CS计算机代考程序代写 ER AI COPE-02 Hardware-Software Interface.indd

COPE-02 Hardware-Software Interface.indd

10
3

H
ar

d
w

ar
e

/S
o

ft
w

ar
e

I
n

te
rf

ac
e

0
2

1
U

w
e

R
.

Z
im

m
er

, T
h

e
A

u
st

ra
li

an
N

at
io

n
al

U
n

iv
er

si
ty

ag
e

1
0

3
o

f
4

8
1

(
ch

ap
te

r
2

:
“H

ar
d
w

ar
e/

So
ft

w
ar

e
In

te
rf

ac
e”

u
p

t
o

p
ag

e
1

5
0

)

A
d
d
in

g
th

e
va

lu
e

o
f

tw
o
r

eg
is

te
rs

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

C
0

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

r
0

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

r
1

r
2

r
3

r
4
r
5

r
6

r
7

r
8

r
9

r
1
0

r
1
1

r
1
2

S
P
L
R
P
C

A
L
U

R
e
g
i
s
t
e
r

b
a
n
k

S
t
a
t
u
s

f
l
a
g
s

D
D

1
5

1
4

1
3

1
2

1
1

1
0

9
8

7
6

5
4

3
2

1
0

0
1

0
0

A
N
D
S

r
5
,

r
6

0
0

0
1

1
1

1
6
#
3
5
#

1
6
#
4
0
#

A
ss

e
m

b
le

r
D

is
as

se
m

b
le

r
5

:
=

r
5

r
6

10
0

H
ar

d
w

ar
e

/S
o

ft
w

ar
e

I
n

te
rf

ac
e

0
2

1
U

w
e

R
.

Z
im

m
er

, T
h

e
A

u
st

ra
li

an
N

at
io

n
al

U
n

iv
er

si
ty

ag
e

1
0

0
o

f
4

8
1

(
ch

ap
te

r
2

:
“H

ar
d
w

ar
e/

So
ft

w
ar

e
In

te
rf

ac
e”

u
p

t
o

p
ag

e
1

5
0

)

A
d
d
in

g
th

e
va

lu
e

o
f

tw
o
r

eg
is

te
rs

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

C
0

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

r
0

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

r
1

r
2

r
3

r
4
r
5

r
6

r
7

r
8

r
9

r
1
0

r
1
1

r
1
2

S
P
L
R
P
C

A
L
U

R
e
g
i
s
t
e
r

b
a
n
k

S
t
a
t
u
s

f
l
a
g
s

D
D

1
5

1
4

1
3

1
2

1
1

1
0

9
8

7
6

5
4

3
2

1
0

0
0

0
1

1
0

0
R

m
R

n
R

A
D
D
S

< R d >
,

< R n >
,

< R m >

O
p

C
o

d
e

A
rg

u
m

en
ts

2
H

ar
d
w

ar
e/

So
ft
w

ar
e

In
te

rf
ac

U
w

e
R

.
Z

im
m

er
–

T
h
e

A
u
st

ra
li
an

N
at

io
n
al

U
n
iv

er
si

C
o

m
p

u
te

r
O

rg
an

is
at

io
n

&
P

ro
g

ra
m

E
xe

cu
ti

o
n

2
02

10
4

H
ar

d
w

ar
e

/S
o

ft
w

ar
e

I
n

te
rf

ac
e

0
2

1
U

w
e

R
.

Z
im

m
er

, T
h

e
A

u
st

ra
li

an
N

at
io

n
al

U
n

iv
er

si
ty

ag
e

1
0

4
o

f
4
8

1
(

ch
ap

te
r

2
:

“H
ar

d
w

ar
e/

So
ft

w
ar

e
In

te
rf

ac
e”

u
p

t
o

p
ag

e
1

5
0

)

A
d
d
in

g
th

e
va

lu
e

o
f

tw
o
r

eg
is

te
rs

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

C
0

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

r
0

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

i
O

P
1-

4
R

e
su

lt
i

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

i
O

P
1-

4
R

e
su

lt
i

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

i
O

P
1-

4
R

e
su

lt
i

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

i
O

P
1-

4
R

e
su

lt
i

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

i
O

P
1-

4
R

e
su

lt
i

r
1

r
2

r
3

r
4

r
5

r
6

r
7

r
8

r
9

r
1
0

r
1
1

r
1
2

S
P

L
R

P
C

A
L
U

R
e
g
i
s
t
e
r

b
a
n
k

S
t
a
t
u
s

f
l
a
g
s

D
D

1
6
#
D
4
#

1
5

1
4

1
3

1
2

1
1

1
0

9
8

7
6

5
4

3
2

1
0

0
0

0
1

1
0

A
D
D
S

r
4
,

r
2
,

r
3

1
0

0
0

1
0

0
1

1
6
#
1
8
#

1
5

1
4

1
3

1
2

1
1

1
0

9
8

7
6

5
4

3
2

1
0

0
0

0
1

1
0

A
D
D
S

r
4
,

r
2
,

r
3

0
1

1
1

0
0

0
1

1
6
#
1
8
#

1
6
#
D
4
#

A
ss

e
m

b
le

r
D

is
as

se
m

b
le

r
4

:
=

r
2

r
3

R
e

su
lt

i
O

P
1-

4
R

e
su

lt
i

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

i
O

P
1-

4
R

e
su

lt
i

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

i
O

P
1-

4
R

e
su

lt
i

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

i
O

P
1-

4
R

e
su

lt
i

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

i
O

P
1-

4
R

e
su

lt
i

S
ta

tu
s

fl
ag

s
se

•
N

N
e

g
at

iv
e

(
M

S
B

=
1

)

•
Z

Z
e

ro
(

al
l

b
it

s
ze

ro
)

•
C

C
ar

ry
(

ca
rr

y
o

u
t)

•
V

O
ve

rfl
o

w
(

si
g

n
w

ro
n

g
)

10
1

H
ar

d
w

ar
e

/S
o

ft
w

ar
e

I
n

te
rf

ac
e

0
2

1
U

w
e

R
.

Z
im

m
er

, T
h

e
A

u
st

ra
li

an
N

at
io

n
al

U
n

iv
er

si
ty

ag
e

1
0

1
o

f
4
8

1
(

ch
ap

te
r

2
:

“H
ar

d
w

ar
e/

So
ft

w
ar

e
In

te
rf

ac
e”

u
p

t
o

p
ag

e
1

5
0

)

A
d
d
in

g
th

e
va

lu
e

o
f

tw
o
r

eg
is

te
rs

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

C
0

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

r
0

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

O
R

O
P

1-
4

r
1

r
2

r
3

r
4

r
5

r
6

r
7

r
8

r
9

r
1
0

r
1
1

r
1
2

S
P

L
R

P
C

A
L
U

R
e
g
i
s
t
e
r

b
a
n
k

S
t
a
t
u
s

f
l
a
g
s

D
D

1
6
#
D
4
#

1
5

1
4

1
3

1
2

1
1

1
0

9
8

7
6

5
4

3
2

1
0

0
0

0
1

1
0

A
D
D
S

r
4
,

r
2
,

r
3

1
0

0
0

1
0

0
1

1
6
#
1
8
#

1
5

1
4

1
3

1
2

1
1

1
0

9
8

7
6

5
4

3
2

1
0

0
0

0
1

1
0

A
D
D
S

r
4
,

r
2
,

r
3

0
1

1
1

0
0

0
1

1
6
#
1
8
#

1
6
#
D
4
#

A
ss

e
m

b
le

r
D

is
as

se
m

b
le

r
4

:
=

r
2

r
3

S
ta

tu
s

fl
ag

s
se

•
N

N
e

g
at

iv
e

(
M

S
B

=
1

)

•
Z

Z
e

ro
(

al
l

b
it

s
ze

ro
)

•
C

C
ar

ry
(

ca
rr

y
o

u
t)

•
V

O
ve

rfl
o

w
(

si
g

n
w

ro
n

g
)

H
ar

d
w

ar
e

/S
o

ft
w

ar
e

I
n

te
rf

ac
e

0
2

1
U

w
e

R
.

Z
im

m
er

, T
h

e
A

u
st

ra
li

an
N

at
io

n
al

U
n

iv
er

si
ty

ag
e

9
8

o
f

4
8

1
(

ch
ap

te
r

2
:

“H
ar

d
w

ar
e/

So
ft

w
ar

e
In

te
rf

ac
e”

u
p

t
o

p
ag

e
1

5
0

)

R
ef

er
en

ce
s

fo
r

th
is

c
h
ap

te
r

[P
at

te
rs

o
n

17
]

D
av

id
A

. P
at

te
rs

o
n

&
J

o
h

n
L

. H
e

n
n

e
ss

y
C

o
m

p
u

te
r

O
rg

an
iz

at
io

n
a

n
d

D
e

si
g

n
–

T
h

e
H

ar
d

w
ar

e
/S

o
ft

w
ar

e
I

n
te

rf
ac

e
C

h
ap

te
r

2
“I

n
st

ru
ct

io
n

s:
L

an
g

u
ag

e
o

f
th

e
C

o
m

p
u

te
r”

&
C

h
ap

te
r

3
“A

ri
th

m
e

ti
c

fo
r

C
o

m
p

u
te

rs
”

A
R

M
e

d
it

io
n

, M
o

rg
an

K
au

fm
an

n
2

01
7

10
5

H
ar

d
w

ar
e

/S
o

ft
w

ar
e

I
n

te
rf

ac
e

0
2

1
U

w
e

R
.

Z
im

m
er

, T
h

e
A

u
st

ra
li

an
N

at
io

n
al

U
n

iv
er

si
ty

ag
e

1
0

5
o

f
4
8

1
(

ch
ap

te
r

2
:

“H
ar

d
w

ar
e/

So
ft

w
ar

e
In

te
rf

ac
e”

u
p

t
o

p
ag

e
1

5
0

)

A
R

M
v

7
-M

3
2
b

it
a

d
d
i
n
st

ru
ct

io
n
s

a
d
d
{
s
}
< c >
< q >

{
< R d >
,
}

< R n >
,

< R m >

{
,
< s h i f t >
}

a
d
c
{
s
}
< c >
< q >

{
< R d >
,
}

< R n >
,

< R m >

{
,
< s h i f t >
}

a
d
d
{
s
}
< c >
< q >

{
< R d >
,
}

< R n >
,

#
< c o n s t >

a
d
c
{
s
}
< c >
< q >

{
< R d >
,
}

< R n >
,

#
< c o n s t >

q
a
d
d
< c >
< q >

{
< R d >
,
}

< R n >
,

< R m >

s
: s

et
s

th
e
fl

ag
s

b
as

e
d

o
n

t
h

e
r

e
su

c
: m

ak
e

s
th

e
c

o
m

m
an

d
c

o
n
d
it

io
n
al

. < c>

c
an

b
e

E
Q

(
e

q
u

al
),

N
E

(n
o

t
e

q
u

al
),

C
S

(
ca

rr
y

se
t)

, C
C

(
ca

rr
y

cl
e

ar
),

M
I

(m
in

u
s)

, P
L

(p
lu

s)
, V

S
(

o
ve

rfl
o

w
s

e
t)

, V
C

(
o

ve
rfl

o
w

c
le

ar
),

I
(u

n
si

g
n

e
d

h
ig

h
e

r)
, L

S
(

u
n

si
g

n
e

d
l

o
w

e
r

o
r

sa
m

e
),

G
E

(s
ig

n
e

d
g

re
at

e
r

o
r

e
q

u
al

LT
(

si
g

n
e

d
l

e
ss

),
G

T
(

si
g

n
e

d
g

re
at

e
r)

, L
E

(s
ig

n
e

d
l

e
ss

o
r

e
q

u
al

),
A

L
(a

lw
ay

q
: i

n
st

ru
ct

io
n
w

id
th

. C
an

b
e

.
N

f
o

r
n

ar
ro

w
(

16
b

it
)

o
r
.
W

f
o

r
w

id
e

(
32

b
it

)

R
d

, R
n

, R
m

: a
n
y

re
gi

st
er

, i
n

cl
. S
P

, L
R

a
n

d
P
C

(
w

it
h

s
o

m
e

r
e

st
ri

ct
io

n
s)

. R
e

su
lt

g
o

e
s

to
R
n

(
if

n
o

R
d

s
h
i
f
t

: v
al

u
e

o
f
R
m

i
s

p
re

p
ro

ce
ss

ed
w

it
h

L
S
L

(
lo

g
ic

al
s

h
if

t
le

ft
–

fi
l

ls
z

e
ro

s)
, L
S
R

(
lo

g
ic

al
s

h
if

t
ri

g
h

t
–

fi
ll

s
ze

ro
s)

, A
S
R

(
ar

it
h

m
e

ti
c

sh
if

t
ri

g
h

t
–

k
e

e
p

s
si

g
n

)
o

r
R
O
R

(
ro

ta
te

r
ig

h
t)

f
o

ll
o

w
e

d
b

y
th

e
#

n
u

m
b

e
r

o
f

b
it

s
to

s
h

if
t/

ro
ta

te
b

y.
T

h
e

re
i

s
al

so
a

R
R
X

(
ro

ta
te

r
ig

h
t

b
y

o
n

e
i

n
cl

. c
ar

ry
fl

a
g

)

c
o
n
s
t

: a
n

im
m

ed
ia

te
v

al
u
e

in
t

h
e

r
an

g
e

0
..

4
09

5
d

ir
e

ct
ly

o
r

in
t

h
e

r
an

g
e

0
..

2
55

w
it

h
r

o
ta

ti
o

n
.

a
d
d
s

r
1
,

r
4
,

r
5

a
d
c
s

r
1
,

r
4

q
a
d
d

r
1
,

r
4
,

r
5

a
d
d

r
1
,

#
1

10
2

H
ar

d
w

ar
e

/S
o

ft
w

ar
e

I
n

te
rf

ac
e

0
2

1
U

w
e

R
.

Z
im

m
er

, T
h

e
A

u
st

ra
li

an
N

at
io

n
al

U
n

iv
er

si
ty

ag
e

1
0

2
o

f
4
8

1
(

ch
ap

te
r

2
:

“H
ar

d
w

ar
e/

So
ft

w
ar

e
In

te
rf

ac
e”

u
p

t
o

p
ag

e
1

5
0

)

A
d
d
in

g
th

e
va

lu
e

o
f

tw
o
r

eg
is

te
rs

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

C
0

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

r
0

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

r
1

r
2

r
3

r
4
r
5

r
6

r
7

r
8

r
9

r
1
0

r
1
1

r
1
2

S
P
L
R
P
C

A
L
U

R
e
g
i
s
t
e
r

b
a
n
k

S
t
a
t
u
s

f
l
a
g
s

D
D

1
5

1
4

1
3

1
2

1
1

1
0

9
8

7
6

5
4

3
2

1
0

0
1

0
0

0
R

m
R

d
n

A
N
D
S

< R d n >
,

< R m >

O
p

C
o

d
e

A
rg

u
m

en
ts

0
0

H
ar

d
w

ar
e

/S
o

ft
w

ar
e

I
n

te
rf

ac
e

0
2

1
U

w
e

R
.

Z
im

m
er

, T
h

e
A

u
st

ra
li

an
N

at
io

n
al

U
n

iv
er

si
ty

ag
e

9
9

o
f

4
8

1
(

ch
ap

te
r

2
:

“H
ar

d
w

ar
e/

So
ft

w
ar

e
In

te
rf

ac
e”

u
p

t
o

p
ag

e
1

5
0

)

A
d
d
in

g
th

e
va

lu
e

o
f

tw
o
r

eg
is

te
rs

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

C
0

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

r
0

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

A
i

XO
R

AN
D

B
i

XO
R

AN
D

O
R

S
i

AN
D

O
R

O
P

1-
4

R
e

su
lt

r
1

r
2

r
3

r
4
r
5

r
6

r
7

r
8

r
9

r
1
0

r
1
1

r
1
2

S
P
L
R
P
C

A
L
U

R
e
g
i
s
t
e
r

b
a
n
k

S
t
a
t
u
s

f
l
a
g
s

D
D

T
h

e
C

P
U

w
il

l
fe

tc
h

t
h

e
c

o
n

te
n

t
o

f
th

e
m

o
ry

c
e

ll
w

h
ic

h
P
C

i
s

p
o

in
ti

n
g

t
o

W
e

w
an

t
th

e
C

P
U

t
o

e
xe

cu
te

:
r
4

:
=

r
2

r
3

W
h

at
t

o
s

to
re

i
n

t
h

is
m

e
m

o
ry

c
e

ll
?

11
2

H
ar

d
w

ar
e

/S
o

ft
w

ar
e

I
n

te
rf

ac
e

0
2

1
U

w
e

R
.

Z
im

m
er

, T
h

e
A

u
st

ra
li

an
N

at
io

n
al

U
n

iv
er

si
ty

ag
e

1
1

2
o

f
4

8
1

(
ch

ap
te

r
2

:
“H

ar
d
w

ar
e/

So
ft

w
ar

e
In

te
rf

ac
e”

u
p

t
o

p
ag

e
1

5
0

)

A
R

M
v

7
-M

M
o
ve

d
at

a
in

si
d
e

th
e

C
P
U

m
o
v
{
s
}
< c >
< q >

< R d >
,

< R m >

m
o
v
{
s
}
< c >
< q >

< R d >
,

#
< c o n s t >

;

R
d

:
=

R
m

;

R
d

:
=

c
o
n
s
t

l
s
r
{
s
}
< c >
< q >

< R d >
,

< R m >
,

#
< n >

l
s
r
{
s
}
< c >
< q >

< R d >
,

< R m >
,

< R s >

;

0
0

3
1

3
0

2
9

2
8

2
7

2
6

2
5

2
4

2
3

2
2

2
1

2
0

1
9

1
8

1
7

1
6

x
1
5

1
4

1
3

1
2

1
1

1
0

9
8

7
6

5
4

3
2

1
0

.
.

C . c
n

xxx

ccc

a
s
r
{
s
}
< c >
< q >

< R d >
,

< R m >
,

#
< n >

a
s
r
{
s
}
< c >
< q >

< R d >
,

< R m >
,

< R s >

;

s
s

3
1

3
0

2
9

2
8

s
2

1
0

.
.

C . c
n

sss

l
s
l
{
s
}
< c >
< q >

< R d >
,

< R m >
,

#
< n >

l
s
l
{
s
}
< c >
< q >

< R d >
,

< R m >
,

< R s >

;

0
0

3
1

3
0

2
9

9
8

7
6

5
4

3
2

1
0

x
x

.
.

x
x

C .
n

xxx
xxx

ccc

r
o
r
{
s
}
< c >
< q >

< R d >
,

< R m >
,

#
< n >

r
o
r
{
s
}
< c >
< q >

< R d >
,

< R m >
,

< R s >

;

c
b

3
1

3
0

2
9

2
8

2
7

2
6

2
5

2
4

2
3

2
2

2
1

2
0

1
9

1
8

1
7

1
6

x
1
5

1
4

1
3

1
2

1
1

1
0

9
8

7
6

5
4

3
2

1
0

x
x

x
c

b
a

x
x

C .
ccc

bbbbb
aaa

n
xxx

xxx
xxx

xxx

xxx
xxx

xxx
ccc

ccc
bbbbb

aaa

r
r
x
{
s
}
< c >
< q >

< R d >
,

< R m >

;

x
x

3
1

3
0

2
9

2
8

2
7

2
6

2
5

2
4

2
3

2
2

2
1

2
0

1
9

1
8

1
7

1
6

x
x

1
5

1
4

1
3

1
2

1
1

1
0

9
8

7
6

5
4

3
2

1
0

x
x

x
y

x
x

C y

xxx
xxx

xxx

xxx
xxx

xxxyyyyyyy

yyyyyy
ccc

cccc

If
t

h
is

i
s

n
u

m
b

e
rs

t
h

e
n

…

/
R

m
2

n
r

o
u

n
d

e
d

t
o

w
ar

d
s

3
–

R
m

2
n

9
8

fo
r

2’
s

co
m

p
le

m
e

n
ts

10
9

H
ar

d
w

ar
e

/S
o

ft
w

ar
e

I
n

te
rf

ac
e

0
2

1
U

w
e

R
.

Z
im

m
er

, T
h

e
A

u
st

ra
li

an
N

at
io

n
al

U
n

iv
er

si
ty

ag
e

1
0

9
o

f
4

8
1

(
ch

ap
te

r
2

:
“H

ar
d
w

ar
e/

So
ft

w
ar

e
In

te
rf

ac
e”

u
p

t
o

p
ag

e
1

5
0

)

6
4
b

it
A

d
d
it

io
n
,
Su

b
tr

ac
ti

o
n

A
s

yo
u

r
re

g
is

te
rs

a
re

3
2

b
it

w
id

e
, y

o
u

n
e

e
d

t
w

o
s

te
p

s
to

a
d

d
t

w
o

6
4

b
it

n
u

m
b

e
rs

i
n

r
3

:r
2

, r
5

:r
4

(
w

it
h

r
2

a
n

d
r
4

b
e

in
g

t
h

e
l

o
w

e
r

32
b

it
s)

t
o

o
n

e
6

4
b

it
n

u
m

b
e

r
in

r
1

:r
0

a
d
d
s

r
0
,

r
2
,

r
4

;

r
0

:
=

r
2

r
4

a
d
d

l
e
a
s
t

s
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t

w
o
r
d
s
,

s
e
t

f
l
a
g
s

a
d
c
s

r
1
,

r
3
,

r
5

;

r
1

:
=

r
3

r
5

a
d
d

m
o
s
t

s
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t

w
o
r
d
s

a
n
d

c
a
r
r
y

b
i
t

…
a

n
d

s
ym

m
e

tr
ic

al
ly

i
f

yo
u

n
e

e
d

a
6

4
b

it
s

u
b

tr
ac

ti
o

n
:

s
u
b
s

r
0
,

r
2
,

r
4

;

r
0

:
=

r
2

–

r
4

l
e
a
s
t

s
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t

w
o
r
d
s
,

s
e
t

f
l
a
g
s

s
b
c
s

r
1
,

r
3
,

r
5

;

r
1

:
=

r
3

–

r
5

–

N
O
T

(
C
)

m
o
s
t

s
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t

w
o
r
d
s

a
n
d

c
a
r
r
y

b
i
t

10
6

H
ar

d
w

ar
e

/S
o

ft
w

ar
e

I
n

te
rf

ac
e

0
2

1
U

w
e

R
.

Z
im

m
er

, T
h

e
A

u
st

ra
li

an
N

at
io

n
al

U
n

iv
er

si
ty

ag
e

1
0

6
o

f
4

8
1

(
ch

ap
te

r
2

:
“H

ar
d
w

ar
e/

So
ft

w
ar

e
In

te
rf

ac
e”

u
p

t
o

p
ag

e
1

5
0

)

A
R

M
v

7
-M

3
2
b

it
a

d
d
i
n
st

ru
ct

io
n
s

a
d
d
{
s
}
< c >
< q >

{
< R d >
,
}

< R n >
,

< R m >

{
,
< s h i f t >
}

a
d
c
{
s
}
< c >
< q >

{
< R d >
,
}

< R n >
,

< R m >

{
,
< s h i f t >
}

a
d
d
{
s
}
< c >
< q >

{
< R d >
,
}

< R n >
,

#
< c o n s t >

a
d
c
{
s
}
< c >
< q >

{
< R d >
,
}

< R n >
,

#
< c o n s t >

q
a
d
d
< c >
< q >

{
< R d >
,
}

< R n >
,

< R m >

s
: s

et
s

th
e
fl

ag
s

b
as

e
d

o
n

t
h

e
r

e
su

c
: m

ak
e

s
th

e
c

o
m

m
an

d
c

o
n
d
it

io
n
al

. < c>

c
an

b
e

E
Q

(
e

q
u

al
),

N
E

(n
o

t
e

q
u

al
),

C
S

(
ca

rr
y

se
t)

, C
C

(
ca

rr
y

cl
e

ar
),

M
I

(m
in

u
s)

, P
L

(p
lu

s)
, V

S
(

o
ve

rfl
o

w
s

e
t)

, V
C

(
o

ve
rfl

o
w

c
le

ar
),

I
(u

n
si

g
n

e
d

h
ig

h
e

r)
, L

S
(

u
n

si
g

n
e

d
l

o
w

e
r

o
r

sa
m

e
),

G
E

(s
ig

n
e

d
g

re
at

e
r

o
r

e
q

u
al

LT
(

si
g

n
e

d
l

e
ss

),
G

T
(

si
g

n
e

d
g

re
at

e
r)

, L
E

(s
ig

n
e

d
l

e
ss

o
r

e
q

u
al

),
A

L
(a

lw
ay

q
: i

n
st

ru
ct

io
n
w

id
th

. C
an

b
e

.
N

f
o

r
n

ar
ro

w
(

16
b

it
)

o
r
.
W

f
o

r
w

id
e

(
32

b
it

)

R
d

, R
n

, R
m

: a
n
y

re
gi

st
er

, i
n

cl
. S
P

, L
R

a
n

d
P
C

(
w

it
h

s
o

m
e

r
e

st
ri

ct
io

n
s)

. R
e

su
lt

g
o

e
s

to
R
n

(
if

n
o

R
d

s
h
i
f
t

: v
al

u
e

o
f
R
m

i
s

p
re

p
ro

ce
ss

ed
w

it
h

L
S
L

(
lo

g
ic

al
s

h
if

t
le

ft
–

fi
l

ls
z

e
ro

s)
, L
S
R

(
lo

g
ic

al
s

h
if

t
ri

g
h

t
–

fi
ll

s
ze

ro
s)

, A
S
R

(
ar

it
h

m
e

ti
c

sh
if

t
ri

g
h

t
–

k
e

e
p

s
si

g
n

)
o

r
R
O
R

(
ro

ta
te

r
ig

h
t)

f
o

ll
o

w
e

d
b

y
th

e
#

n
u

m
b

e
r

o
f

b
it

s
to

s
h

if
t/

ro
ta

te
b

y.
T

h
e

re
i

s
al

so
a

R
R
X

(
ro

ta
te

r
ig

h
t

b
y

o
n

e
i

n
cl

. c
ar

ry
fl

a
g

)

c
o
n
s
t

: a
n

im
m

ed
ia

te
v

al
u
e

in
t

h
e

r
an

g
e

0
..

4
09

5
d

ir
e

ct
ly

o
r

in
t

h
e

r
an

g
e

0
..

2
55

w
it

h
r

o
ta

ti
o

n
.

A
n

y
o

f
th

o
se

i
n

st
ru

ct
io

n
s

re
q

u
ir

e
s

e
xa

ct
ly

o
n

e
C

P
U

c
yc

(i
n

t
e

rm
s

o
f

th
ro

u
g

h
p

u
t)

“R
e

d
u

ce
d

I
n

st
ru

ct
io

S
e

t
C

o
m

p
u

ti
n

g
(

R
IS

C
)”

11
3

H
ar

d
w

ar
e

/S
o

ft
w

ar
e

I
n

te
rf

ac
e

0
2

1
U

w
e

R
.

Z
im

m
er

, T
h

e
A

u
st

ra
li

an
N

at
io

n
al

U
n

iv
er

si
ty

ag
e

1
1

3
o

f
4
8

1
(

ch
ap

te
r

2
:

“H
ar

d
w

ar
e/

So
ft

w
ar

e
In

te
rf

ac
e”

u
p

t
o

p
ag

e
1

5
0

)

Si
m

p
le

a
ri

th
m

et
ic

i
n
si

d
e

th
e

C
P
U

C
al

cu
la

te
:

:
=

–

2
*
c

as
su

m
in

g
a

ll
t

yp
e

s
ar

e
3

2
b

it
2

’s
c

o
m

p
le

m
e

n
t

n
u

m
b

e
rs

(
I
n
t
e
g
e
r

),
r
1

h
o

ld
s
a

, r
2

h
o

ld
s
b

, r
3

h
o

ld
s
c

, a
n

d
t

h
e

r
e

su
lt

s
sh

o
u

ld
b

e
i

n
r
4

11
0

H
ar

d
w

ar
e

/S
o

ft
w

ar
e

I
n

te
rf

ac
e

0
2

1
U

w
e

R
.

Z
im

m
er

, T
h

e
A

u
st

ra
li

an
N

at
io

n
al

U
n

iv
er

si
ty

ag
e

1
1

0
o

f
4
8

1
(

ch
ap

te
r

2
:

“H
ar

d
w

ar
e/

So
ft

w
ar

e
In

te
rf

ac
e”

u
p

t
o

p
ag

e
1

5
0

)

A
R

M
v

7
-M

3
2
b

it
B

o
o
le

an
(

b
it

-w
is

e)
i
n
st

ru
ct

io
n
s

a
n
d
{
s
}
< c >
< q >

{
< R d >
,
}

< R n >
,

< R m >

{
,
< s h i f t >
}
;

:
R

d
R

n
R

m
sh

if
te

d
/

b
i
c
{
s
}
< c >
< q >

{
< R d >
,
}

< R n >
,

< R m >

{
,
< s h i f t >
}
;

:
R

d
R

n
R

m
sh

if
te

d
/

=
o
r
r
{
s
}
< c >
< q >

{
< R d >
,
}

< R n >
,

< R m >

{
,
< s h i f t >
}
;

:
R

d
R

n
R

m
sh

if
te

d
0

o
r
n
{
s
}
< c >
< q >

{
< R d >
,
}

< R n >
,

< R m >

{
,
< s h i f t >
}
;

:
R

d
R

n
R

m
sh

if
te

d
0

=
e
o
r
{
s
}
< c >
< q >

{
< R d >
,
}

< R n >
,

< R m >

{
,
< s h i f t >
}
;

:
R

d
R

n
R

m
sh

if
te

d
5

=
a
n
d
{
s
}
< c >
< q >

{
< R d >
,
}

< R n >
,

#
< c o n s t >

;

:
R

d
R

n
co

n
st

/
=

b
i
c
{
s
}
< c >
< q >

{
< R d >
,
}

< R n >
,

#
< c o n s t >

;

:
R

d
R

n
co

n
st

/
=

o
r
r
{
s
}
< c >
< q >

{
< R d >
,
}

< R n >
,

#
< c o n s t >

;

:
R

d
R

n
co

n
st

0
=

o
r
n
{
s
}
< c >
< q >

{
< R d >
,
}

< R n >
,

#
< c o n s t >

;

:
R

d
R

n
co

n
st

0
=

e
o
r
{
s
}
< c >
< q >

{
< R d >
,
}

< R n >
,

#
< c o n s t >

;

:
R

d
R

n
co

n
st

5
=

c
m
p
< c >
< q >

< R n >
,

< R m >

{
,
< s h i f t >
}

;

R
R

Fl
ag

s
n

m
sh

if
te

d
”

–
^

h
c
m
n
< c >
< q >

< R n >
,

< R m >

{
,
< s h i f t >
}

;

R
R

Fl
ag

s
n

m
sh

if
te

d
”

+
^

h
t
s
t
< c >
< q >

< R n >
,

< R m >

{
,
< s h i f t >
}

;

R
R

Fl
ag

s
n

m
sh

if
te

d
”

/
^

h
t
e
q
< c >
< q >

< R n >
,

< R m >

{
,
< s h i f t >
}

;

R
R

Fl
ag

s
n

m
sh

if
te

d
”

5
^

h
c
m
p
< c >
< q >

< R n >
,

#
< c o n s t >

;

R
co

n
st

Fl
ag

s
n

”
–

^
h

c
m
n
< c >
< q >

< R n >
,

#
< c o n s t >

;

R
co

n
st

Fl
ag

s
n

”
+

^
h

t
s
t
< c >
< q >

< R n >
,

#
< c o n s t >

;

R
co

n
st

Fl
ag

s
n

”
/

^
h

t
e
q
< c >
< q >

< R n >
,

#
< c o n s t >

;

R
co

n
st

Fl
ag

s
n

”
5

^
h

T
h

is
e

xh
au

st
s

th
e

s
im

p
le

LU
f

ro
m

ap
te

r
1

…

10
7

H
ar

d
w

ar
e

/S
o

ft
w

ar
e

I
n

te
rf

ac
e

0
2

1
U

w
e

R
.

Z
im

m
er

, T
h

e
A

u
st

ra
li

an
N

at
io

n
al

U
n

iv
er

si
ty

ag
e

1
0

7
o

f
4
8

1
(

ch
ap

te
r

2
:

“H
ar

d
w

ar
e/

So
ft

w
ar

e
In

te
rf

ac
e”

u
p

t
o

p
ag

e
1

5
0

)

N
u
m

er
ic

C
P
U

s
ta

tu
s

fl
ag

0
N

at
u

ra
l

b
in

ar
y

n
u

m
b

er
s

2
n

-1
a

b
a+

C
ar

W
ra

p
-a

ro
u

n
d

o
r

m
o

d
u

lo
2

2
‘s

c
o

m
p

le
m

en
t

b
in

ar
y

n
u

m
b

er
s

0
2

n
-1

-1
a

b
a+

O
ve

rfl
o
w

W
ra

p
-a

ro
u

n
d

-2
n

-1
c

2
c

O
ve

rfl
o
w

0
a

b
a+

Sa
tu

ra
te

Sa
tu

ra
te

2
c

d
2

W
h

ic
h

o
f

th
o

o
p

e
ra

ti
o

n
s

w
il

l
se

t
w

h
ic

h
fl

a
g

a
d
d
s

a
d
c
s

q
a
d
d

11
4

H
ar

d
w

ar
e

/S
o

ft
w

ar
e

I
n

te
rf

ac
e

0
2

1
U

w
e

R
.

Z
im

m
er

, T
h

e
A

u
st

ra
li

an
N

at
io

n
al

U
n

iv
er

si
ty

ag
e

1
1

4
o

f
4
8

1
(

ch
ap

te
r

2
:

“H
ar

d
w

ar
e/

So
ft

w
ar

e
In

te
rf

ac
e”

u
p

t
o

p
ag

e
1

5
0

)

Si
m

p
le

a
ri

th
m

et
ic

i
n
si

d
e

th
e

C
P
U

C
al

cu
la

te
:

:
=

–

2
*
c

as
su

m
in

g
a

ll
t

yp
e

s
ar

e
3

2
b

it
2

’s
c

o
m

p
le

m
e

n
t

n
u

m
b

e
rs

(
I
n
t
e
g
e
r

),
r
1

h
o

ld
s
a

, r
2

h
o

ld
s
b

, r
3

h
o

ld
s
c

, a
n

d
t

h
e

r
e

su
lt

s
sh

o
u

ld
b

e
i

n
r
4

a
d
d

r
5
,

r
1
,

r
2

l
s
l

r
6
,

r
3
,

#
1

;

y
o
u

c
o
u
l
d

a
l
s
o

w
r
i
t
e
:

m
o
v

r
6
,

r
3
,

l
s
l

#
1

s
u
b

r
4
,

r
5
,

r
6

W
e

n
e

e
d

t
e

m
p

o
ra

ry
s

to
ra

g
e

(
r
5

, r
6

)
in

t
h

e
p

ro
ce

ss
a

s
w

e
d

id
n

’t
w

an
t

to
o

ve
r-

w
ri

te
t

h
e

o
ri

g
in

al
v

al
u

e
s.

Y
e

t
th

e
t

o
ta

l
n

u
m

b
e

r
o

f
re

g
is

te
rs

i
s

al
w

ay
s

li
m

it
e

d
.

11
1

H
ar

d
w

ar
e

/S
o

ft
w

ar
e

I
n

te
rf

ac
e

0
2

1
U

w
e

R
.

Z
im

m
er

, T
h

e
A

u
st

ra
li

an
N

at
io

n
al

U
n

iv
er

si
ty

ag
e

1
1

1
o

f
4
8

1
(

ch
ap

te
r

2
:

“H
ar

d
w

ar
e/

So
ft

w
ar

e
In

te
rf

ac
e”

u
p

t
o

p
ag

e
1

5
0

)

A
R

M
v

7
-M

M
o
ve

d
at

a
in

si
d
e

th
e

C
P
U

m
o
v
{
s
}
< c >
< q >

< R d >
,

< R m >

m
o
v
{
s
}
< c >
< q >

< R d >
,

#
< c o n s t >

;

R
d

:
=

R
m

;

R
d

:
=

c
o
n
s
t

l
s
r
{
s
}
< c >
< q >

< R d >
,

< R m >
,

#
< n >

l
s
r
{
s
}
< c >
< q >

< R d >
,

< R m >
,

< R s >

;

0
0

3
1

3
0

2
9

2
8

2
7

2
6

2
5

2
4

2
3

2
2

2
1

2
0

1
9

1
8

1
7

1
6

x
x

1
5

1
4

1
3

1
2

1
1

1
0

9
8

7
6

5
4

3
2

1
0

x
x

x
.

x
x

C . c
n

xxxx
xxxx

xxxx

xxx
xxx

xxx
ccc

cccc

a
s
r
{
s
}
< c >
< q >

< R d >
,

< R m >
,

#
< n >

a
s
r
{
s
}
< c >
< q >

< R d >
,

< R m >
,

< R s >

;

s
s

3
1

3
0

2
9

2
8

2
7

2
6

2
5

2
4

2
3

2
2

2
1

2
0

1
9

1
8

1
7

1
6

s
x

x
x

1
5

1
4

1
3

1
2

1
1

1
0

9
8

7
6

5
4

3
2

1
0

x
x

x
c

.
.

s
x

x
x

C . c
n

sss
xxx

xxx
xxx

xxx

sss
xxx

xxx
xxx

xxx
cc

l
s
l
{
s
}
< c >
< q >

< R d >
,

< R m >
,

#
< n >

l
s
l
{
s
}
< c >
< q >

< R d >
,

< R m >
,

< R s >

;

0
0

3
1

3
0

2
9

2
8

2
7

2
6

2
5

2
4

2
3

2
2

2
1

2
0

1
9

1
8

1
7

1
6

x
x

x
1
5

1
4

1
3

1
2

1
1

1
0

9
8

7
6

5
4

3
2

1
0

x
x

x
.

x
x

C .
n

xxxx
xxxx

xxx
xxx

cccc

r
o
r
{
s
}
< c >
< q >

< R d >
,

< R m >
,

#
< n >

r
o
r
{
s
}
< c >
< q >

< R d >
,

< R m >
,

< R s >

;

c
b

3
1

3
0

2
9

2
8

2
7

2
6

2
5

2
4

2
3

2
2

2
1

2
0

1
9

1
8

1
7

1
6

x
x

1
5

1
4

1
3

1
2

1
1

1
0

9
8

7
6

5
4

3
2

1
0

x
x

c
b

x
x

C .
ccccc

bbbbbb
aaaaa

n
xxx

xxx
xxx

xxx

xxx
xxx

ccc
ccc

bbbbb
aaa

r
r
x
{
s
}
< c >
< q >

< R d >
,

< R m >

;

x
x

3
1

3
0

2
9

2
8

2
7

2
6

2
5

2
4

2
3

2
2

2
1

2
0

1
9

1
8

1
7

1
6

x
x

1
5

1
4

1
3

1
2

1
1

1
0

9
8

7
6

5
4

3
2

1
0

x
x

x
y

x
x

C y

xxx
xxx

xxx

xxx
xxx

xxxyyyyyyy

yyyyyy
cccc

cccc

10
8

H
ar

d
w

ar
e

/S
o

ft
w

ar
e

I
n

te
rf

ac
e

0
2

1
U

w
e

R
.

Z
im

m
er

, T
h

e
A

u
st

ra
li

an
N

at
io

n
al

U
n

iv
er

si
ty

ag
e

1
0

8
o

f
4
8

1
(

ch
ap

te
r

2
:

“H
ar

d
w

ar
e/

So
ft

w
ar

e
In

te
rf

ac
e”

u
p

t
o

p
ag

e
1

5
0

)

A
R

M
v

7
-M

3
2
b

it
A

d
d
it

io
n
,
Su

b
tr

ac
ti

o
n
i
n
st

ru
ct

io
n
s

a
d
d
{
s
}
< c >
< q >

{
< R d >
,
}

< R n >
,

< R m >

{
,
< s h i f t >
}

;

R
d

:
=

R
n

R
m
(
s
h
i
f
t
e
d
)

a
d
c
{
s
}
< c >
< q >

{
< R d >
,
}

< R n >
,

< R m >

{
,
< s h i f t >
}

;

R
d

:
=

R
n

R
m
(
s
h
i
f
t
e
d
)

a
d
d
{
s
}
< c >
< q >

{
< R d >
,
}

< R n >
,

#
< c o n s t >

;

R
d

:
=

R
n

#
< c o n s t >

a
d
c
{
s
}
< c >
< q >

{
< R d >
,
}

< R n >
,

#
< c o n s t >

;

R
d

:
=

R
n

#
< c o n s t >

q
a
d
d
< c >
< q >

{
< R d >
,
}

< R n >
,

< R m >

;

R
d

:
=

R
n

R
m

;

s
a
t
u
r
a
t
e
d

s
u
b
{
s
}
< c >
< q >

{
< R d >
,
}

< R n >
,

< R m >

{
,
< s h i f t >
}

;

R
d

:
=

R
n

–

R
m
(
s
h
i
f
t
e
d
)

s
b
c
{
s
}
< c >
< q >

{
< R d >
,
}

< R n >
,

< R m >

{
,
< s h i f t >
}

;

R
d

:
=

R
n

–

R
m
(
s
h
i
f
t
e
d
)

–

N
O
T

(
C
)

r
s
b
{
s
}
< c >
< q >

{
< R d >
,
}

< R n >
,

< R m >

{
,
< s h i f t >
}

;

R
d

:
=

R
m
(
s
h
i
f
t
e
d
)

–

R
n

s
u
b
{
s
}
< c >
< q >

{
< R d >
,
}

< R n >
,

#
< c o n s t >

;

R
d

:
=

R
n

–

#
< c o n s t >

s
b
c
{
s
}
< c >
< q >

{
< R d >
,
}

< R n >
,

#
< c o n s t >

;

R
d

:
=

R
n

–

#
< c o n s t >

–

N
O
T

(
C
)

r
s
b
{
s
}
< c >
< q >

{
< R d >
,
}

< R n >
,

#
< c o n s t >

;

R
d

:
=

#
< c o n s t >

–

R
n

q
s
u
b
< c >
< q >

{
< R d >
,
}

R
n
,

R
m

;

R
d

:
=

R
n

–

R
m

;

s
a
t
u
r
a
t
e
d

A
ll

i
n

st
ru

ct
io

n
s

o
p

e
ra

te
o

n
3

2
b

it
w

id
e

n
u

m
b

e
rs

…
v

e
rs

io
n

s
fo

r
n

ar
ro

w
e

r
n

u
m

b
e

rs
, a

s
w

e
ll

a
s

ve
rs

io
n

s
w

h
ic

h
o

p
e

ra
te

n
m

u
lt

ip
le

n
ar

ro
w

e
r

n
u

m
b

e
rs

i
n

p
ar

al
le

l
e

xi
st

a
s

w
e

ll
.

12
1

H
ar

d
w

ar
e

/S
o

ft
w

ar
e

I
n

te
rf

ac
e

0
2

1
U

w
e

R
.

Z
im

m
er

, T
h

e
A

u
st

ra
li

an
N

at
io

n
al

U
n

iv
er

si
ty

ag
e

1
2

1
o

f
4

8
1

(
ch

ap
te

r
2

:
“H

ar
d
w

ar
e/

So
ft

w
ar

e
In

te
rf

ac
e”

u
p

t
o

p
ag

e
1

5
0

)

A
R

M
v

7
-M

C
o
py

d
at

a
in

a
n
d
o

u
t

o
f

th
e

C
P
U

ssssss eeessssssssssss
ceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee

R
b

–
A

d
d

re
ss

ssssssss
eeeeee

M
em

o
ry

c
el

l
R

d
–

D
es

ti
n

at
io

In
i

ts
m

o
st

b
as

ic
f

o
rm

t
h

e
v

al
u

e
o

f
a

re
g

is
te

r
is

i
n

te
rp

re
te

d
a

s
an

d
re

ss
a

n
d

t
h

e
m

em
o
ry

c
o
n
te

n
t

th
e

re
i

s
lo

ad
e

d
i

n
to

a
n

o
th

e
r

re
g

is
te

e
c pspac

AAAAddre dd
pa

Y
e

t:
m

o
st

d
at

a
is

s
tr

u
ct

u
re

d
.

…
l

ik
e

a
g

ro
u

p
o

f
lo

ca
l

va
ri

ab
le

s,
a

r
e

co
rd

, a
n

ar
ra

y
an

d
a

n
y

co
m

b
in

at
io

n
o

f
th

e
a

b
o

ve
…

H
o

w
t

o
r

e
ad

a
n

e
n

tr
y

in
a

n
a

rr
ay

/r
e

co
rd

11
8

H
ar

d
w

ar
e

/S
o

ft
w

ar
e

I
n

te
rf

ac
e

0
2

1
U

w
e

R
.

Z
im

m
er

, T
h

e
A

u
st

ra
li

an
N

at
io

n
al

U
n

iv
er

si
ty

ag
e

1
1

8
o

f
4

8
1

(
ch

ap
te

r
2

:
“H

ar
d
w

ar
e/

So
ft

w
ar

e
In

te
rf

ac
e”

u
p

t
o

p
ag

e
1

5
0

)

Si
m

p
le

a
ri

th
m

et
ic

i
n
si

d
e

th
e

C
P
U

C
al

cu
la

te
:

:
=

–

2
*
c

W
e

n
e

e
d

t
o

c
h

e
ck

r
e

su
lt

s
af

te
r

e
ac

h
s

te
p

a
d
d
s

r
1
,

r
2

;

n
e
e
d

t
o

c
h
e
c
k

o
v
e
r
f
l
o
w

f
l
a
g

l
s
l

r
3
,

#
1

;

n
e
e
d

t
o

c
h
e
c
k

t
h
a
t

t
h
e

s
i
g
n

d
i
d

n
o
t

c
h
a
n
g
e

s
u
b
s

r
4
,

r
1
,

r
3

;

n
e
e
d

t
o

c
h
e
c
k

o
v
e
r
f
l
o
w

f
l
a
g

a
g
a
i
n

W
e

d
o

n
’t

h
av

e
t

h
e

m
e

an
s

ye
t

to
b

ra
n

ch
o

ff
i

n
to

d
if

fe
re

n
t

ac
ti

o
n

s
in

c
as

e
t

h
in

g
s

g
o

b
ad

…
t

o
c

o
m

e
s

o
o

n
.

O
r

w
e

u
se

s
at

u
ra

ti
o

n
a

ri
th

m
e

ti
c

an
d

l
iv

e
w

it
h

t
h

e
e

rr
o

q
a
d
d

r
1
,

r
2

q
a
d
d

r
3
,

r
3

q
s
u
b

r
4
,

r
1
,

r
3

I
f

w
e

k
n

o
w

w
e

n
e

e
d

t
o

c
ar

ry
o

n
e

it
h

e
r

w
ay

, t
h

at
l

e
as

t
m

in
im

iz
e

s
th

e
l

o
ca

l
e

rr
o

rs
.

11
5

H
ar

d
w

ar
e

/S
o

ft
w

ar
e

I
n

te
rf

ac
e

0
2

1
U

w
e

R
.

Z
im

m
er

, T
h

e
A

u
st

ra
li

an
N

at
io

n
al

U
n

iv
er

si
ty

ag
e

1
1

5
o

f
4

8
1

(
ch

ap
te

r
2

:
“H

ar
d
w

ar
e/

So
ft

w
ar

e
In

te
rf

ac
e”

u
p

t
o

p
ag

e
1

5
0

)

Si
m

p
le

a
ri

th
m

et
ic

i
n
si

d
e

th
e

C
P
U

C
al

cu
la

te
:

:
=

–

2
*
c

as
su

m
in

g
a

ll
t

yp
e

s
ar

e
3

2
b

it
2

’s
c

o
m

p
le

m
e

n
t

n
u

m
b

e
rs

(
I
n
t
e
g
e
r

),
r
1

h
o

ld
s
a

, r
2

h
o

ld
s
b

, r
3

h
o

ld
s
c

, a
n

d
t

h
e

r
e

su
lt

s
sh

o
u

ld
b

e
i

n
r
4

a
d
d

r
5
,

r
1
,

r
2

l
s
l

r
6
,

r
3
,

#
1

;

y
o
u

c
o
u
l
d

a
l
s
o

w
r
i
t
e
:

m
o
v

r
6
,

r
3
,

l
s
l

#
1

s
u
b

r
4
,

r
5
,

r
6

W
e

n
e

e
d

t
e

m
p

o
ra

ry
s

to
ra

g
e

(
r
5

, r
6

)
in

t
h

e
p

ro
ce

ss
a

s
w

e
d

id
n

’t
w

an
t

to
o

ve
r-

w
ri

te
t

h
e

o
ri

g
in

al
v

al
u

e
s.

Y
e

t
th

e
t

o
ta

l
n

u
m

b
e

r
o

f
re

g
is

te
rs

i
s

al
w

ay
s

li
m

it
e

d
.

H
o

w
a

b
o

u
t

w
e

a
ss

u
m

e
t

h
at

v
al

u
e

s
ar

e
n

o
l

o
n

g
e

r
n

e
e

d
e

d
a

ft
e

r
th

is
e

xp
re

ss
io

n
:

12
2

H
ar

d
w

ar
e

/S
o

ft
w

ar
e

I
n

te
rf

ac
e

0
2

1
U

w
e

R
.

Z
im

m
er

, T
h

e
A

u
st

ra
li

an
N

at
io

n
al

U
n

iv
er

si
ty

ag
e

1
2

2
o

f
4
8

1
(

ch
ap

te
r

2
:

“H
ar

d
w

ar
e/

So
ft

w
ar

e
In

te
rf

ac
e”

u
p

t
o

p
ag

e
1

5
0

)

A
R

M
v

7
-M

C
o
py

d
at

a
in

a
n
d
o

u
t

o
f

th
e

C
P
U

ssssss AAAAAAdddddree ddddessssssssssss ddddddddddddddddrr dddddddddd
pppssssppppppppce peeeeeeeeeeee aaaaaaaaaacaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa

R
b

–
B

as
e

ad
d

re
ss

ssssssss
eee

B
as

e
m

em
o

ry
c

el
l

R
i

o
r

co
n

st
–

I
n

d
ex

dddrrrr d
aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa

In
d

ex
ed

m
em

o
ry

c
el

l
R

d
–

D
es

ti
n

at
io

n
W

ri
te

-b
ac

M
o

st
c

o
p

y
o

p
e

ra
ti

o
n

s
b

e
tw

e
e

n
C

P
U

a
n

m
e

m
o

ry
f

o
ll

o
w

t
h

is
b

as
ic

s
ch

e
m

e
.

11
9

H
ar

d
w

ar
e

/S
o

ft
w

ar
e

I
n

te
rf

ac
e

0
2

1
U

w
e

R
.

Z
im

m
er

, T
h

e
A

u
st

ra
li

an
N

at
io

n
al

U
n

iv
er

si
ty

ag
e

1
1

9
o

f
4
8

1
(

ch
ap

te
r

2
:

“H
ar

d
w

ar
e/

So
ft

w
ar

e
In

te
rf

ac
e”

u
p

t
o

p
ag

e
1

5
0

)

C
o
rt

ex
-M

4
A

d
d
re

ss
S

p
ac

Y
o

u
r

C
P

U
h

as
3

2
b

it
o

f
ad

d
re

ss
s

p
ac

e
4

G
B

…
a

d
d

re
ss

s
p

ac
e

d
o

e
s

n
o

t
e

q
u

at
e

t
o

p
h

ys
ic

al
m

e
m

o
ry

N
o

t
al

l m
e

m
o

ry
is

e
q

u
al

: S
o

m
e

m
o

ry
…

…
c

an
b

e
e

xe
cu

te
d

…
c

an
b

e
w

ri
tt

en
t

o
o

r
re

ad
f

ro
m

o
r

b
o
th

…
h

as
s

id
e-

ef
fe

ct
s

(c
o

ff
e

e
c

u
p

s
fa

ll
o

ve
r)

…
h

as
s

tr
ic

tl
y-

o
rd

er
ed

a
cc

e
ss

…
d

o
es

n
o
t

p
hy

si
ca

ll
y

ex
is

1
6
#
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
#

1
6
#
1
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
#

1
6
#
3
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
#

1
6
#
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
#

1
6
#
5
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
#

1
6
#
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
#

1
6
#
9
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
#

1
6
#
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
#

1
6
#
D
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
#

1
6
#
A
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
#

1
6
#
E
0
0
F
F
F
F
F
#

1
6
#
E
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
#

1
6
#
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
#

1
6
#
E
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
#

C
o

d
e

AAA

SR
A

Pe
ri

p
h

er
al

dddddrreee
pppaaaccce aaaa

Ex
te

rn
al

R
A

essss
e

Ex
te

rn
al

d
ev

ic
e

P
ri

va
te

p
er

ip
h

er
al

b
u

V
en

d
o

r-
sp

ec
ifi

c
m

em
o

0
.
5 G

1 G
B

1
G
B

1
M
B

5
1
1
M
B

11
6

H
ar

d
w

ar
e

/S
o

ft
w

ar
e

I
n

te
rf

ac
e

0
2

1
U

w
e

R
.

Z
im

m
er

, T
h

e
A

u
st

ra
li

an
N

at
io

n
al

U
n

iv
er

si
ty

ag
e

1
1

6
o

f
4
8

1
(

ch
ap

te
r

2
:

“H
ar

d
w

ar
e/

So
ft

w
ar

e
In

te
rf

ac
e”

u
p

t
o

p
ag

e
1

5
0

)

Si
m

p
le

a
ri

th
m

et
ic

i
n
si

d
e

th
e

C
P
U

C
al

cu
la

te
:

:
=

–

2
*
c

as
su

m
in

g
a

ll
t

yp
e

s
ar

e
3

2
b

it
2

’s
c

o
m

p
le

m
e

n
t

n
u

m
b

e
rs

(
I
n
t
e
g
e
r

),
r
1

h
o

ld
s
a

, r
2

h
o

ld
s
b

, r
3

h
o

ld
s
c

, a
n

d
t

h
e

r
e

su
lt

s
sh

o
u

ld
b

e
i

n
r
4

a
d
d

r
5
,

r
1
,

r
2

l
s
l

r
6
,

r
3
,

#
1

;

y
o
u

c
o
u
l
d

a
l
s
o

w
r
i
t
e
:

m
o
v

r
6
,

r
3
,

l
s
l

#
1

s
u
b

r
4
,

r
5
,

r
6

W
e

n
e

e
d

t
e

m
p

o
ra

ry
s

to
ra

g
e

(
r
5

, r
6

)
in

t
h

e
p

ro
ce

ss
a

s
w

e
d

id
n

’t
w

an
t

to
o

ve
r-

w
ri

te
t

h
e

o
ri

g
in

al
v

al
u

e
s.

Y
e

t
th

e
t

o
ta

l
n

u
m

b
e

r
o

f
re

g
is

te
rs

i
s

al
w

ay
s

li
m

it
e

d
.

H
o

w
a

b
o

u
t

w
e

a
ss

u
m

e
t

h
at

v
al

u
e

s
ar

e
n

o
l

o
n

g
e

r
n

e
e

d
e

d
a

ft
e

r
th

is
e

xp
re

ss
io

n
:

a
d
d

r
1
,

r
2

l
s
l

r
3
,

#
1

s
u
b

r
4
,

r
1
,

r
3

…
y

o
u

r
co

m
p

il
e

r
w

il
l

k
n

o
w

w
h

e
n

s
u

ch
s

id
e

-e
ff

e
ct

s
ar

e
o

k
a

n
d

w
h

e
n

n
o

A
n

y
o

ve
rfl

o
w

12
3

H
ar

d
w

ar
e

/S
o

ft
w

ar
e

I
n

te
rf

ac
e

0
2

1
U

w
e

R
.

Z
im

m
er

, T
h

e
A

u
st

ra
li

an
N

at
io

n
al

U
n

iv
er

si
ty

ag
e

1
2

3
o

f
4
8

1
(

ch
ap

te
r

2
:

“H
ar

d
w

ar
e/

So
ft

w
ar

e
In

te
rf

ac
e”

u
p

t
o

p
ag

e
1

5
0

)

A
R

M
v

7
-M

M
o
ve

d
at

a
in

a
n
d
o

u
t

o
f

th
e

C
P
U

ssssss AAAAAAdddddree ddddessssssssssss dddddddddddddddrr dddddddddd
pppssssppppppppce peeeeeeeeeeee aaaaaaaaaacaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa

R
b

–
B

as
e

ad
d

re
ss

ssssssss
eee

B
as

e
m

em
o

ry
c

el
l

o
ff

se
t

dddrrrr d
aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa

O
ff

se
t

m
em

o
ry

c
el

l
R

d
–

D
es

ti
n

at
io

l
d
r
< c >
< q >

< R d >
,

[
< R b >

{
,

#
+
/
–
< o f f s e t >
}
]

s
t
r
< c >
< q >

< R s >
,

[
< R b >

{
,

#
+
/
–
< o f f s e t >
}
]

R
e

ad
s

fr
o

m
a

p
o

te
n

ti
al

ly
o

ff
se

t
m

e
m

o
ry

c
e

ll
w

it
h

a
b

as
e

r
e

g
is

te
r

ad
d

re
ss

Im
m

e
d

ia
te

a
d

d
re

ss
in

l
d
r

r
1
,

[
r
4
]

l
d
r

r
1
,

[
r
4
,

#
8
]

12
0

H
ar

d
w

ar
e

/S
o

ft
w

ar
e

I
n

te
rf

ac
e

0
2

1
U

w
e

R
.

Z
im

m
er

, T
h

e
A

u
st

ra
li

an
N

at
io

n
al

U
n

iv
er

si
ty

ag
e

1
2

0
o

f
4
8

1
(

ch
ap

te
r

2
:

“H
ar

d
w

ar
e/

So
ft

w
ar

e
In

te
rf

ac
e”

u
p

t
o

p
ag

e
1

5
0

)

A
R

M
v

7
-M

C
o
py

d
at

a
in

a
n
d
o

u
t

o
f

th
e

C
P
U

ssssss AAAAAAdddddrree dddddesssssssssssss
pppssssppppppppaaace paaeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee

R
b

–
A

d
d

re
ss

ssssssss
eeeeee

M
em

o
ry

c
el

l
R

d
–

D
es

ti
n

at
io

In
i

ts
m

o
st

b
as

ic
f

o
rm

t
h

e
v

al
u

e
o

f
a

re
g

is
te

r
is

i
n

te
rp

re
te

d
a

s
an

d
re

ss
a

n
d

t
h

e
m

em
o
ry

c
o
n
te

n
t

th
e

re
i

s
lo

ad
e

d
i

n
to

a
n

o
th

e
r

re
g

is
te

11
7

H
ar

d
w

ar
e

/S
o

ft
w

ar
e

I
n

te
rf

ac
e

0
2

1
U

w
e

R
.

Z
im

m
er

, T
h

e
A

u
st

ra
li

an
N

at
io

n
al

U
n

iv
er

si
ty

ag
e

1
1

7
o

f
4
8

1
(

ch
ap

te
r

2
:

“H
ar

d
w

ar
e/

So
ft

w
ar

e
In

te
rf

ac
e”

u
p

t
o

p
ag

e
1

5
0

)

Si
m

p
le

a
ri

th
m

et
ic

i
n
si

d
e

th
e

C
P
U

C
al

cu
la

te
:

:
=

–

2
*
c

W
e

n
e

e
d

t
o

c
h

e
ck

r
e

su
lt

s
af

te
r

e
ac

h
s

te
p

a
d
d
s

r
1
,

r
2

;

n
e
e
d

t
o

c
h
e
c
k

o
v
e
r
f
l
o
w

f
l
a
g

l
s
l

r
3
,

#
1

;

n
e
e
d

t
o

c
h
e
c
k

t
h
a
t

t
h
e

s
i
g
n

d
i
d

n
o
t

c
h
a
n
g
e

s
u
b
s

r
4
,

r
1
,

r
3

;

n
e
e
d

t
o

c
h
e
c
k

o
v
e
r
f
l
o
w

f
l
a
g

a
g
a
i
n

W
e

d
o

n
’t

h
av

e
t

h
e

m
e

an
s

ye
t

to
b

ra
n

ch
o

ff
i

n
to

d
if

fe
re

n
t

ac
ti

o
n

s
in

c
as

e
t

h
in

g
s

g
o

b
ad

…
t

o
c

o
m

e
s

o
o

n
.

13
0

H
ar

d
w

ar
e

/S
o

ft
w

ar
e

I
n

te
rf

ac
e

0
2

1
U

w
e

R
.

Z
im

m
er

, T
h

e
A

u
st

ra
li

an
N

at
io

n
al

U
n

iv
er

si
ty

ag
e

1
3

0
o

f
4

8
1

(
ch

ap
te

r
2

:
“H

ar
d
w

ar
e/

So
ft

w
ar

e
In

te
rf

ac
e”

u
p

t
o

p
ag

e
1

5
0

)

A
R

M
v

7
-M

M
o
ve

d
at

a
in

a
n
d
o

u
t

o
f

th
e

C
P
U

ssssss AAAAAAdddddree ddddessssssssssss ddddddddddddddddrr dddddddddd
ppssssppppppppce peeeeeeeeeeee aaaaaaaaaacaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa

R
b

–
B

as
e

ad
d

re
ss

ssssssss
eee

B
as

e
m

em
o

ry
c

el
l

R
i

–
In

d
ex

{
sh

if
te

d
}

ddddddrrrr d
aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa

O
ff

se
t

m
em

o
ry

c
el

l
R

s
–

So
u

rc
e

l
d
r
< c >
< q >

< R d >
,

[
< R b >
,

< R i >

{
,

L
S
L

#
< s h i f t >
}
]

s
t
r
< c >
< q >

< R s >
,

[
< R b >
,

< R i >

{
,

L
S
L

#
< s h i f t >
}
]

W
ri

te
s

to
a

m
e

m
o

ry
c

e
ll

w
it

h
a

b
as

e
r

e
g

is
te

r
ad

d
re

ss
p

lu
s

a
p

o
te

n
ti

al
ly

s
h

if
te

d
i

n
d

e
x

re
g

is
te

In
d

e
x

re
g

is
te

r
ad

d
re

ss
in

s
t
r

r
1
,

[
r
4
,

r
3
]

i
ll

h
if

d
i

s
t
r

r
1
,

[
r
4
,

r
3
,

L
S
L

#
2
]

12
7

H
ar

d
w

ar
e

/S
o

ft
w

ar
e

I
n

te
rf

ac
e

0
2

1
U

w
e

R
.

Z
im

m
er

, T
h

e
A

u
st

ra
li

an
N

at
io

n
al

U
n

iv
er

si
ty

ag
e

1
2

7
o

f
4

8
1

(
ch

ap
te

r
2

:
“H

ar
d
w

ar
e/

So
ft

w
ar

e
In

te
rf

ac
e”

u
p

t
o

p
ag

e
1

5
0

)

A
R

M
v

7
-M

M
o
ve

d
at

a
in

a
n
d
o

u
t

o
f

th
e

C
P
U

ssssss AAAAAAdddddree ddddesssssssssssss ddddddddddddddddrr dddddddddd
ppssssppppppppce peeeeeeeeee aaaaaaaaaaaaaaacaaaaaaaaaeeeeeeeeeeee

R
b

–
B

as
e

ad
d

re
ss

ssssssss
eeeeee

B
as

e
m

em
o

ry
c

el
l

o
ff

se
t

dddrrrr d
aaaaaaaaaaaaaa

O
ff

se
t

m
em

o
ry

c
el

R
d

–
D

es
ti

n
at

io
n

W
ri

te
-b

ac
k

l
d
r
< c >
< q >

< R d >
,

[
< R b >
]
,

#
+
/
–
< o f f s e t >

s
t
r
< c >
< q >

< R s >
,

[
< R b >
]
,

#
+
/
–
< o f f s e t >

R
e

ad
s

fr
o

m
a

m
e

m
o

ry
c

e
ll

w
it

h
a

b
as

e
r

e
g

is
te

r
ad

d
re

ss
an

d
w

ri
te

s
th

e
o

ff
se

t
ad

d
re

ss
b

ac
k

i
n

to
t

h
e

o
ri

g
in

al
b

as
e

r
e

g
is

te
r.

Im
m

e
d

ia
te

a
d

d
re

ss
in

(“
Po

st
-i

n
d

e
xe

d
”)

l
d
r

r
1
,

[
r
4
]
,

#
8

12
4

H
ar

d
w

ar
e

/S
o

ft
w

ar
e

I
n

te
rf

ac
e

0
2

1
U

w
e

R
.

Z
im

m
er

, T
h

e
A

u
st

ra
li

an
N

at
io

n
al

U
n

iv
er

si
ty

ag
e

1
2

4
o

f
4

8
1

(
ch

ap
te

r
2

:
“H

ar
d
w

ar
e/

So
ft

w
ar

e
In

te
rf

ac
e”

u
p

t
o

p
ag

e
1

5
0

)

A
R

M
v

7
-M

M
o
ve

d
at

a
in

a
n
d
o

u
t

o
f

th
e

C
P
U

ssssss AAAAAAdddddree ddddesssssssssssss ddddddddddddddddrr dddddddddd
ppssssppppppppce peeeeeeeeeeee aaaaaaaaaacaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa

R
b

–
B

as
e

ad
d

re
ss

ssssssss
eee

B
as

e
m

em
o

ry
c

el
l

o
ff

se
t

ddddddrrrr d
aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa

O
ff

se
t

m
em

o
ry

c
el

l
R

s
–

So
u

rc
e

l
d
r
< c >
< q >

< R d >
,

[
< R b >

{
,

#
+
/
–
< o f f s e t >
}
]

s
t
r
< c >
< q >

< R s >
,

[
< R b >

{
,

#
+
/
–
< o f f s e t >
}
]

W
ri

te
s

to
a

p
o

te
n

ti
al

ly
o

ff
se

t
m

e
m

o
ry

c
e

ll
w

it
h

a
b

as
e

r
e

g
is

te
r

ad
d

re
ss

Im
m

e
d

ia
te

a
d

d
re

ss
in

s
t
r

r
1
,

[
r
4
,

#
–
1
2
]

s
t
r

r
1
,

[
r
4
]

13
1

H
ar

d
w

ar
e

/S
o

ft
w

ar
e

I
n

te
rf

ac
e

0
2

1
U

w
e

R
.

Z
im

m
er

, T
h

e
A

u
st

ra
li

an
N

at
io

n
al

U
n

iv
er

si
ty

ag
e

1
3

1
o

f
4
8

1
(

ch
ap

te
r

2
:

“H
ar

d
w

ar
e/

So
ft

w
ar

e
In

te
rf

ac
e”

u
p

t
o

p
ag

e
1

5
0

)

A
R

M
v

7
-M

M
o
ve

d
at

a
in

a
n
d
o

u
t

o
f

th
e

C
P
U

ssssss AAAAAAdddddree ddddessssssssssss ddddddddddddddddrr dddddddddd
pppssssppppppppce peeeeeeeeeeee aaaaaaaaaacaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa

P
C

ssssssss
eee

C
u

rr
en

t
in

st
ru

ct
io

o
ff

se
t

dddrrrr d
aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa

D
at

a
in

c
o

d
e

R
d

–
D

es
ti

n
at

io
n

< l a b e l >
:

l
d
r
< c >
< q >

< R d >
,

< l a b e l >

l
d
r
< c >
< q >

< R d >
,

[
P
C
,

#
+
/
–
< o f f s e t >
]

R
e

ad
s

fr
o

m
a

d
at

a
ar

e
a

e
m

b
e

d
d

e
d

i
n

to
t

h
e

c
o

d
e

s
e

ct
io

n
.

Li
te

ra
l

ad
d

re
ss

in
g

N
o

te
t

h
e

re
i

s
n

st
o

re
v

e
rs

io
n

l
d
r

r
1
,

d
a
t
a

12
8

H
ar

d
w

ar
e

/S
o

ft
w

ar
e

I
n

te
rf

ac
e

0
2

1
U

w
e

R
.

Z
im

m
er

, T
h

e
A

u
st

ra
li

an
N

at
io

n
al

U
n

iv
er

si
ty

ag
e

1
2

8
o

f
4
8

1
(

ch
ap

te
r

2
:

“H
ar

d
w

ar
e/

So
ft

w
ar

e
In

te
rf

ac
e”

u
p

t
o

p
ag

e
1

5
0

)

A
R

M
v

7
-M

M
o
ve

d
at

a
in

a
n
d
o

u
t

o
f

th
e

C
P
U

ssssss AAAAAAdddddree ddddesssssssssssss ddddddddddddddddrr dddddddddd
pppssssppppppppce peeeeeeeeee aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaacaaaaaaaaaeeeeeeeeeeee

R
b

–
B

as
e

ad
d

re
ss

ssssssssssss
eeeeeeeeeeee

B
as

e
m

em
o

ry
c

el
l

o
ff

se
t

dddrrrr d
aaaaaaaaaaaaaa

O
ff

se
t

m
em

o
ry

c
el

R
s

–
So

u
rc

W
ri

te
-b

ac
k

l
d
r
< c >
< q >

< R d >
,

[
< R b >
]
,

#
+
/
–
< o f f s e t >

s
t
r
< c >
< q >

< R s >
,

[
< R b >
]
,

#
+
/
–
< o f f s e t >

W
ri

te
s

to
a

m
e

m
o

ry
c

e
ll

w
it

h
a

b
as

e
r

e
g

is
te

r
ad

d
re

ss
an

d
w

ri
te

s
th

e
o

ff
se

t
ad

d
re

ss
b

ac
k

i
n

to
t

h
e

o
ri

g
in

al
b

as
e

r
e

g
is

te
r.

Im
m

e
d

ia
te

a
d

d
re

ss
in

(“
Po

st
-i

n
d

e
xe

d
”)

s
t
r

r
1
,

[
r
4
]
,

#
8

12
5

H
ar

d
w

ar
e

/S
o

ft
w

ar
e

I
n

te
rf

ac
e

0
2

1
U

w
e

R
.

Z
im

m
er

, T
h

e
A

u
st

ra
li

an
N

at
io

n
al

U
n

iv
er

si
ty

ag
e

1
2

5
o

f
4
8

1
(

ch
ap

te
r

2
:

“H
ar

d
w

ar
e/

So
ft

w
ar

e
In

te
rf

ac
e”

u
p

t
o

p
ag

e
1

5
0

)

A
R

M
v

7
-M

M
o
ve

d
at

a
in

a
n
d
o

u
t

o
f

th
e

C
P
U

ssssss AAAAAAdddddree ddddesssssssssssss ddddddddddddddddrr dddddddddd
pppssssppppppppce peeeeeeeeeeee aaaaaaaaaacaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa

R
b

–
B

as
e

ad
d

re
ss

ssssssss
eee

B
as

e
m

em
o

ry
c

el
l

o
ff

se
t

dddrrrr d
aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa

O
ff

se
t

m
em

o
ry

c
el

l
R

d
–

D
es

ti
n

at
io

W
ri

te
-b

ac
k

l
d
r
< c >
< q >

< R d >
,

[
< R b >
,

#
+
/
–
< o f f s e t >
]
!

s
t
r
< c >
< q >

< R s >
,

[
< R b >
,

#
+
/
–
< o f f s e t >
]
!

R
e

ad
s

fr
o

m
a

n
o

ff
se

t
m

e
m

o
ry

c
e

ll
w

it
h

a
b

as
e

r
e

g
is

te
r

ad
d

re
ss

an
d

w
ri

te
s

th
e

o
ff

se
t

ad
d

re
ss

b
ac

k
i

n
to

t
h

e
o

ri
g

in
al

b
as

e
r

e
g

is
te

Im
m

e
d

ia
te

a
d

d
re

ss
in

(“
P

re
-i

n
d

e
xe

d
”)

l
d
r

r
1
,

[
r
4
,

#
8
]
!

13
2

H
ar

d
w

ar
e

/S
o

ft
w

ar
e

I
n

te
rf

ac
e

0
2

1
U

w
e

R
.

Z
im

m
er

, T
h

e
A

u
st

ra
li

an
N

at
io

n
al

U
n

iv
er

si
ty

ag
e

1
3

2
o

f
4
8

1
(

ch
ap

te
r

2
:

“H
ar

d
w

ar
e/

So
ft

w
ar

e
In

te
rf

ac
e”

u
p

t
o

p
ag

e
1

5
0

)

A
R

M
v

7
-M

M
o
ve

d
at

a
in

a
n
d
o

u
t

o
f

th
e

C
P
U

ssssss AAAAs AAdddddee dddddrrrrrrreeeessssssssssss
pppssssppppppppace paaaaaaacccceeeeeeeeee aaaaccccccccccccceeeeeeeeeeee

R
s

–
St

ac
k

ad
d

re
ss

rrrrrreeeeeeeeeeee
cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc

R
el

at
iv

e
ce

ll
n

R
z

–
So

u
rc

ssssssssssss
eeeeeeeeeeee

R
el

at
iv

e
ce

ll
1

R
x

–
So

u
rc

W
ri

te
-b

ac
k

…
…

…

s
t
m
i
a
< c >
< q >

< R s >
{
!
}
,

< r e g i s t e r s >

l
d
m
d
b
< c >
< q >

< R s >
{
!
}
,

< r e g i s t e r s >

S
to

re
s

m
u

lt
ip

le
r

e
g

is
te

rs
i

n
to

s
e

q
u

e
n

ti
al

m
e

m
o

ry
a

d
d

re
ss

e
s.

S
to

re
s

“i
n

cr
e

m
e

n
t

af
te

r”
a

n
d

l
o

ad
s

“d
e

cr
e

m
e

n
t

b
e

fo
re

”.

M
u

lt
ip

le
r

e
g

is
te

rs
(p

o
si

ti
ve

g
ro

w
in

g
s

ta
ck

)

s
t
m
i
a

r
9
!
,

{
r
1
,

r
3
,

r
4
,

f
p
}

12
9

H
ar

d
w

ar
e

/S
o

ft
w

ar
e

I
n

te
rf

ac
e

0
2

1
U

w
e

R
.

Z
im

m
er

, T
h

e
A

u
st

ra
li

an
N

at
io

n
al

U
n

iv
er

si
ty

ag
e

1
2

9
o

f
4
8

1
(

ch
ap

te
r

2
:

“H
ar

d
w

ar
e/

So
ft

w
ar

e
In

te
rf

ac
e”

u
p

t
o

p
ag

e
1

5
0

)

A
R

M
v

7
-M

M
o
ve

d
at

a
in

a
n
d
o

u
t

o
f

th
e

C
P
U

ssssss AAAAAAdddddree ddddesssssssssssss dddddddddddddddrr dddddddddd
pppssssppppppppce peeeeeeeeeeee aaaaaaaaaacaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa

R
b

–
B

as
e

ad
d

re
ss

ssssssss
eee

B
as

e
m

em
o

ry
c

el
l

R
i

–
In

d
ex

{
sh

if
te

d
}

dddrrrr d
aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa

O
ff

se
t

m
em

o
ry

c
el

l
R

d
–

D
es

ti
n

at
io

l
d
r
< c >
< q >

< R d >
,

[
< R b >
,

< R i >

{
,

L
S
L

#
< s h i f t >
}
]

s
t
r
< c >
< q >

< R s >
,

[
< R b >
,

< R i >

{
,

L
S
L

#
< s h i f t >
}
]

R
e

ad
s

fr
o

m
a

m
e

m
o

ry
c

e
ll

w
it

h
a

b
as

e
r

e
g

is
te

r
ad

d
re

ss
p

lu
s

a
p

o
te

n
ti

al
ly

s
h

if
te

d
i

n
d

e
x

re
g

is
te

In
d

e
x

re
g

is
te

r
ad

d
re

ss
in

l
d
r

r
1
,

[
r
4
,

r
3
]

i
ll

h
if

d
i

l
d
r

r
1
,

[
r
4
,

r
3
,

L
S
L

#
2
]

12
6

H
ar

d
w

ar
e

/S
o

ft
w

ar
e

I
n

te
rf

ac
e

0
2

1
U

w
e

R
.

Z
im

m
er

, T
h

e
A

u
st

ra
li

an
N

at
io

n
al

U
n

iv
er

si
ty

ag
e

1
2

6
o

f
4
8

1
(

ch
ap

te
r

2
:

“H
ar

d
w

ar
e/

So
ft

w
ar

e
In

te
rf

ac
e”

u
p

t
o

p
ag

e
1

5
0

)

A
R

M
v

7
-M

M
o
ve

d
at

a
in

a
n
d
o

u
t

o
f

th
e

C
P
U

ssssss AAAAAAdddddree ddddesssssssssssss dddddddddddddddrr dddddddddd
pppssssppppppppce peeeeeeeeeeee aaaaaaaaaacaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa

R
b

–
B

as
e

ad
d

re
ss

ssssssss
eee

B
as

e
m

em
o

ry
c

el
l

o
ff

se
t

ddddddrrrr d
aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa

O
ff

se
t

m
em

o
ry

c
el

l
R

s
–

So
u

rc
e

W
ri

te
-b

ac
k

l
d
r
< c >
< q >

< R d >
,

[
< R b >
,

#
+
/
–
< o f f s e t >
]
!

s
t
r
< c >
< q >

< R s >
,

[
< R b >
,

#
+
/
–
< o f f s e t >
]
!

W
ri

te
s

to
a

n
o

ff
se

t
m

e
m

o
ry

c
e

ll
w

it
h

a
b

as
e

r
e

g
is

te
r

ad
d

re
ss

an
d

w
ri

te
s

th
e

o
ff

se
t

ad
d

re
ss

b
ac

k
i

n
to

t
h

e
o

ri
g

in
al

b
as

e
r

e
g

is
te

Im
m

e
d

ia
te

a
d

d
re

ss
in

(“
P

re
-i

n
d

e
xe

d
”)

s
t
r

r
1
,

[
r
4
,

#
–
1
2
]
!

13
9

H
ar

d
w

ar
e

/S
o

ft
w

ar
e

I
n

te
rf

ac
e

0
2

1
U

w
e

R
.

Z
im

m
er

, T
h

e
A

u
st

ra
li

an
N

at
io

n
al

U
n

iv
er

si
ty

ag
e

1
3

9
o

f
4

8
1

(
ch

ap
te

r
2

:
“H

ar
d
w

ar
e/

So
ft

w
ar

e
In

te
rf

ac
e”

u
p

t
o

p
ag

e
1

5
0

)

A
R

M
v

7
-M

B
ra

n
ch

i
n
st

ru
ct

io
n
s

b
< c >
< q >

< l a b e l >

;

i
f

t
h
e
n

P
C

:
=

l
a
b
e
l

b
l
< c >

< l a b e l >

;

i
f

t
h
e
n

L
R

:
=

P
C
_
n
e
x
t
;

P
C

:
=

l
a
b
e
l

b
x
< c >

< R m >

;

i
f

t
h
e
n

P
C

:
=

R
m

b
l
x
< c >
< q >

< R m >

;

i
f

t
h
e
n

L
R

:
=

P
C
_
n
e
x
t
;

P
C

:
=

R
m

c
b
z
< q >

< R n >
,

< l a b e l >

;

i
f

R
n

t
h
e
n

P
C

:
=

l
a
b
e
l

c
b
n
z
< q >

< R n >
,

< l a b e l >

;

i
f

R
n

/
=

t
h
e
n

P
C

:
=

l
a
b
e
l

< c >

M
e

an
in

g
s

F
l
a
g
s

e
q

Eq
u

al
Z
=

n
e

N
o

t
e

q
u

al
Z
=

c
s
,

h
s

C
ar

ry
s

e
t,

U
n

si
g

n
e

d
h

ig
h

e
r

o
r

sa
m

e
C
=

c
c
,

l
o

C
ar

ry
c

le
ar

, U
n

si
g

n
e

d
l

o
w

e
r

C
=

m
i

M
in

u
s,

N
e

g
at

iv
e

N
=

p
l

P
lu

s,
P

o
si

ti
ve

o
r

ze
ro

N
=

v
s

O
ve

rfl
o

w
V
=

v
c

N
o

o
ve

rfl
o

w
V
=

h
i

U
n

si
g

n
e

d
h

ig
h

e
r

C
=

1
/

Z
=

l
s

U
n

si
g

n
e

d
l

o
w

e
r

o
r

sa
m

e
C
=

0
0

Z
=

g
e

S
ig

n
e

d
g

re
at

e
r

o
r

e
q

u
al

N
=

l
t

S
ig

n
e

d
l

e
ss

N
!

g
t

S
ig

n
e

d
g

re
at

e
r

Z
=

0
/

N
=

l
e

S
ig

n
e

d
l

e
ss

o
r

e
q

u
al

Z
=

1
0

N
!

a
l
,

< n o n e >

A
lw

ay
s

a
n
y

13
6

H
ar

d
w

ar
e

/S
o

ft
w

ar
e

I
n

te
rf

ac
e

0
2

1
U

w
e

R
.

Z
im

m
er

, T
h

e
A

u
st

ra
li

an
N

at
io

n
al

U
n

iv
er

si
ty

ag
e

1
3

6
o

f
4

8
1

(
ch

ap
te

r
2

:
“H

ar
d
w

ar
e/

So
ft

w
ar

e
In

te
rf

ac
e”

u
p

t
o

p
ag

e
1

5
0

)

Si
m

p
le

a
ri

th
m

et
ic

i
n
m

em
o
ry

C
al

cu
la

te
a

g
ai

n
:

:
=

–

2
*
c

b
u

t
n

o
w

a
, b

, c
a

n
d

e
a

re
s

to
re

d
in

m
e

m
o

ry
, r

e
la

ti
ve

t
o

a
n

a
d

d
re

ss
s

to
re

d
in

F
P

(
“F

ra
m

e
P

o
in

te
r”

):
a

i
s

h
e

ld
a

t
[
f
p

–

1
2
]

, b
a

t
[
f
p

–

1
6
]

, c
a

t
[
f
p

–

2
0
]

a
n

d
e

a
t
[
f
p

–

2
4
]

In
o

rd
e

r
to

d
o

a
ri

th
m

e
ti

c
w

e
n

e
e

d
t

o
l

o
ad

t
h

o
se

v
al

u
e

s
in

to
t

h
e

C
P

fi
rs

t
an

d
a

ft
e

rw
ar

d
s

w
e

n
e

e
d

t
o

s
to

re
t

h
e

r
e

su
lt

i
n

m
e

m
o

ry
:

l
d
r

r
1
,

[
f
p
,

#
–
1
2
]

l
d
r

r
2
,

[
f
p
,

#
–
1
6
]

a
d
d

r
1
,

r
2

l
d
r

r
2
,

[
f
p
,

#
–
2
0
]

l
s
l

r
2
,

#
1

s
u
b

r
1
,

r
2

s
t
r

r
1
,

[
f
p
,

#
–
2
4
]

N
o

ti
ce

t
h

at
t

h
is

t
im

e
w

e
o

n
ly

u
se

d
t

w
o

r
e

g
is

te
rs

13
3

H
ar

d
w

ar
e

/S
o

ft
w

ar
e

I
n

te
rf

ac
e

0
2

1
U

w
e

R
.

Z
im

m
er

, T
h

e
A

u
st

ra
li

an
N

at
io

n
al

U
n

iv
er

si
ty

ag
e

1
3

3
o

f
4

8
1

(
ch

ap
te

r
2

:
“H

ar
d
w

ar
e/

So
ft

w
ar

e
In

te
rf

ac
e”

u
p

t
o

p
ag

e
1

5
0

)

A
R

M
v

7
-M

M
o
ve

d
at

a
in

a
n
d
o

u
t

o
f

th
e

C
P
U

ssssss AAAAAAdddddee dddddrrrrrrrreeeesssssssssssss
ppssssppppppppae paaaaaaacccceeeeeeeeee aaaaccccccccccccceeeeeeeeeeee

R
s

–
St

ac
k

ad
d

re
ss

rrrreeeeeeeeeeee
cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc

R
el

at
iv

e
ce

ll
n

R
z

–
D

es
ti

n
at

io
n

ssssssss
eeeeee

R
el

at
iv

e
ce

ll
1

R
x

–
D

es
ti

n
at

io
n

W
ri

te
-b

ac
k

…
…

…

s
t
m
i
a
< c >
< q >

< R s >
{
!
}
,

< r e g i s t e r s >

l
d
m
d
b
< c >
< q >

< R s >
{
!
}
,

< r e g i s t e r s >

R
e

ad
s

m
u

lt
ip

le
r

e
g

is
te

rs
f

ro
m

s
e

q
u

e
n

ti
al

m
e

m
o

ry
a

d
d

re
ss

e
s.

S
to

re
s

“i
n

cr
e

m
e

n
t

af
te

r”
a

n
d

l
o

ad
s

“d
e

cr
e

m
e

n
t

b
e

fo
re

”.

M
u

lt
ip

le
r

e
g

is
te

rs
(p

o
si

ti
ve

g
ro

w
in

g
s

ta
ck

)

N
o

te
t

h
at

a
n

y
re

g
is

te
r

ca
n

b
e

se
a

s
st

ac
k

b
as

e
,

i.
e

. y
o

u
c

an
h

av
e

u
lt

ip
le

s
ta

ck
s

si
m

u
lt

an
e

o
u

sl
y.

l
d
m
d
b

r
9
!
,

{
r
1
,

r
3
,

r
4
,

f
p
}

14
0

H
ar

d
w

ar
e

/S
o

ft
w

ar
e

I
n

te
rf

ac
e

0
2

1
U

w
e

R
.

Z
im

m
er

, T
h

e
A

u
st

ra
li

an
N

at
io

n
al

U
n

iv
er

si
ty

ag
e

1
4

0
o

f
4
8

1
(

ch
ap

te
r

2
:

“H
ar

d
w

ar
e/

So
ft

w
ar

e
In

te
rf

ac
e”

u
p

t
o

p
ag

e
1

5
0

)

Si
m

p
le

a
ri

th
m

et
ic

i
n
m

em
o
ry

C
al

cu
la

te
a

g
ai

n
:

:
=

–

2
*
c

O
r

w
it

h
o

ve
rfl

o
w

c
h

e
ck

l
d
r

r
1
,

[
f
p
,

#
–
1
2
]

l
d
r

r
2
,

[
f
p
,

#
–
1
6
]

a
d
d
s

r
1
,

r
2

b
v
s

O
v
e
r
f
l
o
w

;

b
r
a
n
c
h

i
f

o
v
e
r
f
l
o
w

i
s

s
e
t

l
d
r

r
2
,

[
f
p
,

#
–
2
0
]

a
d
d
s

r
2
,

r
2

b
v
s

O
v
e
r
f
l
o
w

;

b
r
a
n
c
h

i
f

o
v
e
r
f
l
o
w

i
s

s
e
t

s
u
b
s

r
1
,

r
2

b
v
s

O
v
e
r
f
l
o
w

;

b
r
a
n
c
h

i
f

o
v
e
r
f
l
o
w

i
s

s
e
t

s
t
r

r
1
,

[
f
p
,

#
–
2
4
]

… O
v
e
r
f
l
o
w
:

s
v
c

#
5

;

c
a
l
l

t
h
e

o
p
e
r
a
t
i
n
g

s
y
s
t
e
m

o
r

r
u
n
t
i
m
e

e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t

w
i
t
h

#
5

;

(
a
s
s
u
m
i
n
g

t
h
a
t

#
5

i
n
d
i
c
a
t
e
s

a
n

o
v
e
r
f
l
o
w

s
i
t
u
a
t
i
o
n
)

13
7

H
ar

d
w

ar
e

/S
o

ft
w

ar
e

I
n

te
rf

ac
e

0
2

1
U

w
e

R
.

Z
im

m
er

, T
h

e
A

u
st

ra
li

an
N

at
io

n
al

U
n

iv
er

si
ty

ag
e

1
3

7
o

f
4
8

1
(

ch
ap

te
r

2
:

“H
ar

d
w

ar
e/

So
ft

w
ar

e
In

te
rf

ac
e”

u
p

t
o

p
ag

e
1

5
0

)

Si
m

p
le

a
ri

th
m

et
ic

i
n
m

em
o
ry

C
al

cu
la

te
a

g
ai

n
:

:
=

–

2
*
c

O
r

in
s

at
u

ra
ti

o
n

a
ri

th
m

e
ti

l
d
r

r
1
,

[
f
p
,

#
–
1
2
]

l
d
r

r
2
,

[
f
p
,

#
–
1
6
]

q
a
d
d

r
1
,

r
2

l
d
r

r
2
,

[
f
p
,

#
–
2
0
]

q
a
d
d

r
2
,

r
2

q
s
u
b

r
1
,

r
2

s
t
r

r
1
,

[
f
p
,

#
–
2
4
]

13
4

H
ar

d
w

ar
e

/S
o

ft
w

ar
e

I
n

te
rf

ac
e

0
2

1
U

w
e

R
.

Z
im

m
er

, T
h

e
A

u
st

ra
li

an
N

at
io

n
al

U
n

iv
er

si
ty

ag
e

1
3

4
o

f
4
8

1
(

ch
ap

te
r

2
:

“H
ar

d
w

ar
e/

So
ft

w
ar

e
In

te
rf

ac
e”

u
p

t
o

p
ag

e
1

5
0

)

A
R

M
v

7
-M

M
o
ve

d
at

a
in

a
n
d
o

u
t

o
f

th
e

C
P
U

ssssss AAAAAAdddddee dddddrrrrrrreeeesssssssssssss
pppssssppppppppae paaaaaaacccceeeeeeeeee aaaacccccccccccceeeeeeeeeeee

R
s

–
St

ac
k

ad
d

re
ss

rrrrrreeeeeeeeeeee
cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc

R
el

at
iv

e
ce

ll
n

R
z

–
So

u
rc

ssssssssssss
eeeeeeeeeeee

R
el

at
iv

e
ce

ll
1

R
x

–
So

u
rc

e
W

ri
te

-b
ac

…
…

…

s
t
m
d
b
< c >
< q >

< R s >
{
!
}
,

< r e g i s t e r s >

l
d
m
i
a
< c >
< q >

< R s >
{
!
}
,

< r e g i s t e r s >

S
to

re
s

m
u

lt
ip

le
r

e
g

is
te

rs
t

o
s

e
q

u
e

n
ti

al
m

e
m

o
ry

a
d

d
re

ss
e

s.
S

to
re

s
“d

e
cr

e
m

e
n

t
b

e
fo

re
”

an
d

l
o

ad
s

“i
n

cr
e

m
e

n
t

af
te

r”
.

M
u

lt
ip

le
r

e
g

is
te

rs
(n

e
g

at
iv

e
g

ro
w

in
g

s
ta

ck
)

N
e

g
at

iv
e

g
ro

w
in

st
ac

k
s

ar
e

t
h

e
d

e
-f

ac
to

an
d

ar
d

i
n

d
u

st
ry

s
t
m
d
b

S
P
!
,

{
r
1
,

r
3
,

r
4
,

f
p
}

14
1

H
ar

d
w

ar
e

/S
o

ft
w

ar
e

I
n

te
rf

ac
e

0
2

1
U

w
e

R
.

Z
im

m
er

, T
h

e
A

u
st

ra
li

an
N

at
io

n
al

U
n

iv
er

si
ty

ag
e

1
4

1
o

f
4
8

1
(

ch
ap

te
r

2
:

“H
ar

d
w

ar
e/

So
ft

w
ar

e
In

te
rf

ac
e”

u
p

t
o

p
ag

e
1

5
0

)

Si
m

p
le

a
ri

th
m

et
ic

i
n
m

em
o
ry

C
al

cu
la

te
a

g
ai

n
:

:
=

–

2
*
c

O
r

w
it

h
o

ve
rfl

o
w

c
h

e
ck

l
d
r

r
1
,

[
f
p
,

#
–
1
2
]

l
d
r

r
2
,

[
f
p
,

#
–
1
6
]

a
d
d
s

r
1
,

r
2

b
v
s

O
v
e
r
f
l
o
w

;

b
r
a
n
c
h

i
f

o
v
e
r
f
l
o
w

i
s

s
e
t

l
d
r

r
2
,

[
f
p
,

#
–
2
0
]

a
d
d
s

r
2
,

r
2

b
v
s

O
v
e
r
f
l
o
w

;

b
r
a
n
c
h

i
f

o
v
e
r
f
l
o
w

i
s

s
e
t

s
u
b
s

r
1
,

r
2

b
v
s

O
v
e
r
f
l
o
w

;

b
r
a
n
c
h

i
f

o
v
e
r
f
l
o
w

i
s

s
e
t

s
t
r

r
1
,

[
f
p
,

#
–
2
4
]

… O
v
e
r
f
l
o
w
:

s
v
c

#
5

;

c
a
l
l

t
h
e

o
p
e
r
a
t
i
n
g

s
y
s
t
e
m

o
r

r
u
n
t
i
m
e

e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t

w
i
t
h

#
5

;

(
a
s
s
u
m
i
n
g

t
h
a
t

#
5

i
n
d
i
c
a
t
e
s

a
n

o
v
e
r
f
l
o
w

s
i
t
u
a
t
i
o
n
)

…
b

u
t

h
o

w
d

o
w

e
k

n
o

w
h

e
re

t
h

is
h

ap
p

e
n

e
d

o
r

h
o

to
c

o
n

ti
n

u
e

o
p

e
ra

ti
o

n
s?

13
8

H
ar

d
w

ar
e

/S
o

ft
w

ar
e

I
n

te
rf

ac
e

0
2

1
U

w
e

R
.

Z
im

m
er

, T
h

e
A

u
st

ra
li

an
N

at
io

n
al

U
n

iv
er

si
ty

ag
e

1
3

8
o

f
4
8

1
(

ch
ap

te
r

2
:

“H
ar

d
w

ar
e/

So
ft

w
ar

e
In

te
rf

ac
e”

u
p

t
o

p
ag

e
1

5
0

)

Si
m

p
le

a
ri

th
m

et
ic

i
n
m

em
o
ry

C
al

cu
la

te
a

g
ai

n
:

:
=

–

2
*
c

O
r

w
it

h
o

ve
rfl

o
w

c
h

e
ck

l
d
r

r
1
,

[
f
p
,

#
–
1
2
]

l
d
r

r
2
,

[
f
p
,

#
–
1
6
]

a
d
d
s

r
1
,

r
2

;

n
e
e
d

t
o

c
h
e
c
k

o
v
e
r
f
l
o
w

f
l
a
g

l
d
r

r
2
,

[
f
p
,

#
–
2
0
]

l
s
l

r
2
,

#
1

;

n
e
e
d

t
o

c
h
e
c
k

t
h
a
t

t
h
e

s
i
g
n

d
i
d

n
o
t

c
h
a
n
g
e

s
u
b
s

r
1
,

r
2

;

n
e
e
d

t
o

c
h
e
c
k

o
v
e
r
f
l
o
w

f
l
a
g

s
t
r

r
1
,

[
f
p
,

#
–
2
4
]

I
t’s

t
im

e
w

e
l

e
ar

n
a

b
o

u
t

b
ra

n
ch

in
g

o
ff

i
n

al
te

rn
at

iv
e

e
xe

cu
ti

o
n

p
at

h
s.

13
5

H
ar

d
w

ar
e

/S
o

ft
w

ar
e

I
n

te
rf

ac
e

0
2

1
U

w
e

R
.

Z
im

m
er

, T
h

e
A

u
st

ra
li

an
N

at
io

n
al

U
n

iv
er

si
ty

ag
e

1
3

5
o

f
4
8

1
(

ch
ap

te
r

2
:

“H
ar

d
w

ar
e/

So
ft

w
ar

e
In

te
rf

ac
e”

u
p

t
o

p
ag

e
1

5
0

)

A
R

M
v

7
-M

M
o
ve

d
at

a
in

a
n
d
o

u
t

o
f

th
e

C
P
U

ssssss AAAAAAdddddee dddddrrrrrrreeeesssssssssssss
pppssssppppppppae paaaaaaacccceeeeeeeeee aaaacccccccccccccceeeeeeeeeeee

R
s

–
St

ac
k

ad
d

re
ss

rrrreeeeeeeeeeee
cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc

R
el

at
iv

e
ce

ll
n

R
z

–
D

es
ti

n
at

io
n

ssssssss
eeeeee

R
el

at
iv

e
ce

ll
1

R
x

–
D

es
ti

n
at

io
n

W
ri

te
-b

ac
k

…
…

…

s
t
m
d
b
< c >
< q >

< R s >
{
!
}
,

< r e g i s t e r s >

l
d
m
i
a
< c >
< q >

< R s >
{
!
}
,

< r e g i s t e r s >

R
e

ad
s

m
u

lt
ip

le
r

e
g

is
te

rs
f

ro
m

s
e

q
u

e
n

ti
al

m
e

m
o

ry
a

d
d

re
ss

e
s.

S
to

re
s

“d
e

cr
e

m
e

n
t

b
e

fo
re

”
an

d
l

o
ad

s
“i

n
cr

e
m

e
n

t
af

te
r”

M
u

lt
ip

le
r

e
g

is
te

rs
(n

e
g

at
iv

e
g

ro
w

in
g

s
ta

ck
)

l
d
m
i
a

S
P
!
,

{
r
1
,

r
3
,

r
4
,

f
p
}

14
8

H
ar

d
w

ar
e

/S
o

ft
w

ar
e

I
n

te
rf

ac
e

0
2

1
U

w
e

R
.

Z
im

m
er

, T
h

e
A

u
st

ra
li

an
N

at
io

n
al

U
n

iv
er

si
ty

ag
e

1
4

8
o

f
4

8
1

(
ch

ap
te

r
2

:
“H

ar
d
w

ar
e/

So
ft

w
ar

e
In

te
rf

ac
e”

u
p

t
o

p
ag

e
1

5
0

)

B
as

ic
i
n
st

ru
ct

io
n
s

et
s

C
at

e
g

o
ry

S
id

e
e

ff
e

ct
s

A
R
M

v
7
–
M

A
ri

th
m

e
ti

c,
L

o
g

ic
S

e
ts

a
n

d
u

se
s

C
P

U
fl

a
g

a
d
d
,

a
d
c
,

q
a
d
d
,

s
u
b
,

s
b
c
,

q
s
u
b
,

r
s
b
,

m
u
l
,

m
l
a
,

m
l
s
,

u
d
i
v
,

s
d
i
v
,

u
m
u
l
l
,

u
m
l
a
l
,

s
m
u
l
l
,

s
m
l
a
l
,

a
n
d
,

b
i
c
,

o
r
r
,

o
r
n
,

e
o
r
,

c
m
p
,

c
m
n
,

t
s
t
,

t
e
q

M
o

ve
a

n
d

s
h

if
t

re
g

is
te

rs
m
o
v
,

l
s
r
,

a
s
r
,

l
s
l
,

r
o
r
,

r
r
x

B
ra

n
ch

in
g

U
se

s
C

P
U

fl
a

g
s

b
,

b
l
,

b
x
,

b
l
x
,

t
b
b
,

t
b
h

Lo
ad

&
S

to
re

Ef
fe

ct
s

m
e

m
o

ry
l
d
r
,

s
t
r
,

l
d
m
d
b
,

l
d
m
i
a
,

s
t
m
i
a
,

s
t
m
d
b

14
5

H
ar

d
w

ar
e

/S
o

ft
w

ar
e

I
n

te
rf

ac
e

0
2

1
U

w
e

R
.

Z
im

m
er

, T
h

e
A

u
st

ra
li

an
N

at
io

n
al

U
n

iv
er

si
ty

ag
e

1
4

5
o

f
4

8
1

(
ch

ap
te

r
2

:
“H

ar
d
w

ar
e/

So
ft

w
ar

e
In

te
rf

ac
e”

u
p

t
o

p
ag

e
1

5
0

)

M
o
re

p
o
w

er
C

al
cu

la
te

:
=

m
o
v

r
1
,

#
7

;

m
o
v

r
2
,

#
1
1

;

h
a
s

t
o

b
e

n
o
n
–
n
e
g
a
t
i
v
e

m
o
v

r
3
,

#
1

;

m
o
v

r
4
,

r
1

;

b
a
s
e

t
o

t
h
e

p
o
w
e
r
s

o
f

t
w
o
,

s
t
a
r
t
i
n
g

w
i
t
h

p
o
w
e
r
:

c
b
z

r
2
,

e
n
d
_
p
o
w
e
r

;

e
x
p
o
n
e
n
t

z
e
r
o
?

t
s
t

r
2
,

#
0
b
1

;

r
i
g
h
t
–
m
o
s
t

b
i
t

o
f

e
x
p
o
n
e
n
t

s
e
t
?

b
e
q

s
k
i
p

;

s
k
i
p

t
h
i
s

p
o
w
e
r

i
f

n
o
t

m
u
l

r
3
,

r
4

;

m
u
l
t
i
p
l
y

t
h
e

c
u
r
r
e
n
t

p
o
w
e
r

i
n
t
o

r
e
s
u
l
t

s
k
i
p
:

m
u
l

r
4
,

r
4

;

c
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
e

n
e
x
t

p
o
w
e
r

l
s
r

r
2
,

#
1

;

d
i
v
i
d
e

e
x
p
o
n
e
n
t

b
y

p
o
w
e
r

e
n
d
_
p
o
w
e
r
:

n
o
p

;

H
o

w
m

an
y

it
e

ra
ti

o
n

H
o

w
m

an
y

cy
cl

e
s?

7
7

11
8

2
1

$
$

14
2

H
ar

d
w

ar
e

/S
o

ft
w

ar
e

I
n

te
rf

ac
e

0
2

1
U

w
e

R
.

Z
im

m
er

, T
h

e
A

u
st

ra
li

an
N

at
io

n
al

U
n

iv
er

si
ty

ag
e

1
4

2
o

f
4

8
1

(
ch

ap
te

r
2

:
“H

ar
d
w

ar
e/

So
ft

w
ar

e
In

te
rf

ac
e”

u
p

t
o

p
ag

e
1

5
0

)

Si
m

p
le

a
ri

th
m

et
ic

i
n
m

em
o
ry

C
al

cu
la

te
a

g
ai

n
:

:
=

–

2
*
c

O
r

w
it

h
o

ve
rfl

o
w

c
h

e
ck

l
d
r

r
1
,

[
f
p
,

#
–
1
2
]

l
d
r

r
2
,

[
f
p
,

#
–
1
6
]

a
d
d
s

r
1
,

r
2

b
l
v
s

O
v
e
r
f
l
o
w

;

b
r
a
n
c
h

i
f

o
v
e
r
f
l
o
w

i
s

s
e
t
;

k
e
e
p

n
e
x
t

l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n

i
n

L
R

l
d
r

r
2
,

[
f
p
,

#
–
2
0
]

a
d
d
s

r
2
,

r
2

b
l
v
s

O
v
e
r
f
l
o
w

;

b
r
a
n
c
h

i
f

o
v
e
r
f
l
o
w

i
s

s
e
t
;

k
e
e
p

n
e
x
t

l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n

i
n

L
R

s
u
b
s

r
1
,

r
2

b
l
v
s

O
v
e
r
f
l
o
w

;

b
r
a
n
c
h

i
f

o
v
e
r
f
l
o
w

i
s

s
e
t
;

k
e
e
p

n
e
x
t

l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n

i
n

L
R

s
t
r

r
1
,

[
f
p
,

#
–
2
4
]

… O
v
e
r
f
l
o
w
:

…

;

…

f
o
r

e
x
a
m
p
l
e

w
r
i
t
i
n
g

l
o
g

e
n
t
r
y

w
i
t
h

l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n

b
x

l
r

;

r
e
s
u
m
e

o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
s

–

a
s
s
u
m
i
n
g

t
h
e

a
b
o
v
e

d
i
d

n
o
t

c
h
a
n
g
e

L
R

14
9

H
ar

d
w

ar
e

/S
o

ft
w

ar
e

I
n

te
rf

ac
e

0
2

1
U

w
e

R
.

Z
im

m
er

, T
h

e
A

u
st

ra
li

an
N

at
io

n
al

U
n

iv
er

si
ty

ag
e

1
4

9
o

f
4
8

1
(

ch
ap

te
r

2
:

“H
ar

d
w

ar
e/

So
ft

w
ar

e
In

te
rf

ac
e”

u
p

t
o

p
ag

e
1

5
0

)

B
as

ic
i
n
st

ru
ct

io
n
s

et
s

C
at

e
g

o
ry

S
id

e
e

ff
e

ct
s

A
R
M

v
7
–
M

A
ri

th
m

e
ti

c,
L

o
g

ic
S

e
ts

a
n

d
u

se
s

C
P

U
fl

a
g

a
d
d
,

a
d
c
,

q
a
d
d
,

s
u
b
,

s
b
c
,

q
s
u
b
,

r
s
b
,

m
u
l
,

m
l
a
,

m
l
s
,

u
d
i
v
,

s
d
i
v
,

u
m
u
l
l
,

u
m
l
a
l
,

s
m
u
l
l
,

s
m
l
a
l
,

a
n
d
,

b
i
c
,

o
r
r
,

o
r
n
,

e
o
r
,

c
m
p
,

c
m
n
,

t
s
t
,

t
e
q

M
o

ve
a

n
d

s
h

if
t

re
g

is
te

rs
m
o
v
,

l
s
r
,

a
s
r
,

l
s
l
,

r
o
r
,

r
r
x

B
ra

n
ch

in
g

U
se

s
C

P
U

fl
a

g
s

b
,

b
l
,

b
x
,

b
l
x
,

t
b
b
,

t
b
h

Lo
ad

&
S

to
re

Ef
fe

ct
s

m
e

m
o

ry
l
d
r
,

s
t
r
,

l
d
m
d
b
,

l
d
m
i
a
,

s
t
m
i
a
,

s
t
m
d
b

In
st

ru
ct

io
n

s
e

ts
i

n
t

h
e

fi
e

ld
:

R
IS

C
: P

o
w

e
r,

A
R

M
, M

IP
S

, A
lp

h
a,

S
PA

R
K

, A
V

R
, P

IC
, …

C
IS

C
: x

86
, Z

80
, 6

50
2,

6
80

00
, …

O
ve

r
50

b
il

li
o

n
C

P
U

s
o

th
is

p
la

n
e

t
ar

e
r

u
n

n
in

A
R

M
i

n
st

ru
ct

io
n

s
e

14
6

H
ar

d
w

ar
e

/S
o

ft
w

ar
e

I
n

te
rf

ac
e

0
2

1
U

w
e

R
.

Z
im

m
er

, T
h

e
A

u
st

ra
li

an
N

at
io

n
al

U
n

iv
er

si
ty

ag
e

1
4

6
o

f
4
8

1
(

ch
ap

te
r

2
:

“H
ar

d
w

ar
e/

So
ft

w
ar

e
In

te
rf

ac
e”

u
p

t
o

p
ag

e
1

5
0

)

Ta
b
le

b
as

ed
b

ra
n
ch

in
g

t
b
b
< c >
< q >

[
< R n >
,

< R m >
]

;

f
o
r

t
a
b
l
e
s

o
f

o
f
f
s
e
t

b
y
t
e
s

(
8
b
i
t
)

t
b
h
< c >
< q >

[
< R n >
,

< R m >
,

l
s
l

#
1
]

;

f
o
r

t
a
b
l
e
s

o
f

o
f
f
s
e
t

h
a
l
f
w
o
r
d
s

(
1
6
b
i
t
)

C
o

m
m

o
n

u
sa

g
e

f
o

r
b

yt
e

(
8

b
it

)
ta

b
le

t
b
b

[
P
C
,

R
i
]

;

P
C

i
s

b
a
s
e

o
f

b
r
a
n
c
h

t
a
b
l
e
,

R
i

i
s

i
n
d
e
x

B
r
a
n
c
h
_
T
a
b
l
e
:

.
b
y
t
e

(
C
a
s
e
_
A

–

B
r
a
n
c
h
_
T
a
b
l
e
)
/
2
;

C
a
s
e
_
A

b
i
t

o
f
f
s
e
t

.
b
y
t
e

(
C
a
s
e
_
B

–

B
r
a
n
c
h
_
T
a
b
l
e
)
/
2
;

C
a
s
e
_
B

b
i
t

o
f
f
s
e
t

.
b
y
t
e

(
C
a
s
e
_
C

–

B
r
a
n
c
h
_
T
a
b
l
e
)
/
2
;

C
a
s
e
_
C

b
i
t

o
f
f
s
e
t

.
b
y
t
e

0
x
0
0

;

P
a
d
d
i
n
g

t
o

r
e
–
a
l
i
g
n

w
i
t
h

h
a
l
f
w
o
r
d

b
o
u
n
d
a
r
i
e
s

C
a
s
e
_
A
:

…

;

a
n
y

i
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n

s
e
q
u
e
n
c
e

E
n
d
_
C
a
s
e

;

“
b
r
e
a
k

o
u
t
”

C
a
s
e
_
B
:

…

;

a
n
y

i
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n

s
e
q
u
e
n
c
e

E
n
d
_
C
a
s
e

;

“
b
r
e
a
k

o
u
t
”

C
a
s
e
_
C
:

…

;

a
n
y

i
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n

s
e
q
u
e
n
c
e

E
n
d
_
C
a
s
e
:

14
3

H
ar

d
w

ar
e

/S
o

ft
w

ar
e

I
n

te
rf

ac
e

0
2

1
U

w
e

R
.

Z
im

m
er

, T
h

e
A

u
st

ra
li

an
N

at
io

n
al

U
n

iv
er

si
ty

ag
e

1
4

3
o

f
4
8

1
(

ch
ap

te
r

2
:

“H
ar

d
w

ar
e/

So
ft

w
ar

e
In

te
rf

ac
e”

u
p

t
o

p
ag

e
1

5
0

)

A
R

M
v

7
-M

E
ss

en
ti

al
m

u
lt

ip
li
ca

ti
o
n
s

an
d
d

iv
is

io
n
s

32
b

it
t

o
3

2
b

m
u
l
{
s
}
< c >
< q >

{
< R d >
,
}

< R n >
,
< R m >

;

R
d

:
=

(
R
n
*
R
m
)

m
l
a
< c >

< R d >
,

< R n >
,
< R m >
,
< R a >

;

R
d

:
=

R
a

(
R
n
*
R
m
)

m
l
s
< c >

< R d >
,

< R n >
,
< R m >
,
< R a >

;

R
d

:
=

R
a

–

(
R
n
*
R
m
)

u
d
i
v
< c >

< R d >
,

< R n >
,
< R m >

;

R
d

:
=

u
n
s
i
g
n
e
d

(
R
n
/
R
m
)
;

r
o
u
n
d
e
d

t
o
w
a
r
d
s

s
d
i
v
< c >

< R d >
,

< R n >
,
< R m >

;

R
d

:
=

s
i
g
n
e
d

(
R
n
/
R
m
)
;

r
o
u
n
d
e
d

t
o
w
a
r
d
s

32
b

it
t

o
6

4
b

u
m
u
l
l
< c >

< R d L o >
,
< R d H i >
,
< R n >
,
< R m >

;

R
d
H
i
:
R
d
L
o

:
=

u
n
s
i
g
n
e
d

(

(
R
n
*
R
m
)
)

u
m
l
a
l
< c >
< q >

< R d L o >
,
< R d H i >
,
< R n >
,
< R m >

;

R
d
H
i
:
R
d
L
o

:
=

u
n
s
i
g
n
e
d

(
R
d
H
i
:
R
d
L
o

(
R
n
*
R
m
)
)

s
m
u
l
l
< c >

< R d L o >
,
< R d H i >
,
< R n >
,
< R m >

;

R
d
H
i
:
R
d
L
o

:
=

s
i
g
n
e
d

(

(
R
n
*
R
m
)
)

s
m
l
a
l
< c >

< R d L o >
,
< R d H i >
,
< R n >
,
< R m >

;

R
d
H
i
:
R
d
L
o

:
=

s
i
g
n
e
d

(
R
d
H
i
:
R
d
L
o

(
R
n
*
R
m
)
)

…
v

e
rs

io
n

s
fo

r
n

ar
ro

w
e

r
n

u
m

b
e

rs
, a

s
w

e
ll

a
s

ve
rs

io
n

s
w

h
ic

h
o

p
e

ra
te

n
m

u
lt

ip
le

n
ar

ro
w

e
r

n
u

m
b

e
rs

i
n

p
ar

al
le

l
e

xi
st

a
s

w
e

ll
.

15
0

H
ar

d
w

ar
e

/S
o

ft
w

ar
e

I
n

te
rf

ac
e

0
2

1
U

w
e

R
.

Z
im

m
er

, T
h

e
A

u
st

ra
li

an
N

at
io

n
al

U
n

iv
er

si
ty

ag
e

1
5

0
o

f
4
8

1
(

ch
ap

te
r

2
:

“H
ar

d
w

ar
e/

So
ft

w
ar

e
In

te
rf

ac
e”

u
p

t
o

p
ag

e
1

5
0

)

B
as

ic
i
n
st

ru
ct

io
n
s

et
s

C
at

e
g

o
ry

S
id

e
e

ff
e

ct
s

A
R
M

v
7
–
M

A
ri

th
m

e
ti

c,
L

o
g

ic
S

e
ts

a
n

d
u

se
s

C
P

U
fl

a
g

a
d
d
,

a
d
c
,

q
a
d
d
,

s
u
b
,

s
b
c
,

q
s
u
b
,

r
s
b
,

m
u
l
,

m
l
a
,

m
l
s
,

u
d
i
v
,

s
d
i
v
,

u
m
u
l
l
,

u
m
l
a
l
,

s
m
u
l
l
,

s
m
l
a
l
,

a
n
d
,

b
i
c
,

o
r
r
,

o
r
n
,

e
o
r
,

c
m
p
,

c
m
n
,

t
s
t
,

t
e
q

M
o

ve
a

n
d

s
h

if
t

re
g

is
te

rs
m
o
v
,

l
s
r
,

a
s
r
,

l
s
l
,

r
o
r
,

r
r
x

B
ra

n
ch

in
g

U
se

s
C

P
U

fl
a

g
s

b
,

b
l
,

b
x
,

b
l
x
,

t
b
b
,

t
b
h

Lo
ad

&
S

to
re

Ef
fe

ct
s

m
e

m
o

ry
l
d
r
,

s
t
r
,

l
d
m
d
b
,

l
d
m
i
a
,

s
t
m
i
a
,

s
t
m
d
b

W
h

at
’s

m
is

si
n

g
?

C
h

an
g

in
g

C
P

U
p

ri
vi

le
g

e
s

an
d

h
an

d
li

n
g

i
n

te
rr

u
p

ts
.

S
yn

ch
ro

n
iz

in
g

i
n

st
ru

ct
io

n
s

C
o

m
in

g
i

n
l

at
e

r
ch

ap
te

ab
o

u
t

co
n

cu
rr

e
n

cy
a

n
d

p
e

ra
ti

n
g

s
ys

te
m

14
7

H
ar

d
w

ar
e

/S
o

ft
w

ar
e

I
n

te
rf

ac
e

0
2

1
U

w
e

R
.

Z
im

m
er

, T
h

e
A

u
st

ra
li

an
N

at
io

n
al

U
n

iv
er

si
ty

ag
e

1
4

7
o

f
4
8

1
(

ch
ap

te
r

2
:

“H
ar

d
w

ar
e/

So
ft

w
ar

e
In

te
rf

ac
e”

u
p

t
o

p
ag

e
1

5
0

)

Ta
b
le

b
as

ed
b

ra
n
ch

in
g

t
b
b
< c >
< q >

[
< R n >
,

< R m >
]

;

f
o
r

t
a
b
l
e
s

o
f

o
f
f
s
e
t

b
y
t
e
s

(
8
b
i
t
)

t
b
h
< c >
< q >

[
< R n >
,

< R m >
,

l
s
l

#
1
]

;

f
o
r

t
a
b
l
e
s

o
f

o
f
f
s
e
t

h
a
l
f
w
o
r
d
s

(
1
6
b
i
t
)

C
o

m
m

o
n

u
sa

g
e

f
o

r
h

al
fw

o
rd

(
16

b
it

)
ta

b
le

t
b
h

[
P
C
,

R
i
,

l
s
l

#
1
]

;

P
C

u
s
e
d

a
s

b
a
s
e

o
f

b
r
a
n
c
h

t
a
b
l
e
,

R
i

i
s

i
n
d
e
x

B
r
a
n
c
h
_
T
a
b
l
e
:

.
h
w
o
r
d

(
C
a
s
e
_
A

–

B
r
a
n
c
h
_
T
a
b
l
e
)
/
2

;

C
a
s
e
_
A

1
6

b
i
t

o
f
f
s
e
t

.
h
w
o
r
d

(
C
a
s
e
_
B

–

B
r
a
n
c
h
_
T
a
b
l
e
)
/
2

;

C
a
s
e
_
B

1
6

b
i
t

o
f
f
s
e
t

.
h
w
o
r
d

(
C
a
s
e
_
C

–

B
r
a
n
c
h
_
T
a
b
l
e
)
/
2

;

C
a
s
e
_
C

1
6

b
i
t

o
f
f
s
e
t

C
a
s
e
_
A
:

…

;

a
n
y

i
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n

s
e
q
u
e
n
c
e

E
n
d
_
C
a
s
e

;

“
b
r
e
a
k

o
u
t
”

C
a
s
e
_
B
:

…

;

a
n
y

i
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n

s
e
q
u
e
n
c
e

E
n
d
_
C
a
s
e

;

“
b
r
e
a
k

o
u
t
”

C
a
s
e
_
C
:

…

;

a
n
y

i
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n

s
e
q
u
e
n
c
e

E
n
d
_
C
a
s
e
:

14
4

H
ar

d
w

ar
e

/S
o

ft
w

ar
e

I
n

te
rf

ac
e

0
2

1
U

w
e

R
.

Z
im

m
er

, T
h

e
A

u
st

ra
li

an
N

at
io

n
al

U
n

iv
er

si
ty

ag
e

1
4

4
o

f
4
8

1
(

ch
ap

te
r

2
:

“H
ar

d
w

ar
e/

So
ft

w
ar

e
In

te
rf

ac
e”

u
p

t
o

p
ag

e
1

5
0

)

St
ra

ig
h
t

p
o
w

er
C

al
cu

la
te

:
=

m
o
v

r
1
,

#
7

;

m
o
v

r
2
,

#
1
1

;

h
a
s

t
o

b
e

n
o
n
–
n
e
g
a
t
i
v
e

m
o
v

r
3
,

#
1

;

p
o
w
e
r
:

c
b
z

r
2
,

e
n
d
_
p
o
w
e
r

;

e
x
p
o
n
e
n
t

z
e
r
o
?

m
u
l

r
3
,

r
1

s
u
b

r
2
,

#
1

p
o
w
e
r

e
n
d
_
p
o
w
e
r
:

n
o
p

;

H
o

w
m

an
y

it
e

ra
ti

o
n

H
o

w
m

an
y

cy
cl

e
s?

7
7

11
$

$
$

$
=

15
1

H
ar

d
w

ar
e

/S
o

ft
w

ar
e

I
n

te
rf

ac
e

0
2

1
U

w
e

R
.

Z
im

m
er

, T
h

e
A

u
st

ra
li

an
N

at
io

n
al

U
n

iv
er

si
ty

ag
e

1
5

1
o

f
4

8
1

(
ch

ap
te

r
2

:
“H

ar
d
w

ar
e/

So
ft

w
ar

e
In

te
rf

ac
e”

u
p

t
o

p
ag

e
1

5
1

)

H
ar

d
w

ar
e

/S
o

ft
w

ar
e

I
n

te
rf

ac
e

•
In

st
ru

ct
io

n
f

o
rm

at
s

•
R

e
g

is
te

r
se

•
In

st
ru

ct
io

n
e

n
co

d
in

•
A

ri
th

m
et

ic
/

L
o
gi

c
in

st
ru

ct
io

n
s

in
si

d
e

th
e

C
P
U

•
S

u
m

m
at

io
n

, S
u

b
tr

ac
ti

o
n

, M
u

lt
ip

li
ca

ti
o

n
, D

iv
is

io
n

•
Lo

g
ic

a
n

d
s

h
if

t
o

p
e

ra
ti

o
n

•
Lo

ad
/

S
to

re
a

n
d
a

d
d
re

ss
in

g
m

o
d
es

•
D

ir
e

ct
, r

e
la

ti
ve

, i
n

d
e

xe
d

, a
n

d
a

u
to

-i
n

d
e

x-
in

cr
e

m
e

n
t

ad
d

re
ss

in
g

f
o

rm
s

•
B

ra
n
ch

in
g

•
C

o
n

d
it

io
n

al
b

ra
n

ch
in

g
a

n
d

u
n

co
n

d
it

io
n

al
j

u
m

p
s.

Su
m

m
ar

Related Posts