# util.py
# ——-
# Licensing Information: You are free to use or extend these projects for
# educational purposes provided that (1) you do not distribute or publish
# solutions, (2) you retain this notice, and (3) you provide clear
# attribution to UC Berkeley, including a link to http://ai.berkeley.edu.
#
# Attribution Information: The Pacman AI projects were developed at UC Berkeley.
# The core projects and autograders were primarily created by John DeNero
# (denero@cs.berkeley.edu) and Dan Klein (klein@cs.berkeley.edu).
# Student side autograding was added by Brad Miller, Nick Hay, and
# Pieter Abbeel (pabbeel@cs.berkeley.edu).
import sys
import inspect
import heapq, random
#import cStringIO
import io
class FixedRandom:
def __init__(self):
fixedState = (3, (2147483648, 507801126, 683453281, 310439348, 2597246090, \
2209084787, 2267831527, 979920060, 3098657677, 37650879, 807947081, 3974896263, \
881243242, 3100634921, 1334775171, 3965168385, 746264660, 4074750168, 500078808, \
776561771, 702988163, 1636311725, 2559226045, 157578202, 2498342920, 2794591496, \
4130598723, 496985844, 2944563015, 3731321600, 3514814613, 3362575829, 3038768745, \
2206497038, 1108748846, 1317460727, 3134077628, 988312410, 1674063516, 746456451, \
3958482413, 1857117812, 708750586, 1583423339, 3466495450, 1536929345, 1137240525, \
3875025632, 2466137587, 1235845595, 4214575620, 3792516855, 657994358, 1241843248, \
1695651859, 3678946666, 1929922113, 2351044952, 2317810202, 2039319015, 460787996, \
3654096216, 4068721415, 1814163703, 2904112444, 1386111013, 574629867, 2654529343, \
3833135042, 2725328455, 552431551, 4006991378, 1331562057, 3710134542, 303171486, \
1203231078, 2670768975, 54570816, 2679609001, 578983064, 1271454725, 3230871056, \
2496832891, 2944938195, 1608828728, 367886575, 2544708204, 103775539, 1912402393, \
1098482180, 2738577070, 3091646463, 1505274463, 2079416566, 659100352, 839995305, \
1696257633, 274389836, 3973303017, 671127655, 1061109122, 517486945, 1379749962, \
3421383928, 3116950429, 2165882425, 2346928266, 2892678711, 2936066049, 1316407868, \
2873411858, 4279682888, 2744351923, 3290373816, 1014377279, 955200944, 4220990860, \
2386098930, 1772997650, 3757346974, 1621616438, 2877097197, 442116595, 2010480266, \
2867861469, 2955352695, 605335967, 2222936009, 2067554933, 4129906358, 1519608541, \
1195006590, 1942991038, 2736562236, 279162408, 1415982909, 4099901426, 1732201505, \
2934657937, 860563237, 2479235483, 3081651097, 2244720867, 3112631622, 1636991639, \
3860393305, 2312061927, 48780114, 1149090394, 2643246550, 1764050647, 3836789087, \
3474859076, 4237194338, 1735191073, 2150369208, 92164394, 756974036, 2314453957, \
323969533, 4267621035, 283649842, 810004843, 727855536, 1757827251, 3334960421, \
3261035106, 38417393, 2660980472, 1256633965, 2184045390, 811213141, 2857482069, \
2237770878, 3891003138, 2787806886, 2435192790, 2249324662, 3507764896, 995388363, \
856944153, 619213904, 3233967826, 3703465555, 3286531781, 3863193356, 2992340714, \
413696855, 3865185632, 1704163171, 3043634452, 2225424707, 2199018022, 3506117517, \
3311559776, 3374443561, 1207829628, 668793165, 1822020716, 2082656160, 1160606415, \
3034757648, 741703672, 3094328738, 459332691, 2702383376, 1610239915, 4162939394, \
557861574, 3805706338, 3832520705, 1248934879, 3250424034, 892335058, 74323433, \
3209751608, 3213220797, 3444035873, 3743886725, 1783837251, 610968664, 580745246, \
4041979504, 201684874, 2673219253, 1377283008, 3497299167, 2344209394, 2304982920, \
3081403782, 2599256854, 3184475235, 3373055826, 695186388, 2423332338, 222864327, \
1258227992, 3627871647, 3487724980, 4027953808, 3053320360, 533627073, 3026232514, \
2340271949, 867277230, 868513116, 2158535651, 2487822909, 3428235761, 3067196046, \
3435119657, 1908441839, 788668797, 3367703138, 3317763187, 908264443, 2252100381, \
764223334, 4127108988, 384641349, 3377374722, 1263833251, 1958694944, 3847832657, \
1253909612, 1096494446, 555725445, 2277045895, 3340096504, 1383318686, 4234428127, \
1072582179, 94169494, 1064509968, 2681151917, 2681864920, 734708852, 1338914021, \
1270409500, 1789469116, 4191988204, 1716329784, 2213764829, 3712538840, 919910444, \
1318414447, 3383806712, 3054941722, 3378649942, 1205735655, 1268136494, 2214009444, \
2532395133, 3232230447, 230294038, 342599089, 772808141, 4096882234, 3146662953, \
2784264306, 1860954704, 2675279609, 2984212876, 2466966981, 2627986059, 2985545332, \
2578042598, 1458940786, 2944243755, 3959506256, 1509151382, 325761900, 942251521, \
4184289782, 2756231555, 3297811774, 1169708099, 3280524138, 3805245319, 3227360276, \
3199632491, 2235795585, 2865407118, 36763651, 2441503575, 3314890374, 1755526087, \
17915536, 1196948233, 949343045, 3815841867, 489007833, 2654997597, 2834744136, \
417688687, 2843220846, 85621843, 747339336, 2043645709, 3520444394, 1825470818, \
647778910, 275904777, 1249389189, 3640887431, 4200779599, 323384601, 3446088641, \
4049835786, 1718989062, 3563787136, 44099190, 3281263107, 22910812, 1826109246, \
745118154, 3392171319, 1571490704, 354891067, 815955642, 1453450421, 940015623, \
796817754, 1260148619, 3898237757, 176670141, 1870249326, 3317738680, 448918002, \
4059166594, 2003827551, 987091377, 224855998, 3520570137, 789522610, 2604445123, \
454472869, 475688926, 2990723466, 523362238, 3897608102, 806637149, 2642229586, \
2928614432, 1564415411, 1691381054, 3816907227, 4082581003, 1895544448, 3728217394, \
3214813157, 4054301607, 1882632454, 2873728645, 3694943071, 1297991732, 2101682438, \
3952579552, 678650400, 1391722293, 478833748, 2976468591, 158586606, 2576499787, \
662690848, 3799889765, 3328894692, 2474578497, 2383901391, 1718193504, 3003184595, \
3630561213, 1929441113, 3848238627, 1594310094, 3040359840, 3051803867, 2462788790, \
954409915, 802581771, 681703307, 545982392, 2738993819, 8025358, 2827719383, \
770471093, 3484895980, 3111306320, 3900000891, 2116916652, 397746721, 2087689510, \
721433935, 1396088885, 2751612384, 1998988613, 2135074843, 2521131298, 707009172, \
2398321482, 688041159, 2264560137, 482388305, 207864885, 3735036991, 3490348331, \
1963642811, 3260224305, 3493564223, 1939428454, 1128799656, 1366012432, 2858822447, \
1428147157, 2261125391, 1611208390, 1134826333, 2374102525, 3833625209, 2266397263, \
3189115077, 770080230, 2674657172, 4280146640, 3604531615, 4235071805, 3436987249, \
509704467, 2582695198, 4256268040, 3391197562, 1460642842, 1617931012, 457825497, \
1031452907, 1330422862, 4125947620, 2280712485, 431892090, 2387410588, 2061126784, \
896457479, 3480499461, 2488196663, 4021103792, 1877063114, 2744470201, 1046140599, \
2129952955, 3583049218, 4217723693, 2720341743, 820661843, 1079873609, 3360954200, \
3652304997, 3335838575, 2178810636, 1908053374, 4026721976, 1793145418, 476541615, \
973420250, 515553040, 919292001, 2601786155, 1685119450, 3030170809, 1590676150, \
1665099167, 651151584, 2077190587, 957892642, 646336572, 2743719258, 866169074, \
851118829, 4225766285, 963748226, 799549420, 1955032629, 799460000, 2425744063, \
2441291571, 1928963772, 528930629, 2591962884, 3495142819, 1896021824, 901320159, \
3181820243, 843061941, 3338628510, 3782438992, 9515330, 1705797226, 953535929, \
764833876, 3202464965, 2970244591, 519154982, 3390617541, 566616744, 3438031503, \
1853838297, 170608755, 1393728434, 676900116, 3184965776, 1843100290, 78995357, \
2227939888, 3460264600, 1745705055, 1474086965, 572796246, 4081303004, 882828851, \
1295445825, 137639900, 3304579600, 2722437017, 4093422709, 273203373, 2666507854, \
3998836510, 493829981, 1623949669, 3482036755, 3390023939, 833233937, 1639668730, \
1499455075, 249728260, 1210694006, 3836497489, 1551488720, 3253074267, 3388238003, \
2372035079, 3945715164, 2029501215, 3362012634, 2007375355, 4074709820, 631485888, \
3135015769, 4273087084, 3648076204, 2739943601, 1374020358, 1760722448, 3773939706, \
1313027823, 1895251226, 4224465911, 421382535, 1141067370, 3660034846, 3393185650, \
1850995280, 1451917312, 3841455409, 3926840308, 1397397252, 2572864479, 2500171350, \
3119920613, 531400869, 1626487579, 1099320497, 407414753, 2438623324, 99073255, \
3175491512, 656431560, 1153671785, 236307875, 2824738046, 2320621382, 892174056, \
230984053, 719791226, 2718891946, 624), None)
self.random = random.Random()
self.random.setstate(fixedState)
“””
Data structures useful for implementing SearchAgents
“””
class Stack:
“A container with a last-in-first-out (LIFO) queuing policy.”
def __init__(self):
self.list = []
def push(self,item):
“Push ‘item’ onto the stack”
self.list.append(item)
def pop(self):
“Pop the most recently pushed item from the stack”
return self.list.pop()
def isEmpty(self):
“Returns true if the stack is empty”
return len(self.list) == 0
class Queue:
“A container with a first-in-first-out (FIFO) queuing policy.”
def __init__(self):
self.list = []
def push(self,item):
“Enqueue the ‘item’ into the queue”
self.list.insert(0,item)
def pop(self):
“””
Dequeue the earliest enqueued item still in the queue. This
operation removes the item from the queue.
“””
return self.list.pop()
def isEmpty(self):
“Returns true if the queue is empty”
return len(self.list) == 0
class PriorityQueue:
“””
Implements a priority queue data structure. Each inserted item
has a priority associated with it and the client is usually interested
in quick retrieval of the lowest-priority item in the queue. This
data structure allows O(1) access to the lowest-priority item.
Note that this PriorityQueue does not allow you to change the priority
of an item. However, you may insert the same item multiple times with
different priorities.
“””
def __init__(self):
self.heap = []
self.count = 0
def push(self, item, priority):
# FIXME: restored old behaviour to check against old results better
# FIXED: restored to stable behaviour
entry = (priority, self.count, item)
# entry = (priority, item)
heapq.heappush(self.heap, entry)
self.count += 1
def pop(self):
(_, _, item) = heapq.heappop(self.heap)
# (_, item) = heapq.heappop(self.heap)
return item
def isEmpty(self):
return len(self.heap) == 0
def update(self, item, priority):
# If item already in priority queue with higher priority, update its priority and rebuild the heap.
# If item already in priority queue with equal or lower priority, do nothing.
# If item not in priority queue, do the same thing as self.push.
for index, (p, c, i) in enumerate(self.heap):
if i == item:
if p <= priority:
break
del self.heap[index]
self.heap.append((priority, c, item))
heapq.heapify(self.heap)
break
else:
self.push(item, priority)
class PriorityQueueWithFunction(PriorityQueue):
"""
Implements a priority queue with the same push/pop signature of the
Queue and the Stack classes. This is designed for drop-in replacement for
those two classes. The caller has to provide a priority function, which
extracts each item's priority.
"""
def __init__(self, priorityFunction):
"priorityFunction (item) -> priority”
self.priorityFunction = priorityFunction # store the priority function
PriorityQueue.__init__(self) # super-class initializer
def push(self, item):
“Adds an item to the queue with priority from the priority function”
PriorityQueue.push(self, item, self.priorityFunction(item))
def manhattanDistance( xy1, xy2 ):
“Returns the Manhattan distance between points xy1 and xy2”
return abs( xy1[0] – xy2[0] ) + abs( xy1[1] – xy2[1] )
“””
Data structures and functions useful for various course projects
The search project should not need anything below this line.
“””
class Counter(dict):
“””
A counter keeps track of counts for a set of keys.
The counter class is an extension of the standard python
dictionary type. It is specialized to have number values
(integers or floats), and includes a handful of additional
functions to ease the task of counting data. In particular,
all keys are defaulted to have value 0. Using a dictionary:
a = {}
print a[‘test’]
would give an error, while the Counter class analogue:
>>> a = Counter()
>>> print a[‘test’]
0
returns the default 0 value. Note that to reference a key
that you know is contained in the counter,
you can still use the dictionary syntax:
>>> a = Counter()
>>> a[‘test’] = 2
>>> print a[‘test’]
2
This is very useful for counting things without initializing their counts,
see for example:
>>> a[‘blah’] += 1
>>> print a[‘blah’]
1
The counter also includes additional functionality useful in implementing
the classifiers for this assignment. Two counters can be added,
subtracted or multiplied together. See below for details. They can
also be normalized and their total count and arg max can be extracted.
“””
def __getitem__(self, idx):
self.setdefault(idx, 0)
return dict.__getitem__(self, idx)
def incrementAll(self, keys, count):
“””
Increments all elements of keys by the same count.
>>> a = Counter()
>>> a.incrementAll([‘one’,’two’, ‘three’], 1)
>>> a[‘one’]
1
>>> a[‘two’]
1
“””
for key in keys:
self[key] += count
def argMax(self):
“””
Returns the key with the highest value.
“””
if len(self.keys()) == 0: return None
all = self.items()
values = [x[1] for x in all]
maxIndex = values.index(max(values))
return all[maxIndex][0]
def sortedKeys(self):
“””
Returns a list of keys sorted by their values. Keys
with the highest values will appear first.
>>> a = Counter()
>>> a[‘first’] = -2
>>> a[‘second’] = 4
>>> a[‘third’] = 1
>>> a.sortedKeys()
[‘second’, ‘third’, ‘first’]
“””
sortedItems = self.items()
compare = lambda x, y: sign(y[1] – x[1])
sortedItems.sort(cmp=compare)
return [x[0] for x in sortedItems]
def totalCount(self):
“””
Returns the sum of counts for all keys.
“””
return sum(self.values())
def normalize(self):
“””
Edits the counter such that the total count of all
keys sums to 1. The ratio of counts for all keys
will remain the same. Note that normalizing an empty
Counter will result in an error.
“””
total = float(self.totalCount())
if total == 0: return
for key in self.keys():
self[key] = self[key] / total
def divideAll(self, divisor):
“””
Divides all counts by divisor
“””
divisor = float(divisor)
for key in self:
self[key] /= divisor
def copy(self):
“””
Returns a copy of the counter
“””
return Counter(dict.copy(self))
def __mul__(self, y ):
“””
Multiplying two counters gives the dot product of their vectors where
each unique label is a vector element.
>>> a = Counter()
>>> b = Counter()
>>> a[‘first’] = -2
>>> a[‘second’] = 4
>>> b[‘first’] = 3
>>> b[‘second’] = 5
>>> a[‘third’] = 1.5
>>> a[‘fourth’] = 2.5
>>> a * b
14
“””
sum = 0
x = self
if len(x) > len(y):
x,y = y,x
for key in x:
if key not in y:
continue
sum += x[key] * y[key]
return sum
def __radd__(self, y):
“””
Adding another counter to a counter increments the current counter
by the values stored in the second counter.
>>> a = Counter()
>>> b = Counter()
>>> a[‘first’] = -2
>>> a[‘second’] = 4
>>> b[‘first’] = 3
>>> b[‘third’] = 1
>>> a += b
>>> a[‘first’]
1
“””
for key, value in y.items():
self[key] += value
def __add__( self, y ):
“””
Adding two counters gives a counter with the union of all keys and
counts of the second added to counts of the first.
>>> a = Counter()
>>> b = Counter()
>>> a[‘first’] = -2
>>> a[‘second’] = 4
>>> b[‘first’] = 3
>>> b[‘third’] = 1
>>> (a + b)[‘first’]
1
“””
addend = Counter()
for key in self:
if key in y:
addend[key] = self[key] + y[key]
else:
addend[key] = self[key]
for key in y:
if key in self:
continue
addend[key] = y[key]
return addend
def __sub__( self, y ):
“””
Subtracting a counter from another gives a counter with the union of all keys and
counts of the second subtracted from counts of the first.
>>> a = Counter()
>>> b = Counter()
>>> a[‘first’] = -2
>>> a[‘second’] = 4
>>> b[‘first’] = 3
>>> b[‘third’] = 1
>>> (a – b)[‘first’]
-5
“””
addend = Counter()
for key in self:
if key in y:
addend[key] = self[key] – y[key]
else:
addend[key] = self[key]
for key in y:
if key in self:
continue
addend[key] = -1 * y[key]
return addend
def raiseNotDefined():
fileName = inspect.stack()[1][1]
line = inspect.stack()[1][2]
method = inspect.stack()[1][3]
print(“*** Method not implemented: %s at line %s of %s” % method, line, fileName)
sys.exit(1)
def normalize(vectorOrCounter):
“””
normalize a vector or counter by dividing each value by the sum of all values
“””
normalizedCounter = Counter()
if type(vectorOrCounter) == type(normalizedCounter):
counter = vectorOrCounter
total = float(counter.totalCount())
if total == 0: return counter
for key in counter.keys():
value = counter[key]
normalizedCounter[key] = value / total
return normalizedCounter
else:
vector = vectorOrCounter
s = float(sum(vector))
if s == 0: return vector
return [el / s for el in vector]
def nSample(distribution, values, n):
if sum(distribution) != 1:
distribution = normalize(distribution)
rand = [random.random() for i in range(n)]
rand.sort()
samples = []
samplePos, distPos, cdf = 0,0, distribution[0]
while samplePos < n:
if rand[samplePos] < cdf:
samplePos += 1
samples.append(values[distPos])
else:
distPos += 1
cdf += distribution[distPos]
return samples
def sample(distribution, values = None):
if type(distribution) == Counter:
items = sorted(distribution.items())
distribution = [i[1] for i in items]
values = [i[0] for i in items]
if sum(distribution) != 1:
distribution = normalize(distribution)
choice = random.random()
i, total= 0, distribution[0]
while choice > total:
i += 1
total += distribution[i]
return values[i]
def sampleFromCounter(ctr):
items = sorted(ctr.items())
return sample([v for k,v in items], [k for k,v in items])
def getProbability(value, distribution, values):
“””
Gives the probability of a value under a discrete distribution
defined by (distributions, values).
“””
total = 0.0
for prob, val in zip(distribution, values):
if val == value:
total += prob
return total
def flipCoin( p ):
r = random.random()
return r < p
def chooseFromDistribution( distribution ):
"Takes either a counter or a list of (prob, key) pairs and samples"
if type(distribution) == dict or type(distribution) == Counter:
return sample(distribution)
r = random.random()
base = 0.0
for prob, element in distribution:
base += prob
if r <= base: return element
def nearestPoint( pos ):
"""
Finds the nearest grid point to a position (discretizes).
"""
( current_row, current_col ) = pos
grid_row = int( current_row + 0.5 )
grid_col = int( current_col + 0.5 )
return ( grid_row, grid_col )
def sign( x ):
"""
Returns 1 or -1 depending on the sign of x
"""
if( x >= 0 ):
return 1
else:
return -1
def arrayInvert(array):
“””
Inverts a matrix stored as a list of lists.
“””
result = [[] for i in array]
for outer in array:
for inner in range(len(outer)):
result[inner].append(outer[inner])
return result
def matrixAsList( matrix, value = True ):
“””
Turns a matrix into a list of coordinates matching the specified value
“””
rows, cols = len( matrix ), len( matrix[0] )
cells = []
for row in range( rows ):
for col in range( cols ):
if matrix[row][col] == value:
cells.append( ( row, col ) )
return cells
def lookup(name, namespace):
“””
Get a method or class from any imported module from its name.
Usage: lookup(functionName, globals())
“””
dots = name.count(‘.’)
if dots > 0:
moduleName, objName = ‘.’.join(name.split(‘.’)[:-1]), name.split(‘.’)[-1]
module = __import__(moduleName)
return getattr(module, objName)
else:
modules = [obj for obj in namespace.values() if str(type(obj)) == “
options = [getattr(module, name) for module in modules if name in dir(module)]
options += [obj[1] for obj in namespace.items() if obj[0] == name ]
if len(options) == 1: return options[0]
if len(options) > 1: raise Exception(‘Name conflict for %s’)
raise Exception(‘%s not found as a method or class’, name)
def pause():
“””
Pauses the output stream awaiting user feedback.
“””
print(“
input()
# code to handle timeouts
#
# FIXME
# NOTE: TimeoutFuncton is NOT reentrant. Later timeouts will silently
# disable earlier timeouts. Could be solved by maintaining a global list
# of active time outs. Currently, questions which have test cases calling
# this have all student code so wrapped.
#
import signal
import time
class TimeoutFunctionException(Exception):
“””Exception to raise on a timeout”””
pass
class TimeoutFunction:
def __init__(self, function, timeout):
self.timeout = timeout
self.function = function
def handle_timeout(self, signum, frame):
raise TimeoutFunctionException()
def __call__(self, *args, **keyArgs):
# If we have SIGALRM signal, use it to cause an exception if and
# when this function runs too long. Otherwise check the time taken
# after the method has returned, and throw an exception then.
if hasattr(signal, ‘SIGALRM’):
old = signal.signal(signal.SIGALRM, self.handle_timeout)
signal.alarm(self.timeout)
try:
result = self.function(*args, **keyArgs)
finally:
signal.signal(signal.SIGALRM, old)
signal.alarm(0)
else:
startTime = time.time()
result = self.function(*args, **keyArgs)
timeElapsed = time.time() – startTime
if timeElapsed >= self.timeout:
self.handle_timeout(None, None)
return result
_ORIGINAL_STDOUT = None
_ORIGINAL_STDERR = None
_MUTED = False
class WritableNull:
def write(self, string):
pass
def mutePrint():
global _ORIGINAL_STDOUT, _ORIGINAL_STDERR, _MUTED
if _MUTED:
return
_MUTED = True
_ORIGINAL_STDOUT = sys.stdout
#_ORIGINAL_STDERR = sys.stderr
sys.stdout = WritableNull()
#sys.stderr = WritableNull()
def unmutePrint():
global _ORIGINAL_STDOUT, _ORIGINAL_STDERR, _MUTED
if not _MUTED:
return
_MUTED = False
sys.stdout = _ORIGINAL_STDOUT
#sys.stderr = _ORIGINAL_STDERR