Microsoft Word – Wk6Tute_Kroger&Radford_KatesAnswerGuide
2/9/13 & 4/9/13
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Agatu PSRs (Kroger) & Complements/Adjuncts (Radford)
Kate’s answer guide
Kroger Exercise – 6A Agatu (see pages 98-99)
Write a set of PS rules which will generate all of the following examples, and draw PS trees for # 5, 8,
and 12. Use annotations to show all Grammatical Relations. (Note: assume that the prefix labelled
“GEN” is inserted by a rule of morphology.)
Step 1 – Identify parts of speech/phrases and write PSRs for each example
1. [ [ [ɔi]N ]NP-Subj [[wa]V ]VP ]S
child came
‘The child came’
Initial PSRs:
S ���� NPSubj VP
VP ���� V
NP ���� N
2. [ [ [ewo]N ]NP-Subj [[wa]V [ [ɔlɛ]N ]NP-DO ]VP ]S
dog came compound
‘The dog came to the compound (i.e. to the houses round one courtyard)’
Add to PSRs:
VP ���� V NPDO
3. [ [ [ada]N ]NP-Subj [ [wa]V ]VP ]S
father came
‘Father came’
No additional PSRs
4. [ [ [ɔi]N ]NP-Subj [ [wa]V [ [ewo]N ]NP-DO ]VP ]S
child saw dog
‘The child saw the dog’
No additional PSRs
5. [ [ [ada]N [ [g-ɔi]N [ɛpa]Num ]NP-Poss ]NP-Subj [ [wa]V ]VP ]S
father GEN-child two came
‘The father of the two children came’
Add to PSRs:
NP ���� N NPPoss
NP ���� N Num
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6. [ [ [ɔi]N ]NP-Subj [ [ma]V [ [ewo]N [ [g-ada]N ]NP-Poss ]NP-DO ]VP ]S
child saw dog GEN-father
‘The child saw the father’s dog’
No additional PSRs
7. [ [ [ɔi]N ]NP-Subj [ [ma]V [ [ewo]N [ɛpa]Num ]NP-DO ]VP ]S
child saw dog two
‘The child saw two dogs’
No additional PSRs
8. [ [ [ada]N ]NP-Subj [ [ma]V [ [ewo]N [ɛpa]Num [ [g-ɔi]N ]NP-Poss ]NP-DO ]VP ]S
father saw dog two GEN-child
‘Father saw the child’s two dogs’
Add to PSRs:
NP ���� N Num NPPoss
9. [ [ [ɔi]N ]NP [ [ma]V [ [ɔlɛ]N ]NP ]VP ]S
child saw compound
‘The child saw the compound’
No additional PSRs
10. [ [ [ada]N [ [g-ɔlɛ]N ]NP-Poss ]NP-Subj [ [ma]V [ [ɛhi]N [ [g-ɔi]N ]NP-Poss ]NP-DO ]VP ]S
father GEN-compound saw pot GEN-child
‘The compound-head (lit. father-of-compound) saw the child’s pot’
No additional PSRs
11. [ [ [ewo]N ]NP-Subj [ [ma]V [ [ɔi]N [ [g-ada]N [ [g-ɔlɛ]N ]NP-Poss ]NP-Poss ]NP-DO ]VP ]S
dog saw child GEN-father GEN-compound
‘The dog saw the compound-head’s child’
No additional PSRs
12. [ [ [ewo]N [ɛpa]Num [ [g-ada]N [ [g- ɔlɛ]N ]NP-Poss ]NP-Poss ]NP-Subj [ [wa]V ]VP ]S
dog two GEN-father GEN-compound came
‘The compound head’s two dogs came’
No additional PSRs
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Step 2 – Collapse the PSRs
These are the PSRs written while analysing all the examples:
S � NPSubj VP
VP � V
VP � V NPDO
NP � N
NP � N NPPoss
NP � N Num
NP � N Num NPPoss
These can be collapsed as follows:
S � NPSubj VP
VP � V (NPDO)
NP � N (Num) (NPPoss)
Step 3 – Draw trees for 5, 8 and 12
5. 8.
12.
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Radford Exercises (see Wk6 tutorial file on LMS)
Exercise 1
“It might be argued that the bracketed Prepositional Phrase in (1) below is a Complement, whereas
that in (2) below is an Adjunct:
(1) the discussion [of the riots]
(2) the discussion [in the bar]
Given this assumption, what structure would be assigned to each of the Noun Phrases in (1) and (2),
and what rules would be necessary to generate the relevant structures (show each individual step in
the derivation)?”
Structures:
PSRs:
NP � N’
N’ � N’ PP
N (PP)
PP � P’
P’ � P NP
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“Show how the assumption that the bracketed PP is a Complement in (1) but an Adjunct in (2) would
account for the following contrasts (assuming the grammaticality judgements given):”
(3) (a) *The discussion of the match was more animated than the one of the riots.
(b) The discussion at the match was more animated than the one in the bar.
The proform ‘one’ can be substituted for N’. (3a) is ungrammatical because ‘one’ is being substituted
for N.
(4) (a) The discussion of the riots and of their implications was full and frank.
(b) The discussion at the match and in the bar was full and frank.
(c) *The discussion of the riots and in the bar was full and frank.
(4a) and (4b) are grammatical because they a coordinating phrases of the same type (i.e. (4a)
coordinates two complements and (4b) coordinates two adjuncts). (4c) is ungrammatical because it
is coordinating a complement with an adjunct.
(5) (a) The discussion of the riots in the bar was full and frank.
(b) *The discussion in the bar of the riots was full and frank.
Complements should be closer to the head than adjuncts. (5b) is ungrammatical because it does not
do this.
(6) (a) The discussion was rather misleading in the document.
(b) *The discussion was rather misleading of the document
Adjuncts can be separated from their head by intervening material (which is why (6a) is
grammatical), whereas complements cannot (which explains the ungrammaticality of (6b).
(7) (a) Which document did they ban the discussion of?
(b) *Which document did they ban the discussion in?
The NP constituent of a complement PP can be questioned with a constituent (Wh-) question (as in
(7a)), whereas the NP constituent of an adjunct cannot (which is why (7b) is ungrammatical).
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Exercise 2
“Discuss the syntax of the bracketed Noun Phrases in the following sentences, presenting empirical
arguments to support your analysis:”
(1) I met [a specialist in fibreoptics from Paris]
Syntax:
specialist (N) in fibreoptics (COMP) from Paris (ADJ)
Evidence:
*I met a specialist from Paris in fibreoptics (ADJ can’t be closer to head than COMP)
*I met a specialist in fibreoptics and from Paris (COMP and ADJ can’t be coordinated)
*I met that one in fibreoptics from Paris (‘one’ can only be substituted for N’)
I met that one from Paris (‘one’ can be substituted for N’)
(2) [The girl on the stage in jeans] is a friend of mine
Syntax:
girl (N) on the stage (ADJ) in jeans (ADJ)
Evidence:
The girl in jeans on the stage is a friend of mine
(Order of PPs can be switched, indicating that neither of them are COMPs, because COMPs
should be closer to the head than ADJ)
That one on the stage in jeans is a friend of mine
That one in jeans is a friend of mine
(‘one’ substitution works, indicating that these PPs are adjuncts)
Syntax:
friend (N) of mine (COMP)
Evidence:
*The girl on the stage jeans is a friend of mine of yours
(COMPs can’t be stacked)
(3) [The journey from Paris to Rome on Sunday] was tiring
Syntax:
journey (N) from Paris (COMP) to Rome (COMP) on Sunday (ADJ)??
Evidence:
The evidence for this one is not quite as compelling. We might want to think of from Paris
and to Rome as COMPs and on Sunday as an ADJ because journeys typically have to start and
end somewhere, whereas they don’t necessarily have to happen on a certain day of the
week.
*The journey from Paris and on Sunday was tiring (COMPs and ADJ can’t be coordinated)
?The journey from Paris and to Rome was tiring (COMPs can be coordinated w/ COMPs)
The journey on Sunday from Paris to Rome was tiring (ADJ shouldn’t be closer to head than
COMP, but this is ok here)
jlum
Sticky Note
Note: here ‘ADJ’ is short for ‘adjunct’ (not ‘adjective’).
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(4) [The ban on belts with studs in the school] has caused a lot of resentment
Syntax:
ban (N) on belts with studs (COMP) in the school (ADJ)
belts (N) with studs (ADJ)
Evidence:
*The ban on belts and in the school has caused resentment
(Can’t coordinate COMPs & ADJs)
?The ban in the school on belts has caused resentment
(ADJ shouldn’t be closer to the head than COMP)
The ban on belts and on shoes has caused resentment
(COMPs can be coordinated with other COMPs)
*The ban on belts on shoes (where the belts are not physically on the shoes)
(COMPs can’t be stacked)
The ban on belts in the school and throughout the town has caused resentment
(ADJ can be coordinated with other ADJ)
*Belts with studs and of leather have caused resentment
(ADJ can’t be coordinated with COMP)
Belts of leather with studs have caused resentment
(COMP should be closer to head than ADJ)
*Belts with studs of leather have caused resentment (where it’s the belts, not the studs, that
are made from leather)
(COMP should be closer to head than ADJ)
Belts with studs and with glitter have caused resentment
(ADJ can be coordinated with other ADJ)
(5) [The girl at the disco last week] rang me up yesterday
Syntax:
girl (N) at the disco last week (ADJ)
disco (N) last week (ADJ)
Evidence:
The girl with long hair at the disco last week rang me up yesterday
(‘at the disco last week’ doesn’t need to be closer to the head than the ADJ ‘with long hair’,
indicating that it’s not a COMP)
The girl at the disco last week and in the café this week rang me up yesterday
(ADJ can be coordinated with another ADJ)
The girl at the disco last week and on Saturday rang me up yesterday
(ADJ can be coordinated with other ADJ)
The girl at the disco in the warehouse last week rang me up yesterday
(ADJ can have intervening material between itself and the head).