Professional Development (300578)
Lecture 10 – Social, Legal and Environmental
Social, Legal and Environmental
Session 3 2020
Professional Development (300578)
Lecture 10 – Social, Legal and Environmental
Information Technology is pervasive….
it’s everywhere!
Growth has proven (to this point) to be exponential
When will the growth and innovation stop or slow? …. no one knows…
It’s here to help us….
But not everything is good news!
What are the social and ethical implications?
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Professional Development (300578)
Lecture 10 – Social, Legal and Environmental
IT is Pervasive
IT is everywhere
• Work, home, universities, government, business, entertainment, social interaction and communication
• Anywhere, anytime
• iPhone/smartphones, iPad, iPod, netbooks
• 3G, 4G, ultra broad band communication
• the Internet, Web (2.0, 3.0, …), smarter Web (semantic Web)
• Social Networks (Facebook, Twitter,…)
• Cloud Computing
• Web mail, GoogleDocs, applications online
• E-commerce, e-business, mobile commerce, e-books
• IT advances, innovations and adoption, continues ….. more to come
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Professional Development (300578)
Lecture 10 – Social, Legal and Environmental
Implications of IT Trends
Computing power
(computation and storage) increases.
Cost of computing power declines
Cost of data transmission declines
Network bandwidth increases
Computers become interconnected
Computers become easier to use
Digitization and miniaturization
Interconnected computing devices become more pervasive and embedded in more aspect of our lives
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Professional Development (300578)
Lecture 10 – Social, Legal and Environmental
Let’s Examine:
• Is it all good?
• Are there dark sides to advances and widespread adoption of IT?
• What are the social, ethical implications?
• Are there any additional problems/issues in cyberspace? Or,
old problems have become widespread and more intense?
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Professional Development (300578)
Lecture 10 – Social, Legal and Environmental
Some the Key Issues
1. Privacy Issues
2. Ethical Issues
3. Intellectual Property § Piracy
4. Computer/cyber crimes, vandalism, viruses, hackers
5. Censorship, content control
6. Information overload – spam; quality of information
7. Reliability and availability of information systems
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Professional Development (300578)
Lecture 10 – Social, Legal and Environmental
• With the introduction of ICT into our environments, different types of crime have surfaced, i.e. cybercrime
• The physical boundaries have been broken…it’s digital and it’s accessible from anywhere
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Professional Development (300578)
Lecture 10 – Social, Legal and Environmental
• In addition, data and information accessibility has made it easier for people to do the wrong thing
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Professional Development (300578)
Lecture 10 – Social, Legal and Environmental
The implications:
• Cyber crime is growing and will continue to grow as technology advances are made… Cloud, SaaS, Big Data, Mobile etc.
• Industry will be spending even more on smarter security
• Governments, Public persons and Organisations will continue to feel the negative financial and social affects
• We have to acknowledge that we will always be exposed to cybercrime and we MUST remain vigilant
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Professional Development (300578)
Lecture 10 – Social, Legal and Environmental
Consumer and Seller Protection from Online Fraud • Third-Party Services – Paypal, Google Wallet
• Cyber Crime Act 2001
• Major computer crime law to protect government computers and other
Internet-connected computers
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XbsjCVtjovs
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Professional Development (300578)
Lecture 10 – Social, Legal and Environmental
Consumer and Seller Protection from Online Fraud
• PROTECTING BUYERS AND SELLERS: ELECTRONIC AND DIGITAL SIGNATURES
• Electronic signatures
A generic, technology-neutral term that refers to the various
methods by which one can “sign” an electronic record
• Authentication and Biometric Controls
• Using SSL transfer of information
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Professional Development (300578)
Lecture 10 – Social, Legal and Environmental
Social Responsibility
• We (governments, organisations, people) have to be aware AND responsible in enforcing our own security measures to protect ourselves and others against cyber crime by:
• Ensuring passwords are not given out and are always set to a suitable strength • Whatarethetoppasswords?
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_most_common_passwords)
• Ensuring all our devices are secure and have security software installed to
minimise the spread of viruses, malware etc.
• Ensuring we report suspected cyber crime activities to authorities
• Not being part of or contributing to data breaches
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Professional Development (300578)
Lecture 10 – Social, Legal and Environmental
Social Responsibility (cont’d):
• Otherwise we can expect social impacts including:
• Financial impacts – someone has to pay for the losses
• Identity theft and privacy – no confidence in “who is who” or “who did what” • Data Security – no confidence in the data
• Chaos!
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Professional Development (300578)
Lecture 10 – Social, Legal and Environmental
An Example
• Australian victim of Playstation identity theft (2011)
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R9iJUkM8Zxo
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Professional Development (300578)
Lecture 10 – Social, Legal and Environmental
Addressing the Issues
• Legal framework and regulations
• Policies
• Technologies
• Roles of IT professionals and IT industry • Society – the users
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Professional Development (300578)
Lecture 10 – Social, Legal and Environmental
Key Technology Trends that Raise Ethical Issues
• Computing power has been doubling every 18 months since early 80s enabling most firms to utilize computers for their core processes
• Declining data storage costs make it possible to collect/store huge amounts of information on people at virtually no cost
• Data analysis advances allow firms to develop detailed profiles of individual behavior
• Networking advances and the Internet permit remote access and easy copying
• Profiling: use of computers to combine data from multiple sources and create electronic dossiers of detailed information on individuals
• NORA (nonobvious relationship awareness): new data analysis technique for even more powerful profiling
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Professional Development (300578)
Lecture 10 – Social, Legal and Environmental
Internet Challenges to Privacy
• Computer systems able to monitor, capture, store communications passing through
• Monitoring tools
• Cookies
• Web bugs
• Spyware
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Professional Development (300578)
Lecture 10 – Social, Legal and Environmental
How cookies identify Web visitors
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Professional Development (300578)
Lecture 10 – Social, Legal and Environmental
Personal Information
• Activities
• Site transaction logs
• EC ordering systems and shopping carts • Search engines
• Behavioral targeting
• Polling and surveys
• Payment information and e-wallets
• Privacy of Employees
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Professional Development (300578)
Lecture 10 – Social, Legal and Environmental
Industry Self-Regulation
• Statements of information use • Opt-out model
• Opt-in model
• Online Privacy Alliance
• Network Advertising Initiative (NAI) • Let’s Encrypt (Linux Foundation)
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Professional Development (300578)
Lecture 10 – Social, Legal and Environmental
Quality of Life:
Equity, Access, and Boundaries
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Professional Development (300578)
Lecture 10 – Social, Legal and Environmental
Digital Divide
• The gap that has emerged between those who have and those who do not have the ability to use information technology or its resources
• Lack of access to computers/the Internet
• Lack of IT infrastructure
• Inability to use computers and access content
• What’s being done?
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Professional Development (300578)
Lecture 10 – Social, Legal and Environmental
Quality of Life: Equity, Access, and Boundaries
• Employment: reengineering work possibly leading to job losses; offshore outsourcing
• Equity and Access: Will inequitable distribution of access to information system resources lead to digital divide?
• Health risks: Repetitive stress injury (RSI); carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS); computer vision syndrome (CVS); technostress;
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Professional Development (300578)
WeekL7ec–tuLreect1u0re– 9So–cHiael,aLlethgal and Environmental
IT is helping:
• Rehabilitation • Exercise
• Early Detection
• Remote Medical Access
• Integrated Measurement Tools
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Professional Development (300578)
Lecture 10 – Social, Legal and Environmental
Freedom of Speech and Censorship • Government control and censorship
• Privacy issues in web 2.0 tools and social networks • Presence, Location, and Privacy
• Free Speech via Wikis and Social Networks
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Professional Development (300578)
Lecture 10 – Social, Legal and Environmental
Cultural Awareness
• Design:
• Be aware of demographic variations
• Appropriate avoidance practices • Cultural sensitivity warnings:
• http://community.history.sa.gov.au/how-do-i/cultural-sensitivity- warning-examples
• Acknowledgements:
• http://community.history.sa.gov.au/how-do-i/indigenous-
acknowledgement-examples
• Example of both warnings and acknowledgement:
• https://www.australianstogether.org.au/acknowledgements/
• Language and terminology use:
• https://edpols.abc.net.au/guidance/abc-indigenous-content/
Professional Development (300578)
Lecture 10 – Social, Legal and Environmental
Environmental Issues of IT
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Professional Development (300578)
Lecture 10 – Social, Legal and Environmental
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES AND PROBLEMS
• The growing accumulation of greenhouse gases is changing the world’s climate and weather patterns
• For instance, the year 2005 was the warmest on record, and the 10 warmest years have all occurred since 1980. Global data shows that storms, droughts, and other weather-related disasters are growing more severe and more frequent.
• To stop the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Electricity is a major source of climate change as it is generated by burning coal or oil, which releases carbon dioxide, pollutants and sulfur into the atmosphere.
• These emissions can cause respiratory disease, smog, acid rain, and global climate change.
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Professional Development (300578)
Lecture 10 – Social, Legal and Environmental
One Google search is equal to turning on a 60W light bulb for 17 seconds
Professional Development (300578)
Lecture 10 – Social, Legal and Environmental
Green IT: Why Now?
• The increased amount of computers and their use, along with frequent replacement, makes the environmental impact of IT a major concern.
• Computers and other IT infrastructure consume significant amounts of energy, and their use is increasing daily, placing a heavy burden on our electric grid and contributing to greenhouse gas emissions.
• IT is a significant and growing part of the environmental problem, a fact that most people didn’t realize earlier.
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Professional Development (300578)
Lecture 10 – Social, Legal and Environmental
What’s Green IT?
• Green IT refers to environmentally sound IT.
• “Study and practice of designing, manufacturing, using, and disposing computers efficiently and effectively with minimal impact on the environment.” — San Murugesan, 2008
• Thus, green IT adds the dimensions of:
1. environmental sustainability
2. the economics of energy efficiency, and
3. the total cost of ownership, which includes the cost of disposal and recycling.
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Professional Development (300578)
Lecture 10 – Social, Legal and Environmental
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