CS计算机代考程序代写 algorithm ada FIT1047 – Week 1 hour 1

FIT1047 – Week 1 hour 1
Introduction to computer systems, networks and security
Reference: https://www.alexandriarepository.org/syllabus/introduction-to-computer-systems-networks-and-security/
Reference: Linda Null, Julia Lobur. The essentials of computer organization and architecture. Fourth edition, 2015. Jones & Bartlett

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About us @ Clayton
Dr. Abdul Malik Khan
Lecturer & Chief Examiner Office: H 7.41 Caulfield Campus, Monash University
Own research: High-speed networks, Cloud Computing, VM Consolidation, Optimization, Cyber security, network security, security protocols, trusted computing
Experienced Tutors

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Contact
Clayton Campus
Dr. Abdul Malik Khan
E-mail: Malik.Khan@monash.edu (CE & Lecturer)
Malaysia Campus
Dr. Tan Chee Keong
E-mail: Tan.CheeKeong@monash.edu (Lecturer)
Head Tutor: Safi Uddin Safi.Uddin@monash.edu
Important:
● ed Discussion Platform & Moodle forum
Only use your Monash email address!
Don’t post answers to assignments in forums!
● We try to reply on Moodle forum messages and to e-mail within 48h.

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ref: Biography on the computers and dummies witch Broom-Hilda, created by Russell Myers.

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Question closer to what we do
What are binary numbers?
A. Binary means ̈two opposite states ̈. Thus, you can only count to 2 B. The number of bins you have at home
C. Numbers expressed in the base-2 numeral system
D. A programming language

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What is a computer?
In the 19th and first half of the 20th century a computer was a person doing mathematical calculations.
Towards the middle of the 20th century, automated electronic computers were developed!
Concepts go back to people like Robert Recorde (1512-1558), Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz (1646-1716), Ada Lovelace (1815-1852) or Charles Babbage (1791- 1871).

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A computer room
Human computers in the NACA High Speed Flight Station *Computer Room*, at the Dryden Flight Research Center Facilities. (Wikimedia Commons)

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CSIRAC – One of the first electronic automated computers
On Display at Museum Victoria, Melbourne https://museumsvictoria.com.au/csirac/

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40%

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https://lms.monash.edu/local/preview/index.php?courseid=102587&unitcode=FIT1047&year=2021

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http://moodle.vle.monash.edu/
● Lecture slides, textbook, lab notes, software downloads
● Assignments
● Discussion forums is “ed” based
https://lms.monash.edu/mod/lti/view.php?id=8291673
● Additional material
● Unit guide
Textbook
● There is some recommended literature in the unit guide for FIT1047.
● This literature is not mandatory and should not be considered a textbook for this unit.
● The main resource is the Electronic Textbook accessible through Moodle

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Discussion forums is “ed” based https://lms.monash.edu/mod/lti/view.php?id=8291673

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…but, the large majority of them are based on the same internal concepts:
● Information can be expressed by high/low current/voltage (0 and 1) (digital)
● Electronic circuits can be used to calculate with 0s and 1s
(transistors)
Note: Analogue computers or quantum computers will be largely ignored in this unit.

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The Vacuum tubes
Different types of vacuum tubes (Wikimedia Commons)

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The Vacuum tube (Triode)
(Wikimedia Commons)

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The Vacuum tube (Triode)
A triode can be used as amplifier or switch:
 Very small changes to the control Grid cause much larger changes in the electron flow between Anode and Cathode. A weak signal on the Grid is amplified. (Example: guitar amplifier)
 A large negative charge on the Grid stops the electron flow between Anode and Cathode. Used for computation.
Problems: Large, generates a lot of heat, not dependable (tubes burn out)

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Transistor
Short for *trans-resistance*. In principle, a transistor is a *solid-state* version of the triode. The solid medium is usually silicon or germanium. Both are semiconductors, which means, that they don’t conduct electricity particularly well.

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Transistors basically work as switches

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Evolution

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Computers only distinguish 0 and 1
Is 0 and 1 sufficient to express data and to compute all different algorithms? In the next part we look at:
● Data representation
● Boolean algebra

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Smallest unit: bit
One binary digit (bit) is just on and off (or low and high) in a circuit or memory. Thus, one bit can be used to express 0 and 1.

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Words
Data is stored, shifted around and computed in a particular data size, called a word.
Words are often multiples of eight, 16 bits, 32 bits or 64 bits.
Processors, memory and buses within a computer should be able to efficiently store and transfer complete words for this architecture.

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Convert a decimal number with fractions to binary • Number is (237.25)10 ==== ( )2
• Firstconvert237tobinary 237 -128 = 109
109 – 64 = 45
45–32 =13
13 cannot subtract 16 13 – 8 =5
5 – 4 =1
1 cannot subtract 2 1–1=0
Number is (237)10 ==== ( 00011101101 )2
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
1

Convert a decimal number with fractions to binary • Number is (237.25)10 ==== ( )2
• Firstconvert237tobinary • ( 11101101 )2
• For fraction:
Numberis(237.25)10 ====(11101101.01)2
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
1

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Another Important binary representation is with the use of Hexadecimal numbers or simply called as base 16 or HEX

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FIT1047 – Week 1
hour 2
Introduction to computer systems, networks and security
Reference: https://www.alexandriarepository.org/syllabus/introduction-to-computer-systems-networks-and-security/
Reference: Linda Null, Julia Lobur. The essentials of computer organization and architecture. Fourth edition, 2015. Jones & Bartlett

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23 =8

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Sign-bit

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1’s Complement
Sign-bit

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2’s Complement
4. Important – there is just one representation of “0”

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2’s Complement Maths

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How to represent -32 in 2’s complement

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PK_yguLapgA https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5tJPXYA0Nec

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A signed 32-bit integer variable has a maximum value of 231 − 1 = 2,147,483,647.
whereas an IEEE 754 32-bit base-2 FP variable has a maximum value of (2 − 2−23) × 2127 ≈ 3.4028235 × 1038

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Example of IEEE 754 Floating Point Representation
Give the 23-bit mantissa and the 8-bit exponent of the IEEE standard floating point representation of the decimal number 237.25. What is the sign bit of its IEEE standard floating- point representation?
SOLUTION:
 237.25 = 11101101.01 in binary = 1.110110101 × 27 (refer to week-1 part-1 slides for decimal to binary conversion)
 237.25 is a positive number, hence sign bit = 0 (Note: if positive then sign-bit=0, if the number is negative sign bit =1)  24-bit mantissa = 1.11011010100000000000000
o Most significant bit is not stored (always 1). So, stored bits are: 11011010100000000000000  Exponent = 7.
o In 8-bit excess-K method (K=2n-1 – 1 ) n=8-bit, Hence it is excess-127.
o So the 8-bit Exponent will be (+7)+127 = 134, 134 in binary is this is:10000110.
0 1000011 11011010100000000000000 0

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http://www.nvidia.com/content/PDF/fermi_white_papers/NVIDIA_Fermi_Compute_Architecture_Whitepaper.pdf

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(xkcd.org)
Collaborative editing can quickly become a textual rap battle fought with increasingly convoluted invocations of U+202a to U+202e

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3-bits MSB
4-bits

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• Original 7 bit ASCII cannot be used to represent characters such as ä, ö, ü, ß, Ä, Ö, Ü used in German, á, é, ç used in French.
• Therefore, the unused 8th bit was used to build extended character sets (8 bit ASCII) .
• For example the German umlaut ü is DC Hex or 11011100 in the ‘Latin 1 Western European’ set. Depending on the character set, extensions can represent mathematical symbols, characters of various languages or even special characters such as ©
• Even the extended ASCII character set for converting binary numbers into characters is very restricted(max256Symbols).i.e.28 =256
• Some language have more than 12,000 Symbols!
• The logical way is to use multi-byte character sets. A 2-byte character set can represent 2 to the
power of 16 characters (more than 65,536 characters)
• Unicode is a 16-bit alphabet that is divided into character types and character sets (code pages).
Thus, by loading the particular code page, one can decide on the fly which language to use.
• Furthermore, an extension mechanisms to 21 bits would allow for an additional million characters

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[ 0.3125 * 16 = 5 ]

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