression will be placed in a program memory word of its own, even if the next line in the assembly code contains a DB directive.
4.5.4 DEF – Set a symbolic name on a register
The DEF directive allows the registers to be referred to through symbols. A defined sym- bol can be used in the rest of the program to refer to the register it is assigned to. A reg- ister can have several symbolic names attached to it. A symbol can be redefined later in the program.
Syntax:
Example:
.CSEG
.ESEG
LABEL: .DB expressionlist
consts: .DB 0, 255, 0b01010101, -128, 0xaa
eeconst:.DB 0xff
Syntax:
.DEF Symbol=Register
Example:
.DEF temp=R16
.DEF ior=R0
.CSEG
ldi temp,0xf0 in ior,0x3f eor temp,ior
; Load 0xf0 into temp register
; Read SREG into ior register
; Exclusive or temp and ior
AVR Assembler User Guide
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AVR Assembler User Guide
4.5.5
DEVICE – Define which device to assemble for
The DEVICE directive allows the user to tell the Assembler which device the code is to be executed on. If this directive is used, a warning is issued if an instruction not sup- ported by the specified device occurs in the code. If the size of the Code Segment or EEPROM Segment is larger than supported by the specified device, a warning is issued. If the DEVICE directive is not used, it is assumed that all instructions are sup- ported and that there are no restrictions on memory sizes.
4.5.6
DSEG – Data Segment
The DSEG directive defines the start of a Data Segment. An Assembler file can consist of several Data Segments, which are concatenated into one Data Segment when assembled. A Data Segment will normally only consist of BYTE directives (and labels). The Data Segments have their own location counter which is a byte counter. The ORG directive (see description later in this document) can be used to place the variables at specific locations in the SRAM. The directive does not take any parameters.
Syntax:
.DEVICE AT90S1200 | AT90S2313
Example:
.DEVICE AT90S1200
.CSEG
push r30
| AT90S4414 | AT90S8515
; Use the AT90S1200
; This statement will generate
; a warning since the
; specified device does not
; have this instruction
Syntax:
.DSEG
Example:
.DSEG
.CSEG
var1:.BYTE 1
table:.BYTE tab_size
; Start data segment
; reserve 1 byte to var1
; reserve tab_size bytes.
; Load Z register low
; Load Z register high
; Load var1 into register 1
ldi ldi ld
r30,low(var1)
r31,high(var1)
r1,Z
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Development Tools User Guide

4.5.7 DW-Define constant word(s) in program
memory or E2PROM memory
The DW directive reserves memory resources in the program memory or EEPROM memory. In order to be able to refer to the reserved locations, the DW directive should be preceded by a label.
The DW directive takes a list of expressions, and must contain at least one expression.
The DB directive must be placed in a Code Segment or an EEPROM Segment.
The expression list is a sequence of expressions, delimited by commas. Each expres- sion must evaluate to a number between -32768 and 65535. If the expression evaluates to a negative number, the 16 bits two’s complement of the number will be placed in the program memory location.
4.5.8 ENDMACRO – End macro
The ENDMACRO directive defines the end of a Macro definition. The directive does not take any parameters. See the MACRO directive for more information on defining Mac- ros.
4.5.9 EQU – Set a symbol equal to an
expression
The EQU directive assigns a value to a label. This label can then be used in later expressions. A label assigned to a value by the EQU directive is a constant and can not be changed or redefined.
Syntax:
Example:
.CSEG
.ESEG
LABEL: .DW expressionlist
varlist:.DW 0,0xffff,0b1001110001010101,-32768,65535
eevar: .DW 0xffff
Syntax:
.ENDMACRO
Example:
.MACRO
.ENDMACRO
SUBI16
subi
sbci
r16,low(@0)
r17,high(@0)
; Start macro definition
; Subtract low byte
; Subtract high byte
; End macro definition
Syntax:
.EQU label = expression
Example:
.EQU io_offset = 0x23
.EQU porta = io_offset + 2
.CSEG
clr r2
out porta,r2
; Start code segment
; Clear register 2
; Write to Port A
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4.5.10 ESEG – EEPROM Segment
The ESEG directive defines the start of an EEPROM Segment. An Assembler file can consist of several EEPROM Segments, which are concatenated into one EEPROM Segment when assembled. The BYTE directive can not be used within an EEPROM Segment. The EEPROM Segments have their own location counter which is a byte counter. The ORG directive (see description later in this document) can be used to place constants at specific locations in the EEPROM memory. The directive does not take any parameters.
4.5.11 EXIT – Exit this file
The EXIT directive tells the Assembler to stop assembling the file. Normally, the Assem- bler runs until end of file (EOF). If an EXIT directive appears in an included file, the Assembler continues from the line following the INCLUDE directive in the file containing the INCLUDE directive.
Syntax:
.EXIT
Example:
.EXIT ; Exit this file
The INCLUDE directive tells the Assembler to start reading from a specified file. The Assembler then assembles the specified file until end of file (EOF) or an EXIT directive is encountered. An included file may itself contain INCLUDE directives.
4.5.12 INCLUDE – Include another file
Syntax:
.ESEG
Example:
.DSEG
.ESEG
.CSEG
vartab: .BYTE 4
; Start data segment
; Reserve 4 bytes in SRAM
; Initialize one word in
; EEPROM
; Start code segment
; Write 0x0002 in prog.mem.
; Do something
eevar:
const:
mov r1,r0
.DW 0xff0f
.DW 2
Syntax:
.INCLUDE “filename”
Example:
.EQU sreg=0x3f .EQU sphigh=0x3e .EQU splow=0x3d
.INCLUDE “iodefs.asm”
in r0,sreg
; iodefs.asm:
; Status register
; Stack pointer high
; Stack pointer low
; incdemo.asm
; Include I/O definitions
; Read status register
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4.5.13 LIST – Turn the listfile generation on
The LIST directive tells the Assembler to turn listfile generation on. The Assembler gen- erates a listfile which is a combination of assembly source code, addresses and opcodes. Listfile generation is turned on by default. The directive can also be used together with the NOLIST directive in order to only generate listfile of selected parts of an assembly source file.
4.5.14 LISTMAC – Turn macro expansion on
The LISTMAC directive tells the Assembler that when a macro is called, the expansion of the macro is to be shown on the listfile generated by the Assembler. The default is that only the macro-call with parameters is shown in the listfile.
4.5.15 MACRO – Begin macro
The MACRO directive tells the Assembler that this is the start of a Macro. The MACRO directive takes the Macro name as parameter. When the name of the Macro is written later in the program, the Macro definition is expanded at the place it was used. A Macro can take up to 10 parameters. These parameters are referred to as @0-@9 within the Macro definition. When issuing a Macro call, the parameters are given as a comma sep- arated list. The Macro definition is terminated by an ENDMACRO directive.
By default, only the call to the Macro is shown on the listfile generated by the Assem- bler. In order to include the macro expansion in the listfile, a LISTMAC directive must be used. A macro is marked with a + in the opcode field of the listfile.
Syntax:
.LIST
Example:
.NOLIST
.INCLUDE “macro.inc”
.INCLUDE “const.def”
.LIST
; Disable listfile generation
; The included files will not
; be shown in the listfile
; Reenable listfile generation
Syntax:
.LISTMAC
Example:
.MACRO MACX
add r0,@0
; Define an example macro
; Do something
; Do something
; End macro definition
; Enable macro expansion
; Call macro, show expansion
.ENDMACRO
.LISTMAC
eor r1,@1
MACX r2,r1
Syntax:
.MACRO macroname
Example:
.MACRO SUBI16
subi @1,low(@0)
; Start macro definition
; Subtract low byte
; Subtract high byte
; End macro definition
; Start code segment
.ENDMACRO
.CSEG
sbci @2,high(@0)
SUBI16 0x1234,r16,r17; Sub.0x1234 from r17:r16
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4.5.16
NOLIST – Turn listfile generation off
The NOLIST directive tells the Assembler to turn listfile generation off. The Assembler normally generates a listfile which is a combination of assembly source code, addresses and opcodes. Listfile generation is turned on by default, but can be disabled by using this directive. The directive can also be used together with the LIST directive in order to only generate listfile of selected parts of an assembly source file.
4.5.17
ORG – Set program origin
The ORG directive sets the location counter to an absolute value. The value to set is given as a parameter. If an ORG directive is given within a Data Segment, then it is the SRAM location counter which is set, if the directive is given within a Code Segment, then it is the Program memory counter which is set and if the directive is given within an EEPROM Segment, then it is the EEPROM location counter which is set. If the directive is preceded by a label (on the same source code line), the label will be given the value of the parameter. The default values of the Code and EEPROM location counters are zero, whereas the default value of the SRAM location counter is 32 (due to the registers occupying addresses 0-31) when the assembling is started. Note that the EEPROM and SRAM location counters count bytes whereas the Program memory location counter counts words.
Syntax:
.NOLIST
Example:
.NOLIST
.INCLUDE “macro.inc”
.INCLUDE “const.def”
.LIST
; Enable listfile generation
; Disable listfile generation
; The included files will not
; be shown in the listfile
; Reenable listfile generation
Syntax:
.ORG expression
Example:
.DSEG
.ORG 0x67
variable:.BYTE 1
; Start data segment
; Set SRAM address to hex 67
; Reserve a byte at SRAM
; adr.67H
; Start EEPROM Segment
; Set EEPROM location
; counter
; Initialize one word
; Set Program Counter to hex
; 10
; Do something
.ESEG
.ORG 0x20
eevar:
.CSEG
.ORG 0x10
mov
.DW 0xfeff
r0,r1
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4.5.18 SET – Set a symbol equal to an
expression
The SET directive assigns a value to a label. This label can then be used in later expres- sions. A label assigned to a value by the SET directive can be changed later in the pro- gram.
4.6.3 Operators
Syntax:
.SET label = expression
Example:
.SET io_offset = 0x23
.SET porta = io_offset + 2
.CSEG
clr r2
out porta,r2
; Start code segment
; Clear register 2
; Write to Port A
AVR Assembler User Guide
4.6 Expressions 4.6.1 Operands
The Assembler incorporates expressions. Expressions can consist of operands, opera- tors and functions. All expressions are internally 32 bits.
The following operands can be used:
■ Userdefinedlabelswhicharegiventhevalueofthelocationcounterattheplacethey appear.
■ User defined variables defined by the SET directive
■ User defined constants defined by the EQU directive
■ Integer constants: constants can be given in several formats, including
a) Decimal (default): 10, 255
b) Hexadecimal (two notations): 0x0a, $0a, 0xff, $ff
c) Binary: 0b00001010, 0b11111111
■ PC – the current value of the Program memory location counter
The following functions are defined:
■ LOW(expression) returns the low byte of an expression
■ HIGH(expression) returns the second byte of an expression
■ BYTE2(expression) is the same function as HIGH
■ BYTE3(expression) returns the third byte of an expression
■ BYTE4(expression) returns the fourth byte of an expression
■ LWRD(expression) returns bits 0-15 of an expression
■ HWRD(expression) returns bits 16-31 of an expression
■ PAGE(expression) returns bits 16-21 of an expression
■ EXP2(expression) returns 2^expression
■ LOG2(expression) returns the integer part of log2(expression)
The Assembler supports a number of operators which are described here. The higher the precedence, the higher the priority. Expressions may be enclosed in parentheses, and such expressions are always evaluated before combined with anything outside the parentheses.
4.6.2 Functions
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4.6.3.1 Logical Not
4.6.3.2 Bitwise Not
4.6.3.3 Unary Minus
4.6.3.4 Multiplication
4.6.3.5 Division
4.6.3.6 Addition
4.6.3.7 Subtraction
4.6.3.8 Shift left
Symbol: Description:
Precedence: Example: Symbol: Description: Precedence: Example: Symbol: Description: Precedence: Example: Symbol: Description: Precedence: Example: Symbol: Description:
Precedence: Example: Symbol: Description: Precedence: Example: Symbol: Description:
Precedence: Example: Symbol: Description:
Precedence: Example:
!
Unary operator which returns 1 if the expression was zero, and returns 0 if the expression was nonzero
14
ldi r16,!0xf0 ; Load r16 with 0x00
~
Unary operator which returns the input expression with all bits inverted
14
ldi r16,~0xf0 ; Load r16 with 0x0f

Unary operator which returns the arithmetic negation of an expression
14
ldi r16,-2 ; Load -2(0xfe) in r16
*
Binary operator which returns the product of two expressions
13
ldi r30,label*2 ; Load r30 with label*2
/
Binary operator which returns the integer quotient of the left expression divided by the right expression
13
ldi r30,label/2 ; Load r30 with label/2
+
Binary operator which returns the sum of two expressions
12
ldi r30,c1+c2 ; Load r30 with c1+c2

Binary operator which returns the left expression minus the right expression
12
ldi r17,c1-c2 ;Load r17 with c1-c2
<< Binary operator which returns the left expression shifted left a number of times given by the right expression 11 ldi r17,1<>
Binary operator which returns the left expression shifted right a number of times given by the right expression.
11
ldi r17,c1>>c2 ;Load r17 with c1 shifted
;right c2 times
< Binary operator which returns 1 if the signed expression to the left is Less than the signed expression to the right, 0 otherwise 10 ori r18,bitmask*(c1
Binary operator which returns 1 if the signed expression to the left is Greater than the signed expression to the right, 0 otherwise
10
ori r18,bitmask*(c1>c2)+1 ;Or r18 with
;an expression
>=
Binary operator which returns 1 if the signed expression to the left is Greater than or Equal to the signed expression to the right, 0 otherwise
10
ori r18,bitmask*(c1>=c2)+1 ;Or r18 with
;an expression
==
Binary operator which returns 1 if the signed expression to the left is Equal to the signed expression to the right, 0 otherwise
4.6.3.10
4.6.3.11
4.6.3.12
4.6.3.13
4.6.3.14
9
andi r19,bitmask*(c1==c2)+1
;And r19 with
;an expression
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4.6.3.15
4.6.3.16
4.6.3.17
4.6.3.18
4.6.3.19
4.6.3.20
Not Equal
Bitwise And
Bitwise Xor
Bitwise Or
Logical And
Logical Or
Symbol: Description:
Precedence: Example: Symbol: Description: Precedence: Example: Symbol: Description:
Precedence: Example: Symbol: Description: Precedence: Example: Symbol: Description:
Precedence: Example: Symbol: Description:
Precedence: Example:
!=
Binary operator which returns 1 if the signed expression to the left is Not Equal to the signed expression to the right, 0 otherwise
9
.SET flag=(c1!=c2) ;Set flag to 1 or 0
&
Binary operator which returns the bitwise And between two expressions
8
ldi r18,High(c1&c2) ;Load r18 with an expression
^
Binary operator which returns the bitwise Exclusive Or between two expressions
7
ldi r18,Low(c1^c2) ;Load r18 with an expression
|
Binary operator which returns the bitwise Or between two expressions
6
ldi r18,Low(c1|c2) ;Load r18 with an expression
&&
Binary operator which returns 1 if the expressions are both nonzero, 0 otherwise
5
ldi r18,Low(c1&&c2) ;Load r18 with an expression
||
Binary operator which returns 1 if one or both of the expressions are nonzero, 0 otherwise
4
ldi r18,Low(c1||c2)
;Load r18 with an expression
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4.7 Microsoft Windows specifics
This section describes the features specific to WAVRASM. Only the menu items specific to the Assembler are described. It is assumed that the user is familiar with the “Search” and “Window” menu items. A typical editing session with the Assembler is shown in the following figure.
A new or existing assembly files can be opened in WAVRASM. Theoretically there is no limit on how many assembly files which can be open at one time. The size of each file must be less than about 28K bytes due to a limitation in MS-Windows. It is still possible to assemble files larger than this, but they can not be edited in the integrated editor. A new editor window is created for every assembly file which is opened.
To create a new assembly file click the button on the toolbar or choose “File → New” (ALT-F N) from the menu. To open an existing file click the button on the toolbar or choose “File → Open” (ALT-F O) from the menu.
When WAVRASM is finished loading a file, the text editor will be inactive. Refer to the section on opening files on how to open a file. Right after a file is loaded into an editor window of the Assembler, the insertion point appears in the upper left corner of the win- dow.
The insertion point moves to the right when typing. If text is written beyond the right mar- gin, the text automatically scrolls to the left so that the insertion point is always visible.
The insertion point can be moved anywhere by moving the mouse cursor to the point where the insertion point is wanted and click the left button.
4.7.1 Opening Assembly Files
4.7.2 The Integrated Editor
4.7.3 Typing and Formatting Text
4.7.4 Moving the Insertion Point
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To move the insertion point with the keyboard, use the following keys or key combina- tions:
To move the insertion point:
Press:
to the right in a line of text
Right arrow key
to the left in a line of text
Left arrow key
up in a body of text
Up arrow key
down in a body of text
Down arrow key
to the beginning of a line of text
Home
to the end of a line of text
End
to the beginning of the file
Ctrl+Home
to the end of the file
Ctrl+End
4.7.5 Formatting Text
The keys in the table below describes the necessary operations to type in the text exactly as wanted.
To:
Press:
insert a space
Spacebar
delete a character to the left
Backspace
delete a character to the right
Del
end a line
Enter
indent a line
Tab
insert a tab stop
Tab
4.7.6 Scrolling
4.7.7 Editing Text
4.7.8 Selecting Text
To split a line, move the insertion point to the position where the break is wanted and press Enter.
To join two lines, move the insertion point to the beginning of the line to move, and press Backspace. The editor joins the line with the line above.
If a line of text is longer or wider than can be shown at one time, the file can be scrolled by using the scroll bars.
The Edit-menu contains some functions which can be of much help in editing. Text can be deleted, moved or copied to new locations. The Undo command can be used to revert the last edit. Transferring text to and from other windows or applications can be done via the clipboard. When text is deleted or copied with the commands Cut or Copy, the text is placed in the Clipboard. The Paste command copies text from the Clipboard to the editor.
Before a command is selected from the Edit-menu to edit text, the text to operate on must first be selected.
Selecting text with the keyboard:
1. 2.
Use the arrow keys to move the insertion point to the beginning of the text to select.
Press and hold the Shift-key while moving the insertion point to the end of the text to select. Release the Shift-key. To cancel the selection, press one of the arrow keys.
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4.7.9 Replacing Text
1. Move the mouse cursor to the beginning of the text to select.
2. Hold down the left mouse button while moving the cursor to the end of the text to select. Release the mouse button.
3. To cancel the selection, press the left mouse button or one of the arrow keys.
When text is selected, it can be immediately replaced it by typing new text. The selected text is deleted when the first new character is typed.
Replacing text:
1. Select the text to replace.
2. Type the new text.
Deleting Text:
1. Select the text to delete.
2. Press the Del key.
4.7.10 Moving Text
4.7.11 Copying Text
with the Cut command, and then pasting it to its new location using the Paste command.
To move text:
1. Select the text to move.
2. Press the button on the toolbar or choose “Edit → Cut” (Shift+Del) from the menu. The text is placed in the Clipboard.
3. Move the insertion point to the new location.
4. Press the button on the toolbar or choose “Edit → Paste” (Shift+Ins) from the menu.
If some text will be used more than once, it need not be typed each time. The text can be copied to the Clipboard with Copy, and can then be pasted in many places by using the Paste command.
To copy text:
1. Select the text to copy.
2. Click the button on the toolbar or choose “Edit → Copy” (Ctrl+Ins) from the menu. The text is placed in the Clipboard.
3. Move the insertion point to the location to place the text.
4. Click the button on the toolbar or choose “Edit → Paste” (Shift-Ins) from the menu.
The Undo command can be used to cancel the last edit. For example, text may acciden- tally have been deleted, or it has been copied to a wrong location. If the Undo command is chosen immediately after the mistake was done, the text will be restored to what it was before the mistake.
To undo the last edit click the button on the toolbar or choose “Edit → Undo” (Alt+Backspace) from the menu.
The Assembler has a click on error function. When a program is assembled, a message window appears on the screen. If errors are encountered, the errors are listed in this message window. If one of the error lines in the message window is clicked, the source line turns inverted red. If the error is in a included file, nothing happens.
4.7.12 Undoing an Edit
4.7.13 Click On Errors
Selecting text with the mouse:
key on the toolbar or choose “Edit → Undo” Text can be moved from one location in the editor by first copy the text to the Clipboard
To restore the deleted text, press the
(Alt+Backspace) from the menu immediately after deleting the text.
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4.7.14
Setting Program Options
If the message window line is doubleclicked, the file containing the error becomes the active window, and the cursor is placed at the beginning of the line containing the error. If the file containing the error is not opened (for instance an included file), then the file is automatically opened.
Note that this function points to lines in the assembled file. This means that if lines are added or removed in the source file, the file must be reassembled in order to get the line numbers right.
Some of the default values of WAVRASM can be changed in the options menu. If “Options” is selected on the menu bar, the following dialog box pops up.
This feature is demonstrated in the following figure:
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4.8 Command line version
In the box labeled “List-file extension” the default extension on the list file(s) is written, and in the box labeled “Output-file extension” the default extension of the output file is written. In the box labeled “Output file format” the type of format wanted on the output file can be selected. If the OK button is clicked, the values are remembered in subse- quent runs of the Assembler. Note that the object file (used by the simulator) is not affected by these options; the extension of the object file is always ‘OBJ’ and the format is always the same. If an EEPROM Segment has been defined in the code, the assem- bler will also generate a file with extension ‘EEP’ which is the initial values for the EEPROM memory. This EEPROM initialization file is in the same format as the Output file format selected.
The “Wrap relative jumps” option tells the Assembler to use wrapping of addresses. This feature is only useful when assembling for devices with 4K words of program memory. Using this option on such devices, the relative jump and call instructions will reach the entire program memory.
The “Save before assemble” option makes the Assembler automatically save the con- tents of the editor before assembling is done.
For the MS-DOS command line version the Assembler is invoked by the command
AVRASM [-m | -i | -g][-w] input.asm output.lst output.rom
AVRASM will now read source from input.asm, produce the listfile output.lst, output.rom and the object file input.obj. The objectfile ‘*.obj’ is used by the MS-Windows simulator.
The user can select which output format to generate by using one of the options -m (Motorola S-record), -i (Intel Hex) or -g (Generic). The Generic file format is used by default.
The -w option tells the Assembler to use wrapping of addresses. This feature is only used when assembling for devices with 4K words of program memory. Using this switch on these devices, the relative jump and call instructions will reach the entire program memory.
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