Digital System Design 4 Lecture 3 – Modern Technology and Types of Computer
Dr Stewart Smith & Dr Chang Liu
Stewart Smith Digital Systems Design 4
Summary of Last Lecture
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Events leading up to the development of the stored program computer.
The separation between design, and implementation.
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Digital Systems Design 4
This Lecture
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Types of computing
(§1.1 – Introduction)
Software / Hardware Hierarchy
(§1.2 – Below Your Programme) Parts of a computer
(§1.3 – Under the Covers)
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Eight Great Ideas in Computer Architecture
• • • • • • • •
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Design for Moore’s Law
Use Abstraction to Simplify Design
Make the Common Case Fast
Performance via Parallelism
Performance via Pipelining
Performance via Prediction
Hierarchy of Memories
Dependability via Redundancy
Patterson and Hennesey 5th Ed, Pages 11-12. Digital Systems Design 4
Below Your Program
• Application software
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Written in high-level language • System software
Compiler: translates HLL code to machine code
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– – –
• Hardware
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Operating System: service code
Handling input/output
Managing memory and storage Scheduling tasks & sharing resources
Processor, memory, I/O controllers
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Digital Systems Design 4
Levels of Program Code
• High-level language
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• Assembly language
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• Hardware representation
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Level of abstraction closer to problem domain
Provides for productivity and portability
Textual representation of instructions
Binary digits (bits)
Encoded instructions and data
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Parts of a Computer
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Manufacturing ICs
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Manufacturing ICs
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Intel Core i7 wafer
300mm wafer, 280 chips, 32nm technology Each chip is 20.7 x 10.5 mm
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Digital Systems Design 4
Manufacturing ICs
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Intel Core i7 – Quad Core
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Revision – Types of Computing
Types of Computing
• Embedded
‣ Phones, TVs, ADSL ‣ ARM
• Consumer (Home/Business) ‣ PCs
• Datacenter
Types of Computer
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Texas Instruments • FPGA
Google, Amazon, etc. • Supercomputer
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Top 500 (http:// www.top500.org) Scientific Computing Finance
Big Industry (Oil/Gas/ Medical)
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Microcontroller
‣ PIC, Arduino, MSP430
Digital Signal Processor (DSP)
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‣ Xilinx, Altera
• Microprocessor
‣ ARM, Intel, AMD
• (General Purpose) Graphics Processing Unit (GPGPU)
‣ Nvidia, AMD Digital Systems Design 4
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The Computing Revolution
2006 survey showed that US families owned an average of 12 gadgets.
Stewart Smith Digital Systems Design 4
Millions
The Computing Revolution
Cell phone (not including smart phone)
Smart phone sales
PC (not including tablets)
Tablet
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Digital Systems Design 4
Millions
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
Smart phone
Post-PC era
Cell phone
(excluding smart phones)
PC (excluding tablets) Tablet
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Digital Systems Design 4
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
Millions
Which is the best car?
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Performance
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A rigorous analysis will have to wait till Lecture 4 Key things to think about for now:
Throughput
– Work / Time
Cost Effectiveness
– Performance / Price
Relative Performance
– For a fixed task, which does it faster?
Power Efficiency
– Performance / Power
Multiprocessor Performance – Adding more processors…
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Choice of System
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Consider an application… a robot, a quadcopter, a 3D printer, a video editing computer, a web facing camera, a data centre…
How do we choose our development platform?
Stewart Smith Digital Systems Design 4
Types of Computing: Embedded
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Important
Low Price
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Small package ‣ Low Power
Not important
Performance
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Flexibility
‣ Multitasking
May need
Low Latency (real-time controllers)
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Digital Systems Design 4
Types of Computing: Consumer
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Range of markets
Smart phones / tablets Laptops
Home PCs Workstation PCs
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•‣ Gaming PCs
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Price / power / performance depend on market
Need to support multitasking
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Types of Computing: Datacenter
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Reliability
Availability of replacement parts •‣ Cost
Not particularly important
Performance Size
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Important
Power
– Require cooling
– Cost of power main overhead
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Digital Systems Design 4
Types of Computing: Supercomputing
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Performance! •‣ (Flexibility)
Not important
Cost
Size
•‣ Multitasking
May be important
Power
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Important
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Digital Systems Design 4
Types of Computing: Requirements
Embedded
Consumer
Datacenter
Supercompu2ng
Price
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Latency
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Throughput
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Power
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Mul2tasking
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Flexibility
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Types of Computer: Comparison
Microcontroller
DSP
FPGA
Microprocessor
GPGPU
Price
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Latency
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Throughput
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Parallelism
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Power
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Mul2tasking
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Flexibility
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Ease of Programming
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Stewart Smith Digital Systems Design 4
Types of Computing: Market
Microcontroller
DSP
FPGA
Microprocessor
GPGPU
Embedded
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Consumer
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Datacenter
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Supercomputer
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Parts of a Computer
• Processor
• Memory/Storage
• Input
• Output
• Control
• Power Supply • Cooling
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Digital Systems Design 4
Embedded Systems
• Processor
‣ May be a simple microcontroller (+ DSP)
• Input / Output ‣ Serial Links
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‣ May be integrated with
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Direct connection to other circuits
A ‘core’ on a larger chip • Memory
processor • Storage
‣ Usually Flash RAM Stewart Smith
• Power Supply
‣ Low power DC / battery
• Cooling
‣ Not usually required
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ADSL Modem
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ADSL Modem
1. Telephone decoupling electronics (for ADSL). 2. Multicolour LED (displaying network status).
3. Single colour LED (displaying USB status).
4. Main processor, a TNETD7300GDU, a member
of Texas Instruments’ AR7 product line.
5. JTAG (Joint Test Action Group) test and
programming port.
6. RAM, a single ESMT M12L64164A 8 MB chip. 7. Flash memory, obscured by sticker.
8. Power supply regulator.
9. Main power supply fuse.
10. Power connector.
11. Reset button.
12. Quartz crystal.
13. Ethernet port.
14. Ethernet transformer, Delta LF8505.
15. KS8721B ethernet PHY transmitter receiver. 16. USB port.
17. Telephone (RJ11) port.
18. Telephone connector fuses.
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Digital Systems Design 4
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(Human Interface Devices) Network (Ethernet / Wifi)
• Power Supply
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Consumer Grade Computers
• Processor
‣ Stand-alone processor
‣ Integrated floating point unit
• Input / Output
Integrated graphics • Memory
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• Storage
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• Cooling
Off-chip Dynamic RAM (DDR)
DC transformer / Batteries
Magnetic Disk
Solid State Disks / Flash
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Air cooling (usually)
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‣ Keyboards / Mice
Monitor
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Domestic PC
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Domestic PC
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iPad Teardown
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• Processor
‣ Commodity PC hardware
‣ Whatever is available + good value
• Memory
‣ Off-chip Dynamic RAM (DDR)
• Input / Output
‣ Internet bearer ethernet
• Power Supply
‣ Industrial scale supplies
‣ Sited near power stations ‣ Geothermal (Iceland)
• Cooling
‣ Air / Chilled Water Cooling
• Storage
‣ Magnetic Disk
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‣ Sited for cooling (Iceland) Digital Systems Design 4
Datacenter
Datacenter
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Google Datacenter: Blade
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Datacenter: I/O
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Datacenter: Cooling
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• Processor
‣ High end multicore PC
‣ FPGA clusters
‣ GPGPUs
‣ Whatever has high performance
• Memory
‣ Off-chip Dynamic RAM (DDR)
• Storage
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• Input / Output ‣ Ethernet
• Power Supply
‣ Industrial scale supplies
• Cooling
‣ Air / Chilled Water Cooling
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Magnetic Disk
Supercomputer
Refrigeration
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Supercomputing: Cray-1
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Supercomputing: Power Supply
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Supercomputing: Cooling
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Next Lecture – Performance
• • • • •
Performance criteria
Execution time and throughput Relative performance – comparison Cost and power
Multiprocessor performance
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Digital Systems Design 4