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Course Content (2)
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Canvas
Course Content
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Course Target
Course Content
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Required Background
Course Content
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Textbook
Course Content
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Grading
Course Content
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Assignments
Midterms
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Interactive Lessons
Course Content
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What are the “Things”?
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The Internet of Things
What is IoT?
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What is IoT?
Funding
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Research Funding for IoT
Business Opportunities
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Venture Activities
Recent IoT Products
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Research Challenges
IoT Protocols
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Wireless Sensor Networks
Course Content
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Infrastructure-based Wireless Networks
Further networks
Gateways
Server
Router
Limits
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Applications of Infrastructure-less Networks
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Solution: Wireless Ad Hoc Networks
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Challenges in Ad Hoc Networks
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Self-organization
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Multi-hop Wireless Networks
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Adaptive Protocols
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Energy-efficient Operation
Course Content
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Wireless Sensor Network
Server
SINK
Internet
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Monitored area
Antenna
Processor and radio interface
Sensor to measure humidity
Wireless Sensor Networks
Server
SINK
Monitored area
Internet
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WSN Application Examples
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WSN Application Scenarios
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WSN Application Scenarios
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Roles of Participants in WSN
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WSN application types
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Deployment Options
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Characteristics of WSN
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Characteristics of WSNs
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Characteristics of WSNs
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Typical Adopted Mechanisms
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Mechanisms to Meet Requirements
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MANET vs. WSN
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Wireless fieldbuses and WSNs
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Enabling technologies for WSN
Sensor Node Hardware
Location Finding System
Mobilizer
SENSING UNIT PROCESSING UNIT
Sensor ADC
Processor Memory
Transceiver
Antenna
Power Unit
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Sensor Motes Timeline
Rene’ Mica
“Experimentation” “Open Experimental
iMote
Telos “Integrated Platform”
Stargate 2.0 & iMote2
Platform”
WeC “Smart Rock”
MicaZ Mica2Dot
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Dot “Scale”
Spec “Mote on a
chip”
Mica2
Stargate
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Examples of Sensor Devices
Dust
Smart Dust
Rockwell WINS
JPL Sensor Webs
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Examples of Sensor Devices
Rene Mote
Dot Mote
MICA Mote
weC Mote
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Low-End
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High-End
Sensor Node Features
Feature
Imote (2003)
Mica2 (2003)
MicaZ (2004)
Telos (2005)
Stargat e (2005)
Imote2
Speed [MHz]
12
8
8
8
400
13-416*
Flash [kB] (Program)
512
128
128
48
32,000
32,000
Serial Flash [kB]
(Measurement data)
N/A#
512
512
1024
N/A#
N/A#
SRAM / EEPROM / SDRAM ‡ [kB]
(Configuration)
64
4
4
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64,000
256-32,00 0◊
*Multiple processor speed levels
#Imote, Stargate, and Imote2 use a single Flash for program and measurement data
‡Imote, Imote2, and Telos use SRAM; Mica2 and MicaZ use EEPROM; Stargate uses SDRAM ◊Imote2 will have different versions, SRAM changes accordingly
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Feature
Radio Frequency
DataRate [kb/s]
Power
CarrierSense/Rx./Tx. [mA]
PowerSleep [mA]
Radio Range
Power source
Imote (2003)
2.4 GHz
720
15 / 24 / 24
1-250 @
32 ft (10 m)
AA Battery
Sensor Node Features
Mica2 (2003)
300-900MHz
15
8 / 10 / 27
19
500 ft (150m)
2xAA
MicaZ (2004)
2.4 GHz
250
8 / 20 / 18
27
300 ft (100m)
2xAA
Telos (2005)
2.4 GHz
250
1 / 20 / 18
6
400 ft (125m)
2xAA
Imote2
2.4 GHz
250 (720 Δ /11,000 •)
40/20/18
1-100 @
Under dev.
Under dev.
Δ With external Bluetooth adapter • With external WLAN adapter
@ Different sleep levels
Stargate communication and power properties depend on the connected module (Mica2,MicaZsensors or WLAN)
Stargate powered by 5-6V DC or A/C adaptor
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MicaZ Motes
Original IBM PC (1981)
MICAZ Mote (2005)
4.77 MHz
8 MHz
16-256 KB RAM
128 KB RAM
160 KB Floppies
512 KB Flash
~ $6K (today)
~ $35
~ 64 W
~14 mW
25 lb, 19.5 x 5.5 x 16 inch
0.5 oz, 2.25 x 1.25 x 0.25 inch
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MICAz Platform
Now FCC/ARIB certified
➢ Microprocessor: Atmel ATmega128L
• 7.3728 MHz clock
• 128 kB of Flash for program memory
• 4 kB of SRAM for data and variables
• 2 UARTs (Universal Asynchronous Receive and Transmit)
• Serial Port Interface (SPI) bus
• Dedicated hardware I2C bus
➢ Radio: Chipcon’s CC2420 (IEEE 802.15.4)
– 250 kbit/s
➢ External serial flash memory: 512 Kb
– xbow estimates > 100000 samples
➢ 51-pin expansion connector
– Eight 10-bit analog I/O
– 21 general purpose digital I/O
➢ User interface: 3 programmable LEDs
➢ JTAG port
➢ Powered by two AA batteries
– 1850 mAh capacity
Antenna
MMCX connector
Logger Flash
ATMega128L μcontroller Analog I/O Digital I/O
Freq. Tunable Radio
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51-Pin Expansion Connector
LEDs
Mica Sensor Board
Accelerometer
Light Temperature
➢ Light (Photo)
➢ Temperature
➢ Acceleration – 2 axis
– Resolution: ±2mg ➢ Magnetometer
– Resolution: 134μG ➢ Microphone
➢ Tone Detector ➢ Sounder
– 4.5kHz
1.25 in
Magnetometer
2.25 in
Microphone
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Telos Platform
➢ Robust
– USB interface
– Integrated antenna (30m-125m)
– External antenna capability (~500m)
➢ High Performance
– 10kB RAM, 48 KB ROM
– 12-bit ADC and DAC (200ksamples/sec)
– Hardware link-layer encryption
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Telos by MOTEIV.com
➢ Single board philosophy
– Robustness, Ease of use, Lower Cost
– Integrated Humidity & Temperature sensor
➢ First platform to use 802.15.4 – CC2420 radio, 2.4 GHz, 250 kbps
➢ Motorola HCS08 processor
– Lower power consumption, 1.8V operation, faster wakeup
time
– 40 MHz CPU clock, 10K RAM; 48K Flash
– 50m indoor; 125m outdoor ranges
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Raspberry PI
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Power
5v micro
USB connector
(Similar to the one on a lot of mobile phones!)
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A/V (Audio/ViDeo)
RCA Video (works with most older TVs)
3.5mm Audio Standard headphone socket
HDMI Audio & Video
(works with modern TVs and DVI monitors)
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Connectivity
GPIO (General Purpose Input & Output)
2 x USB 2.0 ports
10/100Mb Ethernet
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Internals
JTAG
(debug ports)
LAN Controller
SOC (System On a Chip)
Broadcom BCM2835 700Mhz & 256Mb / 512Mb RAM
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Internals
CSI
(camera interface)
SOC (System On a Chip)
Broadcom BCM2835 700Mhz & 256Mb / 512Mb RAM
JTAG
(debug ports)
LAN Controller
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Internals
CSI
(camera interface)
DSI
(display interface)
SOC (System On a Chip)
Broadcom BCM2835 700Mhz & 256Mb / 512Mb RAM
JTAG
(debug ports)
LAN Controller
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Storage
SD Card Slot
(supports SD cards up to 32GB)
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Arduino UNO
Transmitter/Receiver
GRD
Serial Connection
Digital Input/Output Pins
Pins with ~ are PWM [Analog Output]
Microcontroller ATmega328 Operating Voltage 5V
Input Voltage (recommended) 7-12V
Input Voltage (limits)6-20V Digital I/O Pins 14
(of which 6 provide PWM output) Analog Input Pins 6
DC Current per I/O Pin 40 mA DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA
Analog Input Pins
USB
7-12 v
3v 5v
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Intel Galileo
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Intel Edison
➢ SD-Card Size Platform with Quark Processor
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WSNs for Military Applications
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Further Military Applications
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WSNs for Environmental Applications
Great Duck Island
http://www.greatduckisland.net Great Duck Island in Maine Beaming back raw data about conditions of burrows and island’s microclimate
Bea.
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Forest Fire Detection: Firebug
http://firebug.sourceforge.net/
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Firebug
Observation and Forecasting System: Columbia River
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WSNs for Health Applications
CodeBlue: WSNs for Medical Care
http://www.eecs.harvard.edu/~mdw/proj/codeblue/ ➢
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CodeBlue: WSNs for Medical Care
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CodeBlue: WSNs for Medical Care
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Further Applications
Smart Roads
➢ Traffic monitoring, accident detection, recovery assistance
➢ Finding out empty parking lots in a city, without asking a server (car-to-car communication)
➢ Detecting, and monitoring car thefts
➢ Vehicle tracking and detection
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Wireless Automatic Meter Reading (WAMR)
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More Applications
Underground Wireless Sensor Networks
Sink
Soil Condition Sensor
•Water •Salinity •Temperature
I.F. Akyildiz and Erich Stuntebeck, “Wireless Underground Wireless Sensor Networks: Research Challenges”, Ad Hoc Networks (Elsevier) Journal, Nov 2006
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UGSN Applications
Underwater Sensor Networks
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Three-dimensional Architecture
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Buoys (Surface Stations / Sinks)
Point measurements in upper water column 10 and 25 mi off Moss Landing
http://www.mbari.org/aosn/
Drift buoy: Path followed by surface currents.
http://www.mbari.org/aosn/
DART (Deep-ocean Assesment and reporting of Tsunamis)
http://nctr.pmel.noaa.gov/
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Ocean Sampling Sensors
Spread Spectrum Modem
Precision Marine Geodetic Acoustic Transponders
http://www.dspcomm.com/
Systems
http://www.link-quest.com/
http://www.link-quest.com/
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Terrestrial vs. Underwater Sensors
Underwater Acoustic Modem
Terrestrial Wireless Sensor
Mica Mote MPR300CB
Short-range
Medium-range
Speed
Flash
4 MHz
Acoustic Frequency
27- 45 kHz
54-89 kHz
128K bytes
Radio Frequency
916MHz or 433MHz (ISM Bands)
Data Rate
7 kbps
14 kbps
Transmit Power
1W
6W
Data Rate
40 kbps (max)
Receive Power
Sleep Power
0.75 W
1W
Transmit Power
0.75 mW
8 mW
12 mW
Radio Range
100 feet
Radio Range
1000 feet
3000 feet
Power
2 x AA batteries
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Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs)
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UWSN Applications
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Wireless Sensor and Actor Networks
User
Sink
Sensors
Actors
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Actors
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Wireless Sensor and Actor Networks (WSAN)
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WSAN Applications
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WSAN Applications
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WSANs vs. Wireless Sensor Networks
Densely deployed Loosely deployed
WSAN Communication Architecture
Semi-Automated Architecture
Sink
Event Area
Sensors → Sink → Actors
– No sensor-actor and actor-actor coordination needed
– Similar to the conventional WSN architecture
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WSAN Communication Architecture
Sink
Event Area
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Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks
Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks
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Organization of a Multimedia Sensor
MEMORY
SENSORS
CPU
CAMERA
POWER UNIT
AUDIO
SCALAR SENSORS
ENERGY HARVESTING
COORDINATION SUBSYSTEM
LOCATION MANAGEMENT
MOTION CONTROLLER
NETWORK SYNCHRONIZATION
COMMUNICATION SUBSYSTEM
SYSTEM SOFTWARE AND MIDDLEWARE
MOBILITY/ ACTUATION UNIT
NETWORK INTERFACE STACK
SERVOS
MOTORS
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Video Sensors
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Stargate + Garcia = Multimedia Actor
Multimedia Actor + Sensors
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Slide Credits
➢ Most slides in this course are readapted from lecture slides from Prof. Melodia (NEU), Prof. Ian Akyildiz (Georgia Insitute of Technology) and Prof. Holger Karl (University of Paderborn)
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