22/05/2022, 12:25 Module 3 overview: Utilitarianism and Deontology: The Ethics of Artificial Intelligence (COMP90087_2022_SM1)
Module 3 overview: Utilitarianism and
Deontology
Two moral theories
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In order to address ethical question in AI Ethics, we need to have some ethical tools. Some of these tools are AI ethics principles (like transparency, accountability etc.) and some are ethical theories. Ethical theories go deeper than those AI principles—they attempt to tell us what ultimately matters. In this way, theories can provide rational grounding for principles and help to guide our application of them. The first two of our four ethical theories are utilitarianism and deontology. These two theories are centuries old, and have strong points of difference with each other.
Utilitarianism
Utilitarianism is a moral theory—a kind of consequentialism—that says we ought to measure right and wrong according to an action’s consequences, specifically the action’s effect on overall happiness or wellbeing.
Utilitarianism stood in opposition to many of the religious prohibitions of the centuries (the 18th- 19th) in which the theory in its modern form emerged. It also opposed unjust practices of the day such as slavery and denial of the vote for women and was used to argue for greater liberties and freedoms against oppressive laws. In this quote, the philosopher explains the revolutionary nature of utilitarianism.
“The Principle of Utility…requires us, in all circumstances, to “maximize happiness”—in other
words, to produce the greatest total balance of happiness over unhappiness, or of pleasure over suffering…To understand why the Principle of Utility was so radical, consider what it leaves out of morality: It says nothing about God, nor does it speak of abstract rules “written in the heavens.” Morality is not viewed as obedience to a list of ancient proclamations. Or as the utilitarian (1946–) puts it, morality is not “a system of nasty puritanical prohibitions … designed to stop people [from] having fun.” Rather, ethics is about the happiness of beings in this world, and nothing more; and we are permitted—even required—to do what is necessary to bring about the most happiness. This was no quaint truism; this was a revolutionary idea.”
Rachels, J and R. (2018). The elements of moral philosophy (p. 102). Temple University Press.
Deontology
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22/05/2022, 12:25 Module 3 overview: Utilitarianism and Deontology: The Ethics of Artificial Intelligence (COMP90087_2022_SM1)
ethics was a German philosopher called , who we will encounter in the lecture.
This explanation of deontology comes from the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy:
“The word deontology derives from the Greek words for duty (deon) and science (or study) of guys!
(logos). In contemporary moral philosophy, deontology is one of those kinds of normative theories One tutorial and
regarding which choices are morally required, forbidden, or permitted. In other words, deontology
falls within the domain of moral theories that guide and assess our choices of what we ought to do (deontic theories), in contrast to those that guide and assess what kind of person we are and
Next week – in the should be (virtue theories). And within the domain of moral theories thatleacstsueres,sSoimuor nchwoilicl es,
deontologists—those who subscribe to deontological theories of morality—stand in opposition to
consequentialists.”
Alexander, Larry and , “Deontological Ethics”, The Stanford Encyclopedia of
Philosophy (Winter 2021 Edition), . Zalta (ed.), URL =
Activities and resources
In module 3, there are several related activities and resources:
Two short readings on utilitarianism and Immanual Kant’s deontological ethics, from Encyclopedia Britannica
Some short YouTube videos on ethics
Two online readings that provide the basis for the tutorial. We also recommend some additional readings for those who want the option of exploring further
A tutorial sheet about the ethics of AI and facial recognition
Deontology is generally opposed to utilitarianism and other forms of consequentialism that measure right and wrong by consequences alone. The most famous defYeEnSd-eyrouf ndeeodntological
and System B for
compare System A
question 2
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