Stat-3503/Stat-8109 Airoldi/Fall-21
problem set no. 1 — due monday 10/25 before lecture starts
learning objectives. compute likelihoods, both for a generic sample, i.e., (x1, …, xn),
and for a specific sample, i.e., (2, 3, 6, 4, 8, 5, 6, 2, 3, 6, 5); write some short programs in R
to generate fake data sets from a given model and plot the corresponding likelihoods.
problem 1. set-up: you are interested in studying the writing style of a popular Time
Magazine contributor, FZ. you collect a simple random sample of his articles and count how
many times he uses the word however in each of the articles in your sample, (x1, …, xn).
In this set-up, xi is the number of times the word however appeared in the i-th article.
question 1.1. (10 points) define the population of interest, the population quantity of
interest, and the sampling units.
question 1.2. (10 points) what are potentially useful estimands for studying writing style?
(hint: you are interested in comparing FZ writing style to that of other contributors.)
question 1.3. (10 points) model: let Xi denote the quantity that captures the number
of times the word however appears in the i-th article. let’s assume that the quantities
X1, …Xn are independent and identically distributed (IID) according to a Poisson distri-
bution with unknown parameter λ,
p(Xi = xi | λ) = Poisson(xi | λ) for i = 1, …, n.
using the 2-by-2 table of what’s variable/constant versus what’s observed/unknown, declare
what’s the technical nature (random variable, latent variable, known constant or unknown
constant) of the quantities involved the set-up/model above: X1, ..Xn, x1, …xn, λ and n.
question 1.4. (10 points) write the data generating process for the model above.
question 1.5. (10 points) define the likelihood L(λ) = p(· | ·) for this model and set-up at
the highest level of abstraction.
question 1.6. (10 points) write the likelihood L(λ) for a generic sample of n articles,
(x1, …, xn).
question 1.7. (10 points) write the log-likelihood `(λ) for a generic sample of n articles,
(x1, …, xn).
question 1.8. (10 points) write the log-likelihood `(λ) for the following specific sample of 7
articles (12, 4, 5, 3, 7, 5, 6).
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Stat-3503/Stat-8109 Airoldi/Fall-21
question 1.9. (10 points) plot the log-likelihood `(λ) in R for the same specific sample of
7 articles (12, 4, 5, 3, 7, 5, 6). What is the maximum value of λ (approximately)?
question 1.10. (10 points) draw a graphical representation of this model, which explicitly
shows the random quantities and the unknown constants only.
edo says. mmmh … something is amiss. the articles FZ writes have different lengths. if
we model the word occurrences in each article as IID Poisson random variables with rate λ,
we are implicitly assuming that the articles have the same length. why? (10 points; extra
credit) and if that is true, what is the implied common length? (10 points; extra credit)
problem 2. set-up: you collect another random sample of articles penned by FZ and
count how many times he uses the word however in each of the articles in your sample,
(x1, …, xn). you also count the length of each article in your sample, (y1, …, yn). In this
set-up, xi is the number of times the word however appeared in the i-th article, as before,
and yi is the total number of words in the i-th article.
question 2.1. (10 points) model: let Xi denote the quantity that captures the number
of times the word however appears in the i-th article. let’s assume that the quantities
X1, …Xn are independent and identically distributed (IID) according to a Poisson distri-
bution with unknown parameter ν · yi
1000
,
p(Xi = xi | yi, ν, 1000) = Poisson(xi | ν ·
yi
1000
) for i = 1, …, n.
using the 2-by-2 table of what’s variable/constant versus what’s observed/unknown, declare
what’s the technical nature (random variable, latent variable, known constant or unknown
constant) of the quantities involved the set-up/model above: X1, ..Xn, x1, …xn, y1, …yn, ν
and n.
question 2.2. (10 points) what is the interpretation of
yi
1000
in this model? explain.
question 2.3. (10 points) what is the interpretation of ν in this model? explain.
question 2.4. (10 points) write the data generating process for the model above.
question 2.5. (10 points) define the likelihood L(ν) = p(· | ·) for this model and set-up at
the highest level of abstraction.
question 2.6. (10 points) write the likelihood L(ν) for a generic sample of n articles,
(x1, …, xn), and n article lengths, (y1, …, yn).
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Stat-3503/Stat-8109 Airoldi/Fall-21
question 2.7. (10 points) write the log-likelihood `(ν) for a generic sample of n articles,
(x1, …, xn), and n article lengths, (y1, …, yn).
question 2.8. (10 points) Simulate the number of occurrences of the word however for 5
articles using the data generating process. Assume ν = 10 and coresponding article lengths
y = (1730, 947, 1830, 1210, 1100). Record the number of occurrences of however in each
article.
question 2.9. (10 points) write the log-likelihood `(ν) for the following the specific sample
of occurrences you generated in the previous question and their corresponding 5 article
lengths (1730, 947, 1830, 1210, 1100).
question 2.10. (10 points) Plot the log-likelihood from the previous question in R. Does
the maximum occur near ν = 10?
question 2.11. (10 points) draw a graphical representation of this model, which explicitly
shows the random quantities and the unknown constants only.
edo says. that was a more reasonable model. but FZ writes about different topics. our
model is not capturing that. is FZ more prone to offering his own opinions when he writes
about politics than when he writes about other topics? let’s investigate.
problem 3. set-up: you collect a random sample of articles penned by FZ and count how
many times he uses the certain word I in each of the articles in your sample, (x1, …, xn).
In this set-up, xi is the number of times the word I appeared in the i-th article.
question 3.1. (10 points) model: let Xi denote the quantity that captures the number of
times the word I appears in the i-th article. let Zi indicate whether the i-th article is
about politics, denoted by Zi = 1, or not, denoted by Zi = 0. let’s assume that the quan-
tities X1, …, Xn are independent of one another conditionally on the corresponding values
of Z1, …, Zn. let’s assume that the quantities Z1, …, Zn are independent and identically
distributed (IID) according to a Bernoulli distribution with parameter π,
p(Zi | π) = Bernoulli(zi | π) for i = 1, …, n.
let’s further assume that the number of occurrences of the word I in an article about
politics follows a Poisson distribution with unknown parameter λPolitics,
p(Xi = xi | Zi = 1, λPolitics) = Poisson(xi | λPolitics) for i = 1, …, n,
and that the number of occurrences of the word I in an article about any other topic follows
a Binomial distribution with size 1000 and unknown parameter θOther,
p(Xi = xi | Zi = 0, 1000, θOther) = Binomial(xi | 1000, θOther) for i = 1, …, n.
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Stat-3503/Stat-8109 Airoldi/Fall-21
using the 2-by-2 table of what’s variable/constant versus what’s observed/unknown, declare
what’s the technical nature (random variable, latent variable, known constant or unknown
constant) of the quantities involved the set-up/model above: X1, ..Xn, x1, …xn, Z1, ..Zn,
z1, …zn, π, λPolitics, θOther and n.
question 3.2. (10 points) write the data generating process for the model above.
question 3.3. (10 points) simulate 1000 values of Xi in R from the data generating process
assuming pi = 0.3, λPolitics = 30 and θOther = 0.02. Plot the values of Xi|Zi = 1 and
Xi|Zi = 0 as two histograms on the same plot. Color the histograms by the value of Zi so
the two populations can be distinguished.
question 3.4. (10 points) write the likelihood for 1 article, Li(λPolitics, θOther) = p(Xi =
xi | λPolitics, θOther).
question 3.5. (10 points) write the likelihood L(λPolitics, θOther) for a generic sample of n
articles, (x1, …, xn).
question 3.6. (10 points) write the log-likelihood `(λPolitics, θOther) for a generic sample of
n articles, (x1, …, xn).
question 3.7. (10 points) write the log-likelihood `(λPolitics, θOther) for the following specific
sample of 8 articles (12, 4, 8, 3, 3, 10, 1, 9).
question 3.8. (10 points) draw a graphical representation of this model, which explicitly
shows the random quantities and the unknown constants only.
edo says. wait, but is it reasonable to assume that the rate λ is an unknown constant in
all of our models? it seems like a stretch. (10 points; if you agree)
problem 4. set-up: let’s go back to the simplest possible set-up for this exercise. you
collect a random sample of articles penned by FZ and count how many times he uses the
word and in each of the articles in your sample, (x1, …, xn). In this set-up, xi is the number
of times the word and appeared in the i-th article, as before.
question 4.1. (10 points) model: let Xi denote the quantity that captures the number of
times the word and appears in the i-th article. let’s assume that the quantities X1, …Xn
are independent and identically distributed (IID) according to a Poisson distribution with
unknown parameter Λ,
p(Xi = xi | Λ = λi) = Poisson(xi | λi) for i = 1, …, n.
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Stat-3503/Stat-8109 Airoldi/Fall-21
in addition, let’s assume that the rate Λ is distributed according to a Gamma distribution
with unknown parameters α and θ,
f(Λ = λi | α, θ) = Gamma(λi | α, θ).
using the 2-by-2 table of what’s variable/constant versus what’s observed/unknown, declare
what’s the technical nature (random variable, latent variable, known constant or unknown
constant) of the quantities involved the set-up/model above: X1, ..Xn, x1, …xn, Λ, λ1, …λn,
α, θ and n.
question 4.2. (10 points) write the data generating process for the model above.
question 4.3. (10 points) in R simulate 1000 values from the data generating process.
Assume α = 10 and θ = 1. Compute the mean and variance of the Xi.
question 4.4. (10 points) in R simulate 1000 values assuming λi = 10 for all i (ignore
the Gamma distribution). Compute the mean and variance of the Xi now. How do they
compare to the mean and variance you calcualted in question 4.3?
question 4.5. (10 points) write the likelihood for 1 article, Li(α, θ) = p(Xi = xi | α, θ).
question 4.6. (10 points) write the log-likelihood `(α, θ) for a generic sample of n articles,
(x1, …, xn).
question 4.7. (10 points) write the log-likelihood `(α, θ) for the following specific sample
of 8 articles (64, 61, 89, 55, 57, 76, 47, 55).
question 4.8. (10 points) draw a graphical representation of this model, which explicitly
shows the random quantities and the unknown constants only.
edo says. do you recognize the very special probability mass function you just obtained
for p(Xi = xi | α, θ) = Li(α, θ)? (10 points; extra credit) excellent! you just proved a useful
result: Gamma mixture of Poisson is a … .
Generate samples from this distribution and verify graphically that you get the distribution
looks the same as that in 4.3 (you must use appropriate parameters you identified above).
(10 points; extra credit)
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