INFS1609 Fundamentals of Business Programming 2021T1 Lecture 1
INFS1609 Fundamentals of Business Programming
2021T1
Lecture 2
User Input and Selections
wilbert. .au
mailto:wilbert. .au
PASS Class
Peer Assisted Study Sessions (PASS) will run from Week 02 to Week 10
Thursdays 3-4pm
Collaborate Ultra (Online)
PASS Leader: Nguyen (Khang) Bui
khang. .edu.au
INFS1609 Fundamentals of Business Programming 2
mailto:khang. .edu.au
Topics for this week
• Casting the value of one type to another type
• boolean variables and relational operators
• The if-else statement
• The switch statement
• Working with String
INFS1609 Fundamentals of Business Programming 3
Main references
• Textbook: Chapter 3 and 4
• Other online references posted on Ed
Numeric Type Conversion
Primitive data types
• A type predefined by Java and is named by a reserved
keyword
• We have eight primitive data types: ________
INFS1609 Fundamentals of Business Programming 4
Numeric Type Conversion
Primitive data types
• A type predefined by Java and is named by a reserved
keyword
• We have eight primitive data types: ________
• byte, short, int, long, float, double, boolean, char
INFS1609 Fundamentals of Business Programming 5
range increases
byte, short, int, long, float, double
Numeric Type Conversion
Implicit casting
double d = 3; (type widening)
Explicit casting
int i = (int) 3.0; (type narrowing)
int i = (int) 3.9; (fractional part is truncated)
INFS1609 Fundamentals of Business Programming 6
Numeric Type Conversion
“Automatic” implicit casting
officially called as the Assignment Conversion
• Assign a value to a numeric variable whose type supports a
larger range of values (widening a type)
• E.g., you can assign a long to a float variable
INFS1609 Fundamentals of Business Programming 7
range increases
byte, short, int, long, float, double
Numeric Type Conversion
Explicit type casting
• Narrowing a type – casting a type with a large range to a type
with a smaller range
• Syntax: specify the target type in parentheses ( ), followed by
the variable’s name
• For example: (int) 1.7
INFS1609 Fundamentals of Business Programming 8
range increases
byte, short, int, long, float, double
Numeric Type Conversion
Conversion rules
1. If one of the operands is double, the other is converted into double
2. Otherwise, if one of the operands is float, the other is converted into
float
3. Otherwise, if one of the operands is long, the other is converted into
long
4. Otherwise, both operands are converted into int
INFS1609 Fundamentals of Business Programming 9
range increases
byte, short, int, long, float, double
Numeric Type Conversion
What are the outputs?
System.out.println((double) 1 / 2);
System.out.println(1 / 2);
INFS1609 Fundamentals of Business Programming 10
Numeric Type Conversion
What are the outputs?
System.out.println((double) 1 / 2);
System.out.println(1 / 2);
The first statement displays 0.5 because 1 is cast to 1.0, then
divided by 2
INFS1609 Fundamentals of Business Programming 11
Numeric Type Conversion
Note:
Casting does not change the variable being cast
For example, the variable d is not changed after casting in the
following code:
double d = 4.5;
int i = (int) d; //i = 4 but d is still 4.5
INFS1609 Fundamentals of Business Programming 12
Numeric Type Conversion
Let’s see how we can make use of casting to perform some
useful tasks:
Write a program that displays the sales tax with two digits after
the decimal point.
INFS1609 Fundamentals of Business Programming 13
Good Programming Practices
… to help you avoid errors
Identifiers
• Names given to identify an element (e.g. class, method, variable)
• Descriptive identifiers make programs easy to read (avoid abbreviations)
• Some rules for Java:
• An identifier must start with a letter, an underscore (_), or a dollar sign
($). It cannot start with a digit.
• An identifier cannot be a reserved word (what are some reserved
words you have learned today?)
• Java is case sensitive: area, Area and AREA are all different
identifiers
INFS1609 Fundamentals of Business Programming 15
Identifier Naming Conventions
Variables and method names:
• Use lowercase. If the name consists of several words, concatenate all in
one, use lowercase for the first word, and capitalize the first letter of each
subsequent word in the name
• For example, the variables radius and area, and the method
computeArea
Class names:
• Capitalize the first letter of each word in the name
• For example, the class name ComputeExpression
INFS1609 Fundamentals of Business Programming 16
Identifier Naming Conventions
Constants:
• Capitalize all letters in constants, and use underscores to connect words
• For example, the constant PI and MAX_VALUE
INFS1609 Fundamentals of Business Programming 17
About Programming Errors
What happens if:
• You try to assign a value to a variable before declaration?
• You try to use the Scanner without import?
• You try to assign a value of a different type to a variable?
INFS1609 Fundamentals of Business Programming 18
About Programming Errors
Syntax Errors
• Detected by the compiler
Runtime Errors
• Causes the program to abort
Logic Errors
• Produces an incorrect result
INFS1609 Fundamentals of Business Programming 19
Syntax Errors
public class DemoSyntaxError {
public static main(String[] args) {
System.out.println(“Welcome to Java);
}
}
INFS1609 Fundamentals of Business Programming 20
Runtime Errors
public class DemoRuntimeError {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println(1 / 0);
}
}
INFS1609 Fundamentals of Business Programming 21
Logic Errors
public class ShowLogicErrors {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println(“Celsius 35 is Fahrenheit degree “);
System.out.println((9 / 5) * 35 + 32);
}
}
INFS1609 Fundamentals of Business Programming 22
Looking back: HourlyPay
Remember the HourlyPay example?
• If you assigned a negative value for hoursWorked in the
HourlyPay.java, the program would print an invalid result.
• If the hoursWorked is negative, you don’t want the program to
compute the gross pay. How can you deal with this situation?
INFS1609 Fundamentals of Business Programming 23
The boolean type and relational
operators
• Often in a program you need to compare two values, such as
whether i is greater than j
• Java provides six comparison operators (also known as
relational operators) that can be used to compare two values
• The result of the comparison is a boolean value: true or
false
boolean b = (1 > 2);
INFS1609 Fundamentals of Business Programming 24
The boolean type and relational
operators
Java
Operator
Mathematical
Symbol
Name Example
(radius = 5)
Result
< < less than radius < 0 false <= ≤ less than or equal to radius <= 0 false > > greater than radius > 0 true
>= ≥ greater than or equal to radius >= 0 true
== = equal to radius == 0 false
!= ≠ not equal to radius != 0 true
INFS1609 Fundamentals of Business Programming 25
The boolean type and relational
operators
public static void main (String[] args){
System.out.println(“10 > 9 is ” + (10 > 9));
}
INFS1609 Fundamentals of Business Programming 26
The boolean type and relational
operators
Operator Name Description
! not logical negation
&& and logical conjunction
|| or logical disjunction
^ exclusive or logical exclusion
INFS1609 Fundamentals of Business Programming 27
The boolean type and relational
operators
p1 p2 p1 ^ p2 Example (assume age = 24, weight = 140)
false false false
false true true (age > 34) ^ (weight >= 140) is true,
because (age > 34) is false but (weight >= 140) is true.
true false true (age > 14) ^ (weight > 140) is true,
because (age > 14) is true and (weight > 140) is false.
true true false
INFS1609 Fundamentals of Business Programming 28
The if conditional statement
INFS1609 Fundamentals of Business Programming 29
• Selectively execute part of a program
• Syntax:
if(condition) statement;
• condition is a boolean expression. If the condition is true,
then the statement is executed
One-way if statement
if i > 0 {
System.out.println(“i is positive”);
}
INFS1609 Fundamentals of Business Programming 30
(a) Wrong
(b) Correct
if (i > 0) {
System.out.println(“i is positive”);
}
One-way if statement
if (radius >= 0) {
area = radius * radius * PI;
System.out.println(“The area”
+ ” for the circle of radius ”
+ radius + ” is ” + area);
}
INFS1609 Fundamentals of Business Programming 31
The if conditional statement
INFS1609 Fundamentals of Business Programming 32
What is the output?
if(10<9) System.out.println("print me please?"); How about this? if(10<9) System.out.println("print me please?"); System.out.println("Print me?"); A simple if demo INFS1609 Fundamentals of Business Programming 33 Write a program that prompts the user to enter an integer. If the number is a multiple of 5, print HiFive. If the number is divisible by 2, print HiEven. The two-way if-else conditional statement INFS1609 Fundamentals of Business Programming 34 The two-way if-else conditional statement INFS1609 Fundamentals of Business Programming 35 if (boolean-expression) { statement(s)-for-the-true-case; } else { statement(s)-for-the-false-case; } The two-way if-else conditional statement INFS1609 Fundamentals of Business Programming 36 if (radius >= 0) {
area = radius * radius * 3.14159;
System.out.println(“The area for the ”
+ “circle of radius ” + radius +
” is ” + area);
}
else {
System.out.println(“Negative input”);
}
if-else statement with multiple
alternatives
INFS1609 Fundamentals of Business Programming 37
if (score >= 90.0)
System.out.print(“A”);
else
if (score >= 80.0)
System.out.print(“B”);
else
if (score >= 70.0)
System.out.print(“C”);
else
if (score >= 60.0)
System.out.print(“D”);
else
System.out.print(“F”);
(a)
Equivalent
if (score >= 90.0)
System.out.print(“A”);
else if (score >= 80.0)
System.out.print(“B”);
else if (score >= 70.0)
System.out.print(“C”);
else if (score >= 60.0)
System.out.print(“D”);
else
System.out.print(“F”);
(b)
This is better
Tracing the two-way if-else conditional
statement
INFS1609 Fundamentals of Business Programming 38
if (score >= 90.0)
System.out.print(“A”);
else if (score >= 80.0)
System.out.print(“B”);
else if (score >= 70.0)
System.out.print(“C”);
else if (score >= 60.0)
System.out.print(“D”);
else
System.out.print(“F”);
Suppose score is 70.0 The condition is false
Tracing the two-way if-else conditional
statement
INFS1609 Fundamentals of Business Programming 39
if (score >= 90.0)
System.out.print(“A”);
else if (score >= 80.0)
System.out.print(“B”);
else if (score >= 70.0)
System.out.print(“C”);
else if (score >= 60.0)
System.out.print(“D”);
else
System.out.print(“F”);
Suppose score is 70.0 The condition is false
Tracing the two-way if-else conditional
statement
INFS1609 Fundamentals of Business Programming 40
if (score >= 90.0)
System.out.print(“A”);
else if (score >= 80.0)
System.out.print(“B”);
else if (score >= 70.0)
System.out.print(“C”);
else if (score >= 60.0)
System.out.print(“D”);
else
System.out.print(“F”);
Suppose score is 70.0 The condition is true
Tracing the two-way if-else conditional
statement
INFS1609 Fundamentals of Business Programming 41
if (score >= 90.0)
System.out.print(“A”);
else if (score >= 80.0)
System.out.print(“B”);
else if (score >= 70.0)
System.out.print(“C”);
else if (score >= 60.0)
System.out.print(“D”);
else
System.out.print(“F”);
Suppose score is 70.0 Grade is C
Tracing the two-way if-else conditional
statement
INFS1609 Fundamentals of Business Programming 42
if (score >= 90.0)
System.out.print(“A”);
else if (score >= 80.0)
System.out.print(“B”);
else if (score >= 70.0)
System.out.print(“C”);
else if (score >= 60.0)
System.out.print(“D”);
else
System.out.print(“F”);
Suppose score is 70.0 Exit the if statement
Important Note
INFS1609 Fundamentals of Business Programming 43
The else clause matches the most recent if clause in the same block
Important Note
INFS1609 Fundamentals of Business Programming 44
So where you put the braces matters…
To force the else clause to match the first if clause, you must add a pair of
braces.
int i = 1;
int j = 2;
int k = 3;
if (i > j) {
if (i > k)
System.out.println(“A”);
} else
System.out.println(“B”);
Important Note #2
Adding a
semicolon to the
end of an if
condition is a
common mistake
if (radius >= 0);
{
area = radius * radius * PI;
System.out.println(
“The area for the circle of radius ”
+ radius + ” is ” + area);
}
INFS1609 Fundamentals of Business Programming 45
Wrong
Important Note #2
This mistake is
hard to find,
because it is not a
compilation error
or a runtime error,
it is a logic error.
This error often
occurs when you
use the next-line
block style.
if (radius >= 0);
{
area = radius * radius * PI;
System.out.println(
“The area for the circle of radius ”
+ radius + ” is ” + area);
}
INFS1609 Fundamentals of Business Programming 46
Wrong
Some Tips!
boolean even = number % 2 == 0;
if (even)
System.out.println(
“It is even.”);
INFS1609 Fundamentals of Business Programming 47
if (number % 2 == 0)
even = true;
else
even = false;
if (even == true)
System.out.println(
“It is even.”);
Equivalent
Equivalent
The conditional operator
x ? y : z
• It takes three arguments that together form a conditional
expression
result = grade > 70 ? “Passed” : “Failed”;
• The first argument is a boolean
• The second argument is the value of the operation if the
condition is true
• The third argument is the value of the operation if the condition
is false
INFS1609 Fundamentals of Business Programming 48
The conditional operator
x ? y : z
• It takes three arguments that together form a conditional
expression
result = grade > 70 ? “Passed” : “Failed”;
• This is equivalent to:
if (grade > 70)
result = “Passed”;
else
result = “Failed”;
INFS1609 Fundamentals of Business Programming 49
Practice: The conditional operator
Rewrite the following code using if-else statements:
tax = (income > 1000) ? income * 0.2 : income
* 0.17;
INFS1609 Fundamentals of Business Programming 50
Worked Example: Body Mass Index
Write a program that computes and interprets BMI. BMI can be
calculated by taking your weight in kilograms and dividing by the
square of your height in meters. The interpretation of BMI for
people 16 years or older is as follows:
INFS1609 Fundamentals of Business Programming 51
BMI Interpretation
BMI < 18.5 Underweight 18.5 <= BMI < 25.0 Normal 25.0 <= BMI < 30.0 Overweight 30.0 <= BMI Obese Example: Testing the logical operators INFS1609 Fundamentals of Business Programming 52 Ed > Lessons > Week 02 Code Examples > TestLogicalOperators
Questions?
… before the switch statement
The switch statement
When to use the switch statement?
• A sequence of comparisons needs to be made against
several constant alternatives
A switch statement evaluates an expression to determine a
value and then matches that value with one of several possible
cases
INFS1609 Fundamentals of Business Programming 54
The switch statement
switch (switch-expression) {
case value1: statement(s)1;
break;
case value2: statement(s)2;
break;
…
case valueN: statement(s)N;
break;
default: statement(s)-for-default;
}
INFS1609 Fundamentals of Business Programming 55
The switch statement flowchart
INFS1609 Fundamentals of Business Programming 56
The switch statement
The switch-
expression must
yield a value of
char, byte, short,
or int type and must
always be enclosed
in parentheses
switch (switch-expression) {
case value1: statement(s)1;
break;
case value2: statement(s)2;
break;
…
case valueN: statement(s)N;
break;
default: statement(s)-for-default;
}
INFS1609 Fundamentals of Business Programming 57
The switch statement
How about the
String type?
https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/
java/nutsandbolts/switch.html
switch (switch-expression) {
case value1: statement(s)1;
break;
case value2: statement(s)2;
break;
…
case valueN: statement(s)N;
break;
default: statement(s)-for-default;
}
INFS1609 Fundamentals of Business Programming 58
https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/nutsandbolts/switch.html
The switch statement
value1, …, and
valueN must have
the same data type
as the value of the
switch-
expression.
switch (switch-expression) {
case value1: statement(s)1;
break;
case value2: statement(s)2;
break;
…
case valueN: statement(s)N;
break;
default: statement(s)-for-default;
}
INFS1609 Fundamentals of Business Programming 59
The switch statement
The resulting
statements in the
case statement are
executed when the
value in the case
statement matches
the value of the
switch-
expression
switch (switch-expression) {
case value1: statement(s)1;
break;
case value2: statement(s)2;
break;
…
case valueN: statement(s)N;
break;
default: statement(s)-for-default;
}
INFS1609 Fundamentals of Business Programming 60
The switch statement
Note that value1,
…, and valueN are
constant
expressions,
meaning that they
cannot contain
variables in the
expression, such as
1 + x
switch (switch-expression) {
case value1: statement(s)1;
break;
case value2: statement(s)2;
break;
…
case valueN: statement(s)N;
break;
default: statement(s)-for-default;
}
INFS1609 Fundamentals of Business Programming 61
The switch statement
The keyword break
is optional, but it
should be used at the
end of each case in
order to terminate the
remainder of the
switch statement. If
the break statement
is not present, the
next case statement
will be executed
switch (switch-expression) {
case value1: statement(s)1;
break;
case value2: statement(s)2;
break;
…
case valueN: statement(s)N;
break;
default: statement(s)-for-default;
}
INFS1609 Fundamentals of Business Programming 62
The switch statement
When the value in a
case statement
matches the value of
the switch-
expression, the
statements starting from
this case are executed
until either a break
statement or the end of
the switch statement
is reached.
INFS1609 Fundamentals of Business Programming 63
switch (switch-expression) {
case value1: statement(s)1;
break;
case value2: statement(s)2;
break;
…
case valueN: statement(s)N;
break;
default: statement(s)-for-default;
}
The switch statement
The default case,
which is optional, can
be used to perform
actions when none of
the specified cases
matches the
switch-
expression
INFS1609 Fundamentals of Business Programming 64
switch (switch-expression) {
case value1: statement(s)1;
break;
case value2: statement(s)2;
break;
…
case valueN: statement(s)N;
break;
default: statement(s)-for-default;
}
Tracing the switch statement
switch (day) {
case 1:
case 2:
case 3:
case 4:
case 5: System.out.println(“Weekday”); break;
case 0:
case 6: System.out.println(“Weekend”);
}
INFS1609 Fundamentals of Business Programming 65
Suppose day is 2
Tracing the switch statement
switch (day) {
case 1:
case 2:
case 3:
case 4:
case 5: System.out.println(“Weekday”); break;
case 0:
case 6: System.out.println(“Weekend”);
}
INFS1609 Fundamentals of Business Programming 66
Match case 2
Tracing the switch statement
switch (day) {
case 1:
case 2:
case 3:
case 4:
case 5: System.out.println(“Weekday”); break;
case 0:
case 6: System.out.println(“Weekend”);
}
INFS1609 Fundamentals of Business Programming 67
Fall through case 3
Tracing the switch statement
switch (day) {
case 1:
case 2:
case 3:
case 4:
case 5: System.out.println(“Weekday”); break;
case 0:
case 6: System.out.println(“Weekend”);
}
INFS1609 Fundamentals of Business Programming 68
Fall through case 4
Tracing the switch statement
switch (day) {
case 1:
case 2:
case 3:
case 4:
case 5: System.out.println(“Weekday”); break;
case 0:
case 6: System.out.println(“Weekend”);
}
INFS1609 Fundamentals of Business Programming 69
Fall through case 5
Tracing the switch statement
switch (day) {
case 1:
case 2:
case 3:
case 4:
case 5: System.out.println(“Weekday”); break;
case 0:
case 6: System.out.println(“Weekend”);
}
INFS1609 Fundamentals of Business Programming 70
Encounter break
Tracing the switch statement
switch (day) {
case 1:
case 2:
case 3:
case 4:
case 5: System.out.println(“Weekday”); break;
case 0:
case 6: System.out.println(“Weekend”);
}
INFS1609 Fundamentals of Business Programming 71
Exit the statement
Practice: The switch statement
INFS1609 Fundamentals of Business Programming 72
Do some coding!
Creating the same example using String
The String type
INFS1609 Fundamentals of Business Programming 73
• String is actually a predefined class in the Java library just
like the System class and Scanner class.
• The String type is not a primitive type. It is known as a
reference type.
• Reference types will be thoroughly discussed later.
• For the time being, you just need to know how to declare a
String variable, how to assign a string to the variable, how to
concatenate strings, and how to perform simple operations for
Strings.
Simple methods for String objects
INFS1609 Fundamentals of Business Programming 74
Method Description
Returns the number of characters in this string.
Returns the character at the specified index from this string.
Returns a new string that concatenates this string with string s1.
Returns a new string with all letters in uppercase.
Returns a new string with all letters in lowercase.
Returns a new string with whitespace characters trimmed on both sides.
length()
charAt(index)
concat(s1)
toUpperCase()
toLowerCase()
trim()
Getting characters from a String
Working with the .charAt() method
String message = “Welcome to Java”;
System.out.println(“The first character in
message is ” + message.charAt(0));
INFS1609 Fundamentals of Business Programming 75
Converting Strings
“Welcome”.toLowerCase() returns a new string “welcome”
“Welcome”.toUpperCase() returns a new string “WELCOME”
” Welcome “.trim() returns a new string “Welcome”
INFS1609 Fundamentals of Business Programming 76
String concatenation
String s3 = s1.concat(s2); or String s3 = s1 + s2;
// Three strings are concatenated
String message = “Welcome ” + “to ” + “Java”;
// String Chapter is concatenated with number 2
String s = “Chapter” + 2; // s becomes Chapter2
// String Supplement is concatenated with character B
String s1 = “Supplement” + ‘B’; // s1 becomes SupplementB
INFS1609 Fundamentals of Business Programming 77
Reading Strings from the console
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print(“Enter three words separated by spaces: “);
String s1 = input.next();
String s2 = input.next();
String s3 = input.next();
System.out.println(“s1 is ” + s1);
System.out.println(“s2 is ” + s2);
System.out.println(“s3 is ” + s3);
INFS1609 Fundamentals of Business Programming 78
Reading a character from the console
INFS1609 Fundamentals of Business Programming 79
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print(“Enter a character: “);
String s = input.nextLine();
char ch = s.charAt(0);
System.out.println(“The character entered is ” + ch);
Comparing Strings
INFS1609 Fundamentals of Business Programming 80
Method Description
Returns true if this string is equal to string s1.
Returns true if this string is equal to string s1; it is case insensitive.
Returns an integer greater than 0, equal to 0, or less than 0 to indicate whether
this string is greater than, equal to, or less than s1.
Same as compareTo except that the comparison is case insensitive.
Returns true if this string starts with the specified prefix.
Returns true if this string ends with the specified suffix.
equals(s1)
equalsIgnoreCase(s1)
compareTo(s1)
compareToIgnoreCase(s1)
startsWith(prefix)
endsWith(suffix)
Obtaining substrings
INFS1609 Fundamentals of Business Programming 81
Method Description
Returns this string’s substring that begins with the character at the specified
beginIndex and extends to the end of the string, as shown in Figure 4.2.
Returns this string’s substring that begins at the specified beginIndex and
extends to the character at index endIndex – 1, as shown in Figure 9.6.
Note that the character at endIndex is not part of the substring.
substring(beginIndex)
substring(beginIndex,
endIndex)
Obtaining substrings
int k = s.indexOf(‘ ‘);
String firstName = s.substring(0, k);
String lastName = s.substring(k + 1);
INFS1609 Fundamentals of Business Programming 82
The output
Conversion between Strings and
numbers
String intString = “123”;
int intValue = Integer.parseInt(intString);
INFS1609 Fundamentals of Business Programming 83
parseInt is a method
in the Integer class
Try to perform parseInt
with a non-numerical
String! What is the
output?
One last thing!
Casting between char and numeric types
The char data type and code values
int test = 65;
System.out.println((char)test);
INFS1609 Fundamentals of Business Programming 85
Characters Code Value in Decimal Unicode Value
‘0’ to ‘9’ 48 to 57 \u0030 to \u0039
‘A’ to ‘Z’ 65 to 90 \u0041 to \u005A
‘a’ to ‘z’ 97 to 122 \u0061 to \u007A
Casting between char and numeric
types
int i = ‘a’; // Same as int i = (int)’a’;
char c = 97; // Same as char c = (char)97;
Think about what the output is and test it in your Ed Workspace!
INFS1609 Fundamentals of Business Programming 86
Numeric operators with the char type
• A char operand is automatically cast into a number if the
other operand is a number or a character
• If the other operand is a String, the character is
concatenated with the String
int i = ‘2’ + ‘3’;
System.out.println(“i is: ” + i);
//i is 101 because 2 is 50 and 3 is 51
INFS1609 Fundamentals of Business Programming 87
Numeric operators with the char type
int j = 2 + ‘a’; //(int)‘a’ is 97
System.out.println(“j is: ” + j); //j is 99
System.out.println(j + “ is the Unicode for
character ” + (char)j);
//j is the Unicode for character c
INFS1609 Fundamentals of Business Programming 88
The char data type and operations
Note: The increment and decrement operators can also be used
with the char variables
• The operators will get the next, or preceding, Unicode
character
• For example, the following statement displays the character b
char ch = ‘a’;
System.out.println(++ch);
INFS1609 Fundamentals of Business Programming 89
Next Week
1. A design strategy to develop loops
2. while, do-while and for loops
3. Similarities and differences between
the different types of loops
4. Nested loops
5. Implementing program control using
break and continue
INFS1609 Fundamentals of Business Programming
Reflection What have you learned today?
INFS1609 Fundamentals of Business Programming
Thank you!