Womindjeka
User Centred Design Week 2: Users and Ethics Dana Mc MIT University acknowledges the people of
the Woi wurrung and Boon wurrung
language groups of the eastern Kulin Nation on whose unceded lands we conduct the business of the University.
Copyright By PowCoder代写 加微信 powcoder
RMIT University respectfully acknowledges their Ancestors and Elders, past and present. RMIT also acknowledges the Traditional Custodians
and their Ancestors of the lands and waters across Australia where we conduct our business.
Ngarara Place
Interface Hall of Fame or Shame?
Hall of shame
In class exercise
How to contact us
1. Discussionforum
2. Contactyourtutor
4. Trevormaysetupaconsultationtimewithyou
Learning objectives
UNDERSTAND GROUP UNDERSTAND HOW ASSIGNMENT 1 AND WHY TO
LEARN HOW TO ENGAGE ETHICALLY WITH USERS
LEARN HOW TO IDENTIFY AND DEFINE TASKS
IDENTIFY USERS TO WORK WITH
Assignment 1
Working with real users
Assessment Structure
Percentage
Assessment Task 1 (Project)
Milestone 1 (M1 20%) –User study
Milestone 2 (M2 10%) – Prototype Design: Interface design, heuristics, and report
Milestone 3 (M3 20%) – Interactive Mockup & Testing: Working prototype, testing, and final report
Sundays 23:59 M1: Week 6 M2: Week 9 M3: Week 14
Assessment Task 2 (Individual)
Reflections of M1 (5%) & M3 (10%)
Tuesdays 23:59 M1: Week 7 M3: Week 15
Assessment Task 3 (Individual)
Case studies 1 & 2 (15% each) during Lectorial
CS1: Week 7 CS2: Week 12
Assessment Task 4 (Individual)
In-class Weekly Quiz during Lectorial
Weekly from week 2 (1% each quiz, best 5 taken out of 11 weeks)
Milestone 1
• Group assignment (3-4 per group)
• Group component 20% of your mark
• Individual reflection 5%
• Choose your product
• Analyse the product
• Survey potential users
• Interview potential users
• Present results
Forming groups
• Done in your tutorial groups
• Diversity is a good thing!
• You must stay with the same group throughout
Step 1: Choose a product
• Choose 3 similar apps (nothing too broad, e.g. Google Maps or Facebook)
• IF you choose a broad app, choose a specific function to assess (e.g. ‘like’ function)
• Apps must be commercial and have a decent user base
• Start thinking about your survey
A: Online clothing mall
B: Find a babysitter
C: Dog sharing service
Goal: To encourage users to shop for clothing online, including second hand clothing
Client: A mall provider, such as Westfield in collaboration with a clothing recycling charity.
Goal: To help parents find regular or one-off babysitters for their children, and to help babysitters find parents they can work for.
Client: A parenting site such as babycenter, who want to provide additional services
Goal: To help people find someone to walk their dog because they are unwell, elderly or unexpectedly time poor, and to help people find dogs they can walk and share with others.
Client: An animal welfare charity who want to improve dog wellbeing and reduce dog surrender.
Step 2: Analyse the product
Who are the target users (more on this soon)?
What are the main tasks?
What are the main pitfalls
• How many user groups are there? • What is the business model?
• How easy is it to complete these tasks?
• Are these usability failures or technical limitations?
Step 3: Create your survey
Users Tasks Questions
Identify your audience and where you can reach them
Identify tasks and what you want to know about
Write your questions in clear, plain language
(Step 3a): About questions
Do not ‘lead’ your respondents
Do not ask for personal information
Ask only what you need to ask
All questions must relate to the user experience
If you ask about competitors, it must be experience related
Step 4: Online user interview
• Each team member must interview ONE person
• All team members will use the same questions
• You will reflect on your interviews in the individual component of this assignment
Step 5: Analyse your findings
Collate your findings into common What are your participants commonly saying?
Compare your findings with your analysis from Step 2.
Are certain groups of participants saying only one thing?
Answer the big questions you had about the system using all your data
Compile a report
What are the key new things?
Clear, concise, practical, polite
Quiz time: Log in to Canvas and go to Quizzes
Identifying and Working with Users
•Imagine you’ve been asked to
•study an existing product or interface
•maybe to re-design the interface
•research a product/interface soon to be created
•You need to answer the following questions Who are your users?
What might they do with your product? What do they think is important?
Why do we need to identify users (and why is it so hard?)
Satisfy the Cat
Key questions
Who are the users (cats)?
What do they need to do with your product?
What is important to them?
Defining Users
What is a User?
WHAT PROBLEM WILL YOUR PRODUCT SOLVE?
WHOSE PROBLEMS ARE THOSE?
Identifying Users
How do you know who will be using your product?
Remember that users are:
How many groups of users?
• Competitor product users • New market?
• Anybody that will be gaining value from your product, by completing a task within your product
• (this could be tricky…)
Consider Auspost
In class exercise
Let’s begin with: User Characteristics
Instead of trying to encompass each and every possible user, let us paint a picture by using attributes.
Each user has attributes and there is a spectrum for each attribute. Personal attribues
• Domain experience
Personal attributes (useful for personas)
• Gender • Ethnicity • Others?
Do they matter? Are they fixed?
What sort of skills are required to use your product?
• If it’s web based, the use of a web browser
• Specialised knowledge? How to use a camera?
• Prior experience?
Back to Auspost…
Domain experience
Do your users know about the topic your tool is addressing
• On a restaurant site will they know ‘tapas’? ‘degustation’?
• What is their experience of competitor products? Domain experience affects
• Vocabulary
• Anticipated tasks
• Design patterns
Finding Users
Why are we looking for users?
Because UCD is about involving users from the start How do we find them?
• Surveys, interviews, observations
• Competitors products
• Social media
Any way we can! (ethically)
Having the right users can make or break your design
Example: A simple mobile game
Who exactly will play your game? • “oh, everyone”
Is that true?
• People with a mobile phone
• People who like online games
• People who have time
• People who can access the game
Be careful not to be too broad (or specific) The right users will help design your game
Lessons from research
Steps to recruit users (based on 7 case studies)
1. Brainstorm a preliminary list of users.
2. Describe the main user characteristics
3. Describe main user groups and prioritize them.
4. Select typical and representative users from the groups.
5. Gather information from the users and redesign the user group descriptions according to the new information gathered.
Lessons learned
• Process is iterative
• Users more diverse than expected
Kujala, S., & Kauppinen, M. (2004). Identifying and selecting users for user-centered design. In Proc NordiCHI (pp. 297–303). ACM.
Identifying and Defining Tasks
What is a task?
A task that needs to be done
• What is the goal?
• What are the steps? Are there multiple approaches?
• Are there pre-conditions or tools needed?
• What does the user need to know before? How do they learn this?
• Who is involved?
• Where will it be done?
• How often will it be done? How long should it take?
• What could go wrong?
Example task: Send an email (in groups)
• Tools? What needs to be in place?
• Knowledge before?
• Who is involved?
• How often? How long will it take?
• What could go wrong?
RMIT research on task
Research to understand
Task location
Activity at the time of interaction Social interactions
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/new- institute-explores-future-cortana/
User Research Methods
User research methods at the requirement stage
Who are the users?
• Contextual inquiry
• Competitive analysis
What are they trying to do? • Task analysis
• Top task analysis
http://www.measuringu.com/blog/method-when.php
Nielsen’s 3D Framework
Attitudinal
Qualitative (formative)
Behavioural
Quantitative Summative
Context of use during test
• Natural use
• Scripted (lab) use
• Not using
• Combination
https://www.nngroup.com/articles/which-ux-research-methods/
Creating a survey
• More difficult than it seems! • Questions
• Must be concise and clear
• Must relate to the interface
• Must be unbiased
• Must not be personal
Good question design
• http://www.uxforthemasses.com /online-survey-questions
Multiple choice over free text
Standard measures
Likert scale NASA TLX…
Likert scale
• Range of responses with discrete answers
• Quantifies opinion
• Usually 5 or 7 point
“canvas is easy to use”
1. Strongly disagree
2. Disagree
3. Neutral
5. Strongly agree
NASA TLX (task load index)
Measures workload/cognitive load
Commonly used in safety critical interfaces
Useful links
• http://humanfactors.arc.nasa.gov/groups/TLX/downloads/NASA-TLXChapter.pdf
• http://humansystems.arc.nasa.gov/groups/TLX/downloads/HFES_2006_Paper.pdf
Types of error
• Coverage: Did you capture everyone using your system?
• Sampling: Was your sample representative?
• Nonresponse: Did some people not do the survey? Did they come from a particular group?
• Measurement error: Inaccurate answers
Measurement errors
Mitigation
• Ask factual questions
• If you need opinions, avoid bias
• Online surveys for anonymity
• Recognition over recall
Memory inaccuracy
Social desirability
How regularly do you exercise?
• Politeness
Bias in the question
Individuals are more to blame than social conditions for crime and lawlessness in this country”
“Social conditions are more to blame than individuals for crime and lawlessness in this country”
Interviews
Interviews
• Highly detailed
• Possible to examine an issue more closely
• Body language/tone information
• Expensive (time, money, incentives)
• Not automated
Interview types
Great for exploring a problem space
Conversational
Can change direction on the fly
Structured
Scripted and fixed Explore a particular issue
Contextual inquiry
Done in the place where users engage in tasks
Allow users to show, not tell
Support memory
Leading questions: A major problem
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G 0ZZJXw4MTA#t=57
How to ask a question
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v= 8tiuWYs5Z-A
Research Ethics
Why do we need ethics?
Content warning: Discussion of medical experiments on women
Cervical cancer experiments in NZ in 1960s/70s (“the Unfortunate Experiment”)
curious about the progression of cervical cancer
• Engaged in ‘watchful waiting’ of some cancers
• Did hysterectomies without biopsy on others
• Did smears on baby girls
• The women/parents were not told
• 30 women developed invasive cancer
• No-one was ever punished
How do we treat users ethically?
• Time: Don’t waste it
• Comfort: Make the user comfortable
• Informed consent: Inform the user as fully as possible
• Privacy: Preserve it
• Control: The user can stop at any time
At a university, you must go through an ethics board
Informed consent
What are you going to do
Why are you going to do it
How users can stop/opt out
Limited deception ok in very rare cases
Must be approved by ethics board
Not just because “users might not agree”
User comfort
• Don’t put users under undue pressure
• Ensure users know you are testing the system not them
• Be friendly and polite
Ethics board approval
If your study will involve human participants in any way you must apply for approval
Ethics board will want to know:
Who participants will be
Are they vulnerable (e.g. under 18, cognitively impaired, in a power relationship with experimenter)
How you will find participants
What participants will be asked to do
Is deception involved? Will you be asking about sensitive topics (e.g. culture?) When/where will study take place?
Who will have access to study data How data will be secured
What is the benefit of the study?
Ethics approval
At RMIT https://www.rmit.edu.au/research/our-research/ethics-and- integrity/human-ethics
In this course
We have a blanket approval
You must follow procedure
Check out participant information sheet on Canvas
Assignment 1 recapped How and why to find users How to understand tasks How to treat users ethically
程序代写 CS代考 加微信: powcoder QQ: 1823890830 Email: powcoder@163.com