How Styles Interact
The Cascade
33
The Cascade: How Styles Interact
CSS
The “Cascade” in CSS refers to how conflicting rules are handled.
The downward movement of water down a cascade is meant to be analogous to how a given style rule will continue to take precedence with child elements
CSS uses the following cascade principles to help it deal with conflicts:
• inheritance,
• specificity, and • location
34
The Cascade: How Styles Interact
Inheritance
Many (but not all) CSS properties affect not only themselves but their descendants as well.
Are inheritable: • Font,
• color,
• list, and
• text properties
Not inheritable: • layout,
• sizing,
• border,
• background, and
• spacing properties
35
The Cascade: How Styles Interact
Inheritance
<br />
body {<br />
font-family: Arial; color: red;<br />
border: 8pt solid green; margin: 60px;<br />
}<br />
<html><br />
Inherited<br />
Inherited Not inherited Not inherited</p>
<div>
<p>
<p>
<p> <small><br />
<time> <time></p>
<h1>
<h2>
<body></p>
<ul>
<h3>
<li>
<li> <a>
<p><div>
36</p>
<p> The Cascade: How Styles Interact<br />
Inheritance<br />
<head> <meta> <title></p>
<h1>
<h2>
<div>
<p>
<html><br />
div {<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
margin: 50px;<br />
border: 1pt solid green; }<br />
<body></p>
<ul>
<h3>
<li>
<li> <a><br />
Inherited Not inherited Not inherited</p>
<div>
<p>
<p><p> <small><br />
<time> <time><br />
37<br />
The Cascade: How Styles Interact<br />
Specificity<br />
body {<br />
font-weight: bold; color: red;<br />
}<br />
div {<br />
font-weight: normal; color: magenta;<br />
}<br />
p {<br />
color: green;<br />
}<br />
.last {<br />
color: blue;<br />
}<br />
#verylast {<br />
color: orange; font-size: 16pt;<br />
}<br />
<body><br />
This text is not within a p element. </p>
<p>Reviews</p>
<div>
<p>By Ricardo on <time>2016-05-23</time></p>
<p>Easy on the HDR buddy.</p>
<p>This text is not within a p element.
</p></div>
<hr/>
<div>
<p>By Susan on <time>2016-11-18</time></p>
<p>I love Central Park.</p>
</div>
<hr/>
<div>
<p class="last">By Dave on <time>2016-11-24</time></p>
<p class="last" id="verylast">Thanks for posting.</p>
</div>
<hr/>
<p> </body><br />
38</p>
<p> The Cascade<br />
Specificity Value<br />
0001<br />
0002<br />
0010<br />
0100<br />
0101<br />
Specificity Algorithm<br />
1<br />
overrides<br />
element selector<br />
descendant selector (elements only)<br />
2 overrides<br />
class and attribute selectors<br />
overrides 3<br />
id selector 4 overrides<br />
id + additional selectors<br />
overrides 5<br />
A higher specificity value overrides lower specificity values.<br />
div {<br />
color: green;<br />
}<br />
div form { color: orange;<br />
}<br />
.example { color: blue;<br />
}<br />
a[href$=”.pdf”] {<br />
color: blue; }<br />
#firstExample { color: magenta;<br />
}<br />
div #firstExample { color: grey;<br />
}<br />
inline style attribute</p>
<div style="color: red;"> 1000<br />
39<br />
The Cascade: How Styles Interact<br />
Location<br />
overrides 2 overrides 4<br />
1 overrides<br />
Browser’s default style settings<br />
user-styles.css<br />
#example { color: green;<br />
}<br />
<head>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="stylesA.css" />
<link rel="stylesheet" href="stylesWW.css" />
<style>
3 overrides
#example {
color: orange;
color: magenta;
}
</style>
<p></head><br />
<body></p>
<p id="example" style="color: red;">
sample text
</p>
<p> </body><br />
5 overrides<br />
#example { color: blue;<br />
}<br />
6 overrides<br />
40</p>
<p> The Box Model<br />
41<br />
The Box Model<br />
Overview<br />
margin<br />
border<br />
padding<br />
background-color/background-image of element<br />
Every CSS rule begins with a selector. The selector identifies<br />
width<br />
which element or elements in the HTML document will be<br />
affected by the declarations in the rule. Another way of thinking of selectors is that they are a pattern which is used<br />
element content area<br />
by the browser to select the HMTL elements that will receive<br />
height<br />
background-color/background-image of element’s parent<br />
Every CSS rule begins with a selector. The selector identifies which element or elements in the HTML document will be<br />
42<br />
affected by the declarations in the rule. Another way of thinking of selectors is that they are a pattern that is used</p>
<p> The Box Model<br />
Background<br />
• Background<br />
• Background-attachment • Background-color<br />
• Background-image<br />
• Background-position<br />
• Background-repeat<br />
• Background-size<br />
43<br />
The Box Model<br />
Background<br />
44</p>
<p> The Box Model<br />
Collapsing Margins<br />
45<br />
The Box Model<br />
CSS TRBL Shortcut<br />
border-top-color: red; /* sets just the top side */ border-right-color: green; /* sets just the right side */ border-bottom-color: yellow; /* sets just the bottom side */ border-left-color: blue; /* sets just the left side */<br />
Alternately, we can set all four sides at once: border-color: red; /* sets all four sides to red */ border-color: red green orange blue; /* sets 4 colors */<br />
46</p>
<p> The Box Model<br />
Box Dimensions<br />
47<br />
The Box Model<br />
Limitations of Height Property<br />
48</p>
<p> The Box Model<br />
Overflow Property<br />
49<br />
CSS Text Styling<br />
50</p>
<p> CSS Text Styling<br />
Font Family<br />
Property Description<br />
font A combined shorthand property that allows you to set the family, style, size, variant, and weight in one<br />
property.<br />
style weight variant size font-family<br />
font-family Specifies the typeface/font to use. More than one can be specified.<br />
font-size The size of the font in one of the measurement units<br />
font-style Specifies whether italic, oblique, or normal<br />
font-variant Specifies either small-caps text or none<br />
font-weight Specifies either normal, bold, bolder, lighter, or a value between 100 and 900 in multiples of 100,<br />
where larger number represents weightier (i.e., bolder) text.<br />
51<br />
CSS Text Styling<br />
Specifying the Font Family<br />
1 Use this font as 3 If it isn’t available, the first choice. then use this one.<br />
p { font-family: Cambria, Georgia, “Times New Roman”, serif; }<br />
2 But if it is not available, 4 And if it is not available then use this one. either, then use the<br />
default generic serif font.<br />
52</p>
<p> CSS Text Styling<br />
Different Font Families<br />
53<br />
CSS Text Styling<br />
Font Sizes<br />
<body></p>
<h3>
<h2>
<h1>
/* using 16px scale */<br />
body { font-size: 100%; }<br />
p { font-size: 1em; }<br />
h3 { font-size: 1.125em; } /* 1.25 x 16 = 18 */ h2 { font-size: 1.5em; } /* 1.5 x 16 = 24 */ h1 { font-size: 2em; } /* 2 x 16 = 32 */<br />
<body><br />
Browser’s default text size is usually 16 pixels </p>
<p>100% or 1em is 16 pixels</p>
<h3>125% or 1.125em is 18 pixels</h3>
<h2>150% or 1.5em is 24 pixels</h2>
<h1>200% or 2em is 32 pixels</h1>
<p></body><br />
/* 1.0 x 16 = 16 */<br />
54</p>
<p> CSS Text Styling<br />
Paragraph Properties<br />
Just as there are properties that affect the font in CSS, there are also a range of CSS properties that affect text independently of the font.<br />
• letter-spacing<br />
• line-height<br />
• text-align<br />
• text-decoration • text-direction<br />
• text-shadow •…<br />
55<br />
Normal Flow<br />
56</p>
<p> Normal Flow<br />
To understand CSS positioning and layout, it is essential that we understand this distinction as well as the idea of normal flow:<br />
how the browser will normally display block-level elements and inline elements from left to right and from top to bottom<br />
57<br />
Normal Flow<br />
• Block-level elements such as </p>
<p>, </p>
<div>, </p>
<h2>, </p>
<ul>, and </p>
<table> are each contained on their own line.<br />
• Inline elements do not form their own blocks but instead are displayed within lines.<br />
58</p>
<p> Normal Flow<br />
Block-Level Elements<br />
Browser</p>
<h1> … </h1>
<ul>
</ul>
</p>
<div> </div>
<h2> … </h2>
</p>
<p> Each block exists on its own line and is displayed in normal flow from the browser window’s top to its bottom.<br />
By default each block-level element fills up the entire width of its parent (in this case, it is the <body>, which is equivalent to the width of the browser window).<br />
You can use CSS box model properties to customize, for instance, the width of the box and the margin space between other block-level elements.<br />
59<br />
Normal Flow<br />
Inline Elements</p>
<p>
This photo <img decoding="async" src="photo-con.png" alt="..." /> of Conservatory Pond in <a href="http://www.centralpark.com/">Central Park</a> New York City<br />
was taken on October 22, 2015 with a <strong>Canon EOS 30D</strong> camera.
</p>
<p>Inline content is laid out horizontally left to right within its container.<br />
Once a line is filled with content, the next line will receive the remaining content, and so on.<br />
Here the content of this </p>
<p> element is displayed on two lines.<br />
If the browser window resizes, then inline content will be “reflowed” based on the new width.<br />
Here the content of this </p>
<p> element is now displayed on three lines.<br />
Browser</p>
<p> text<br />
<img><br />
text<br />
<a><br />
text<br />
<strong><br />
text<br />
Browser</p>
<p>
text<br />
text
</p>
<p><img><br />
<strong><br />
<a><br />
text<br />
text<br />
60</p>
<p> Normal Flow<br />
Block and Inline Elements<br />
Browser</p>
<h1>
</h1>
</p>
<div>
</div>
<ul>
</ul>
<p> text<br />
<span><br />
text<br />
text</p>
<h2>
</h2>
</p>
<p>text<br />
<img><br />
text <strong> text<br />
<a><br />
text<br />
text<br />
text</p>
<li> … </li>
<li> … </li>
<p> A document consists of block-level elements stacked from top to bottom.<br />
Within a block, inline content is horizontally placed left to right.<br />
Some block-level elements can contain other block-level elements (in this example, a </p>
<div> can contain other blocks).<br />
In such a case, the block-level content inside the parent is stacked from top to bottom within the container (</p>
<div>).<br />
61<br />
Positioning Elements<br />
62</p>
<p> Positioning Elements<br />
• absolute The element is removed from normal flow and positioned in relation to its nearest positioned ancestor.<br />
• fixed The element is fixed in a specific position in the window even when the document is scrolled.<br />
• relative The element is moved relative to where it would be in the normal flow.<br />
• static The element is positioned according to the normal flow. This is the default.<br />
63<br />
Positioning Elements<br />
Relative Positioning<br />
64</p>
<p> Positioning Elements<br />
Absolute Positioning<br />
65<br />
Positioning Elements<br />
Absolute Positioning is relative to nearest positioned ancestor<br />
66</p>
<p> Positioning Elements<br />
Z-Index<br />
figure {<br />
position: absolute;<br />
top: 150px;<br />
left: 200px;<br />
}<br />
figcaption {<br />
position: absolute;<br />
top: 90px;<br />
left: 140px;<br />
}<br />
figure { …<br />
67<br />
z-index: 5;<br />
}<br />
figcaption {<br />
…<br />
}<br />
Note that this did not move the </p>
<figure> on top of the<figcaption> as one<br />
Positioning Elements<br />
Z-Index<br />
might expect. This is due to the nesting of the caption within the figure.<br />
figure { …<br />
z-index: 1;<br />
}<br />
figcaption {<br />
…<br />
z-index: -1;<br />
}<br />
Instead the<figcaption> z-index must be set below 0. The </p>
<figure> z-index<br />
z-index: 1;<br />
could be any value equal to or above 0.<br />
If the </p>
<figure> z-index is given a value less than 0, then any of its positioned descendants change as well. Thus both the </p>
<figure> and<figcaption> move underneath the body text.<br />
figure { …<br />
z-index: -1;<br />
}<br />
figcaption {<br />
…<br />
z-index: 1;<br />
}<br />
68</p>
<p> gure is fixed regardless of the page<br />
ed.<br />
Positioning Elements<br />
Fixed Position<br />
figure { …<br />
position: fixed;<br />
top: 0;<br />
left: 0; }<br />
69<br />
Notice that fi in its position of what part is being view<br />
Floating Elements<br />
70</p>
<p> Floating Elements<br />
It is possible to displace an element out of its position in the normal flow via the CSS float property<br />
• •<br />
An element can be floated to the left or floated to the right .<br />
it is moved all the way to the far left or far right of its containing block and the rest of the content is “reflowed” around the floated element<br />
71<br />
Floating Elements</p>
<h1>Float example</h1>
<p>A wonderful serenity has taken …</p>
<figure>
<img decoding="async" src="images/828.jpg" alt="..." /><figcaption>British Museum</figcaption></figure>
<p>When, while the lovely valley …</p>
<p>Notice that a floated block-level element should have a width specified.<br />
figure {<br />
border: 1pt solid #A8A8A8; background-color: #EDEDDD; margin: 0;<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
width: 150px;<br />
}<br />
figure { …<br />
width: 150px;<br />
float: left;<br />
}<br />
figure { …<br />
width: 150px; float: right; margin: 10px;<br />
}<br />
72</p>
<p> Floating Elements<br />
Floating Multiple Items Side by Side</p>
<article>
<figure>
<img decoding="async" src="images/tiny/275.jpg" alt="..." /><figcaption>Westminister</figcaption></figure>
<figure>
<img decoding="async" src="images/tiny/700.jpg" alt="..." /><figcaption>Emirates Stadium</figcaption></figure>
<figure>
<img decoding="async" src="images/tiny/537.jpg" alt="..." /><figcaption>Albert Hall</figcaption></figure>
<figure>
<img decoding="async" src="images/tiny/828.jpg" alt="..." /><figcaption>British Museum</figcaption></figure>
<figure>
<img decoding="async" src="images/tiny/464.jpg" alt="..." /><figcaption>Wellington Monument</figcaption></figure>
<figure>
<img decoding="async" src="images/tiny/224.jpg" alt="..." /><figcaption>Lewes Castle</figcaption></figure>
<p>When, while the lovely valley teems .. </article>
<p>As the window resizes, the content in the containing block (the </p>
<article> element),<br />
will try to fill the space that is available to the right of the floated elements.<br />
figure { …<br />
width: 150px;<br />
float: left;<br />
}<br />
73<br />
Floating Elements<br />
Floating Multiple Items Side by Side<br />
Stop elements from flowing around a floated element by using the clear property</p>
<article>
<figure>
<img decoding="async" src="images/tiny/275.jpg" alt="..." /><figcaption>Westminister</figcaption></figure>
<figure>
<img decoding="async" src="images/tiny/700.jpg" alt="..." /><figcaption>Emirates Stadium</figcaption></figure>
<figure>
<img decoding="async" src="images/tiny/537.jpg" alt="..." /><figcaption>Albert Hall</figcaption></figure>
<figure class="first">
<img decoding="async" src="images/tiny/828.jpg" alt="..." /><figcaption>British Museum</figcaption></figure>
<figure>
<img decoding="async" src="images/tiny/464.jpg" alt="..." /><figcaption>Wellington Monument</figcaption></figure>
<figure>
<img decoding="async" src="images/tiny/224.jpg" alt="..." /><figcaption>Lewes Castle</figcaption></figure>
<p class="first">When, while the lovely … </article>
<p> .first { clear: left; }<br />
74</p>
<p> Floating Elements<br />
Clear property<br />
• left The left-hand edge of the element cannot be adjacent to another element.<br />
• right The right-hand edge of the element cannot be adjacent to another element.<br />
• both Both the left-hand and right-hand edges of the element cannot be adjacent to another element.<br />
• none The element can be adjacent to other elements.<br />
75<br />
Floating Elements<br />
Containing Floats<br />
Another problem that can occur with floats is when an element is floated within a containing block that contains only floated content. In such a case, the containing block essentially disappears</p>
<article>
<figure>
<img decoding="async" src="images/828.jpg" alt="..." /><figcaption>British Museum</figcaption></figure>
<p class="first">When, while the lovely valley …<br />
</article>
<p> figure img { width: 170px; margin: 0 5px; float: left;<br />
}<br />
figure figcaption {<br />
width: 100px;<br />
float: left;<br />
}<br />
figure {<br />
border: 1pt solid #262626; background-color: #c1c1c1; padding: 5px;<br />
width: 400px;<br />
margin: 10px; }<br />
.first { clear: left; }<br />
Notice that the </p>
<figure> element’s content area has shrunk down to zero (it now just has padding space and borders).<br />
76</p>
<p> Floating Elements<br />
Overlaying and Hiding Element<br />
figure {<br />
border: 1pt solid #262626; background-color: #c1c1c1; padding: 10px;<br />
width: 200px;<br />
margin: 10px;<br />
}<br />
figcaption { background-color: black; color: white;<br />
opacity: 0.6;<br />
width: 140px;<br />
height: 20px;<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
130px<br />
}<br />
figure { …<br />
position: relative;<br />
}<br />
figcaption {<br />
…<br />
position: absolute;<br />
top: 130px;<br />
left: 10px;<br />
}<br />
This creates the positioning context.<br />
This does the actual move.<br />
77<br />
Floating Elements<br />
Using display</p>
<figure>
<img decoding="async" src="images/828.jpg" alt="..." /><figcaption>British Museum</figcaption><img decoding="async" src="images/new-banner.png" alt="" class="overlayed"/><br />
</figure>
<p> .overlayed {<br />
position: absolute; top: 10px;<br />
left: 10px;<br />
}<br />
new-banner.png<br />
Transparent area<br />
<img ... class="overlayed hide"/><br />
.overlayed {<br />
position: absolute; top: 10px;<br />
left: 10px; display: none;<br />
}<br />
.hide {<br />
display: none;<br />
This hides the overlayed image.<br />
}<br />
This is the preferred way to hide: by adding this additional class to the element. This makes it clear in the markup that<br />
the element is not visible.<br />
78<br />
NEW</p>
<p> Floating Elements<br />
Comparing visibility with display<br />
figure { …<br />
display: auto;<br />
}<br />
figure { …<br />
display: none;<br />
}<br />
figure { …<br />
visibility: hidden;<br />
}<br />
79<br />
Floating Elements<br />
Using Hover with display</p>
<figure class="thumbnail">
<img decoding="async" src="images/828.jpg" alt="..." /><figcaption class="popup">
<img decoding="async" src="images/828-bigger.jpg" alt="..." /></p>
<p>The library in the British Museum in London</p>
</figcaption></figure>
<p>When the page is displayed, the larger version of the image, which is within the<figcaption> element, is hidden.<br />
figcaption.popup { padding: 10px; background: #e1e1e1; position: absolute;<br />
/* add a drop shadow to the frame */<br />
box-shadow: 0 0 15px #A9A9A9;<br />
/* hide it until there is a hover */<br />
visibility: hidden;<br />
}<br />
figure.thumbnail:hover figcaption.popup { position: absolute;<br />
top: 0;<br />
left: 100px;<br />
/* display image upon hover */<br />
visibility: visible;<br />
}<br />
When the user moves/hovers the mouse over the thumbnail image, the visibility property of the<figcaption> element is set to visible.<br />
80</p>
<p> Styling Tables<br />
81<br />
Styling Tables<br />
Table Borders<br />
table {<br />
border: solid 1pt black;<br />
}<br />
table {<br />
border: solid 1pt black;<br />
}<br />
td {<br />
border: solid 1pt black; }<br />
table {<br />
border: solid 1pt black; border-collapse: collapse;<br />
}<br />
td {<br />
border: solid 1pt black; }<br />
table {<br />
border: solid 1pt black; border-collapse: collapse;<br />
}<br />
td {<br />
82<br />
border: solid 1pt black;<br />
padding: 10pt; }</p>
<p> Styling Tables<br />
Table Borders<br />
table {<br />
border: solid 1pt black; border-collapse: collapse;<br />
}<br />
td {<br />
border: solid 1pt black; }<br />
table {<br />
border: solid 1pt black; border-collapse: collapse;<br />
}<br />
td {<br />
border: solid 1pt black;<br />
padding: 10pt; }<br />
table {<br />
border: solid 1pt black; border-spacing: 10pt;<br />
}<br />
td {<br />
border: solid 1pt black; }<br />
83<br />
Styling Tables<br />
Boxes<br />
caption {<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
padding: 0.25em 0 0.25em 0;<br />
text-align: left;<br />
text-transform: uppercase;<br />
border-top: 1px solid #DCA806;<br />
}<br />
table {<br />
font-size: 0.8em;<br />
font-family: Arial, sans-serif;<br />
border-collapse: collapse;<br />
border-top: 4px solid #DCA806;<br />
border-bottom: 1px solid white;<br />
text-align: left;<br />
}<br />
thead tr {<br />
background-color: #CACACA;<br />
} 84 th {<br />
padding: 0.75em;<br />
}</p>
<p> padding: 0.25em 0 0.25em 0;<br />
text-align: left;<br />
text-transform: uppercase;<br />
Styling Tables<br />
Boxes<br />
border-top: 1px solid #DCA806;<br />
}<br />
table {<br />
font-size: 0.8em;<br />
font-family: Arial, sans-serif;<br />
border-collapse: collapse;<br />
border-top: 4px solid #DCA806;<br />
border-bottom: 1px solid white;<br />
text-align: left;<br />
}<br />
thead tr {<br />
background-color: #CACACA;<br />
}<br />
th {<br />
} font-weight: bold;<br />
padding: 0.25em 0 0.25em 0; text-align: left; text-transform: uppercase; border-top: 1px solid #DCA806;<br />
}<br />
table {<br />
font-size: 0.8em;<br />
padding: 0.75em; caption {<br />
font-family: Arial, sans-serif;<br />
tbody tr {<br />
border-collapse: collapse;<br />
background-color: #F1F1F1; border-top: 4px solid #DCA806;<br />
border-bottom: 1px solid white; border-bottom: 1px solid white;<br />
color: #6E6E6E;<br />
} text-align: left;<br />
}<br />
85<br />
tbody td {<br />
padding: 0.75em;<br />
}<br />
Styling Tables<br />
Boxes<br />
thead tr {<br />
background-color: #CACACA;<br />
}<br />
th {<br />
padding: 0.75em;<br />
}<br />
tbody tr {<br />
background-color: #F1F1F1;<br />
border-bottom: 1px solid white;<br />
color: #6E6E6E;<br />
}<br />
tbody td {<br />
padding: 0.75em;<br />
}<br />
86</p>
<p> Styling Tables<br />
Hover & Zebras<br />
tbody tr:hover {<br />
background-color: #9e9e9e;<br />
color: black;<br />
}<br />
tbody tr:nth-child(even) {<br />
background-color: lightgray;<br />
}<br />
87<br />
CSS Frameworks<br />
88</p>
<p> CSS Frameworks and Preprocessors<br />
Grid in print design<br />
Most page design begins with a grid. In this case, a seven-column grid is being used to layout page elements in Adobe InDesign.<br />
Without the gridlines visible, the elements on the page do not look random, but planned and harmonious.<br />
89<br />
CSS Frameworks and Preprocessors<br />
Using Bootstrap<br />
<head>
<link href="bootstrap.css" rel="stylesheet">
</head><br />
<body></p>
<div class="container">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-2"> left column
</div>
<div class="col-md-7">
main content
</div>
<div class="col-md-3"> right column
</div>
</p></div>
</p></div>
<p></body><br />
90</p>
<p> CSS Frameworks and Preprocessors<br />
CSS Preprocessors<br />
$colorSchemeA: #796d6d; $colorSchemeB: #9c9c9c; $paddingCommon: 0.25em;<br />
footer {<br />
background-color: $colorSchemeA; padding: $paddingCommon * 2;<br />
}<br />
@mixin rectangle($colorBack, $colorBorder) { border: solid 1pt $colorBorder;<br />
margin: 3px;<br />
background-color: $colorBack;<br />
}<br />
fieldset {<br />
@include rectangle($colorSchemeB, $colorSchemeA);<br />
}<br />
.box {<br />
@include rectangle($colorSchemeA, $colorSchemeB); padding: $paddingCommon;<br />
}<br />
Sass source file, e.g., source.scss<br />
This example uses Sass (Syntactically Awesome Stylesheets). Here three variables are defined.<br />
You can reference variables elsewhere. Sass also supports math operators on its variables.<br />
A mixin is like a function and can take parameters. You can use mixins to encapsulate common styling.<br />
A mixin can be referenced/called and passed parameters.<br />
The processor is some type of tool that the developer would run.<br />
The output from the processor is a normal CSS file that would then be referenced in the HTML source file.<br />
Sass Processor<br />
footer {<br />
padding: 0.50em; background-color: #796d6d;<br />
}<br />
fieldset {<br />
border: solid 1pt #796d6d; margin: 3px; background-color: #9c9c9c;<br />
}<br />
.box {<br />
border: solid 1pt #9c9c9c; margin: 3px; background-color: #796d6d; padding: 0.25em;<br />
}<br />
Generated CSS file, e.g., styles.css<br />
91</p>
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