Tentative Examination Schedule for AD/Pre-AD Programmes
Information Management – Assignment 3 (semester 1, 2021/2022)
Assessment Weighting:
20% of the course total
Total marks: 70 marks
Due date: 10th Dec, 2021
Submission: Must be done individually. YOU Must submit the following:
· Submit a digitised copy (either pdf, word format) via SOUL account. Don’t email your assignment to your lecturer.
· Make sure your digitized (scanned) copy is clear and readable; marks will be lost due to darkness or greyness in your digitised copy.
· No marks will be given if your digitized file contains virus, cannot be opened or damaged.
· No marks will be given to incorrect student ID or student Name.
Penalty details:
Lateness
Penalty
1 day
50% off
2 days
100% off
Question 1 (40 marks)
Refer to Table 1. Write the Excel formula for each cell marked with “?” in column C such that formula could be copied and pasted into columns D and E using Microsoft Excel without further editing. There is no need to explicitly write the Excel formula for cells marked with “Copy & paste”. Label each formula clearly with cell reference position.
Star Motor Company has been successfully making autos and trucks for more than 100 years in the United States (U.S.), and was one of the dominant car companies in the U.S. automobile industry. Recent years, however, have been very difficult for Star. Indeed, they have been difficult years for all automobile companies. The automobile industry is now a highly competitive business globally. Twenty years ago, Star competed against only two other auto companies in the domestic market, but there are now a dozen large foreign auto companies to compete against. The emerging Chinese automobile companies that are subsidized by the Chinese government have very cheap labour costs. Competition from the Chinese vehicles is expected to drive down the selling price of all types of autos, and Star’s sales and profit margins would be reduced dramatically in future. Star, currently, has very high debts as it owes US$20 billion at the end of year 2019 (cell B52), and interest expense is high. In the last two years, Star has just about broken even – net income after tax has been close to zero. Star’s management is considering dissolving the company if large profits cannot be made in the next three years (2020 to 2022) before government policy makers allow Chinese car models to be sold massively in the U.S. Star’s management reasons that Star’s better models could be sold to other car companies and the proceeds distributed to the shareholders. This would be better than a slow march to bankruptcy, resulting in shareholders getting nothing. In year 2019, Star’s management would like to forecast its financial situation such as the net income, debt owed and cash flow for the next three years (2020 – 2022) based on 2019’s data so that Star’s management can decide what to do next. You are asked to help Star’s management and write Excel formulas in cells C19 to C52 to do these forecasts by performing a what-if analysis using Microsoft Excel.
Most automobile industry executives also think there is an oversupply of autos and trucks relative to consumer demand. When supply exceeds demand, there will be downward pressure on selling price, and this forces Star’s management to introduce two kinds of “incentive” programs: cash-back and special low rate financing. Cash-back incentive means offering discounts on the listed price of a car; for example offering US$5000 off a US$26,000 car. Special low-rate financing means lending money to car buyers at below-bank interest rates. Star may offer a combination of both kinds of incentive programs. Incentives are assumed a permanent feature of automobile marketing; and there are two levels of incentives (row 12):
· Stable (S) – if competition is not fierce such that incentives are expected to be at normal levels.
· Up (U) – if competition is intense such that aggressive incentives (that means high price discounts and/or very low interest rate financing) are expected.
Levels of incentives can vary from year to year. If incentives level is expected to be S for year 2020, S for year 2021 and U for year 2022, then the pattern SSU would be entered in cells C12 to E12.
Star has its own finance unit whose activity has been lending money to car buyers. This division borrows money at low interest rates in credit markets or from the company’s bankers, and can make profits when lending this money to car buyers at higher interest rates. For example, the finance unit borrows money at 5% interest rate from its bank and then make loans to car buyers at 6% to 8% interest rate, thus Star makes money in the form of interest earned on car loans to car buyers. However, in periods of aggressive incentives with low-rate financing being offered to car buyers, Star’s finance unit loses money because it lends money at a rate less than the rate Star borrows at. Star’s finance unit also handles general corporate borrowings as well. For example, Star may want to borrow US$100 million to build a new manufacturing plant, then it would negotiate with the company’s bankers to borrow money, or it would go to Wall Street to sell bonds to raise money. All bond issuers are rated by independent credit analysis agencies. The ratings are intended as a measure of how likely a company is to pay off existing debts (interest and principle). A poor rating would reduce investor confidence and would mean that Star would have to borrow money at higher interest rates. A high rating would increase investor confidence in Star and means Star can borrow money at lower interest rates. Thus, credit agency rating greatly affects interest rates in the bond market, and it has two values for Star (cell B10):
· Weak (B) – if competition is fierce, and Star is in great debt such that the rating is not expected to improve in the near future.
· Junk (J) – this is the lowest rating in the bond market if Star worsens nearly to default and requires government bailout.
The credit agency rating entered in cell B10 applies to all three forecast years 2020 to 2022.
Increased competition also has effect on the number of car unit sales. The unit car sales increase factor in row 11 allows a decimal percentage change in unit car sales in a year to be entered. For example, if unit car sales were expected to go up 5%, then 0.05 would be entered for that year. If sales were expected to fall 7%, then -0.07 would be entered for that year.
The following constants (rows 4 to 7) for the forecast are described below:
· Tax rate: The corporate tax rate is expected to be steady at 20% (row 4) for the next three years (2020 – 2022).
· Minimum cash needed to start next year: Star’s policy is to have at least US$10 million cash on hand at the end of each year, in order to start next year‘s business (row 5), and thus this is the minimum cash needed at the end of each year.
· Unit manufacturing cost reduction factor: Each car requires direct costs, which include raw materials and direct labour during assembly. The average value of a car unit’s direct costs is expected to go down 1% a year (row 6) in each of the next three years (that is 1% less than previous year).
· Fixed costs: Research-and-development costs, advertising and promotion costs and other general administrative costs are considered as fixed costs because these costs do not vary much with the number of autos sold. They are expected to be steady in the next three years at US$7 billion a year (row 7).
Calculations (rows 19 to 24) are described below:
· Interest rate on debt (row 20): If the credit agency rating is weak (B) in the next three years, the interest rate paid on debt owed will be 5% in each of the next three years. If the rating is junk-bond (J) status, the interest rate will be 10% in each of the next three years.
· Average number of car units sold (row 21): The average number of car units sold in a year is based on the prior year’s sales units and the unit car sales increase factor (see row 11).
· Average selling price per unit (row 22): If the level of incentives is expected to be stable (S) in a year, then Star can be expected to raise the average unit selling price per unit 1% over the prior year’s price. However, if the level of incentives is expected to be up (U) in a year, the average unit selling price per unit in a year will be 5% less than the prior year’s selling price.
· Direct cost to make a car unit (row 23): The average direct cost to make an automobile in a year is based on the prior year’s direct cost to make a car unit, and on the unit manufacturing cost reduction factor.
· Interest earned per car unit sold (row 24): Majority of car buyers will finance the purchase through Star’s finance unit. Financing is a source of income (or loss) to Starr. If the incentives are stable in a year, Star can expect to make on average about US$150 in interest revenue on a unit sold. However, if incentives are up, only about US$20 in interest revenue is earned per unit sold, on average.
Income & Cash Flow Statements (rows 26 to 41) are described below:
· Cash at the beginning of a year (row 27): this is the cash at the end of previous year.
· Revenue from auto sales (row 30): This is based on the average number of car units sold in that year and on the average selling price per car unit in that year.
· Revenue from interest earned (row 31): This is based on the average number of car units sold in that year and on the interest earned per car unit sold in that year.
· Total revenue (row 32): This is the total revenue from auto sales and interest earned.
· Total direct costs of autos sold (row 34): This is based on the average number of car units sold in that year and on the average cost to make a car unit in that year.
· Fixed costs (row 35): Fixed costs do not vary much with the number of autos sold, and they include research-and-development costs, advertising and promotion costs and other general administrative costs.
· Total costs (row 36): This is the total of the direct costs and fixed costs in that year.
· Income before interest and tax (row 37): Before considering tax and interest expense, this is the difference between total revenue and total costs.
· Interest expense (row 38): This is a simple interest based on the year’s interest rate and the debt owed at the beginning of that year.
· Income before tax (row 39): Before considering tax, but after considering interest expense, this is the difference between income before interest and tax, and interest expense.
· Income tax expense (row 40): This is zero if income before tax is zero or less; otherwise, apply the tax rate for the year to the income before tax.
· Net income after tax (row 41): This is the difference between income before tax and income tax expense.
· Net Cash Position (NCP) (row 43): NCP at the end of a year equals the cash beginning of a year, plus the year’s net income, assuming that there are no receivables or payables.
· Assume that Star’s bankers will lend enough money (row 44) at the end of a year to get to Star’s minimum cash target (see row 5). If the NCP is less than the minimum cash at the end of a year, Star must borrow enough to reach the minimum cash target. Borrowings increase cash on hand, of course.
· If the NCP is more than the minimum cash and there is outstanding debt from previous year(s), then some or all of the debt should be repaid, but not to take your company below the minimum cash level (row 45).
· Cash at the end of the year equals the NCP, plus any borrowings and less any repayments (row 46).
Debt Owed (rows 48 to 52) is described below:
· The amount of US$20 billion (cell B52) is already owed to bankers and bondholders at the end of 2019.
· Debt owed at the beginning of a year equals the debt owed at the end of previous year.
· Amounts borrowed and repaid that have been calculated before can be echoed to this section.
· The amount owed at the end of a year equals to the debt owed at the beginning of the year plus any borrowings, and less any repayments.
Table 1: ‘NA’ = Not Applicable, meaning no entry is required in the cell.
Question 2 (20 marks):
Given the following transaction database of a supermarket: (TID = transaction ID)
(a) Compute the support for itemsets {P}, {Q, S}, and {P, Q, S} by considering each TID as a market basket.
(2 marks)
(b) Use the results in (a) to compute the confidence for the association rules
(QS ⇒ P), and (P ⇒ QS). Is confidence a symmetric measure?
(2 marks)
(c) Assuming minimum support=0.4, use the Apriori algorithm to generate all the frequent itemsets. (10 marks)
(d) Generate all the association rules for the frequent 2-itemsets obtained in (c). Calculate the confidence for the rules.
(4 marks)
(e) For the rules obtained in (d), calculate the lift for the rules with the highest three confidences. (2 marks)
Question 3 (10 marks)
The relational database below contains two related tables – “Supplier” and “Product”:
“Product” table: Primary key = Prod-code, Foreign key = Supp-code
Prod-code
Prod -name
Prod -desript
Prod -stocktype
Prod -stocklevel
Prod -expireDate
Supp-code
10010
aaa
qwert
615
123445677
2017-11-14
501x
10011
bbb
asdfgg
615
234567899
2017-11-16
501x
10012
ccc
zxxcvv
234
345678900
2017-11-13
502x
10013
eee
ytuytu
234
454577777
2017-10-13
503x
10014
jjj
werewr
231
436436885
2017-10-23
503x
10015
sdg
rtyrtyry
275
676446322
2017-10-30
504x
10016
ewt
erterter
789
232317879
2017-12-30
501x
“Supplier” table: Primary key = Supp -code, No Foreign key
Supp -code
Supp -lname
Supp -fname
Supp -Initial
Supp -areacode
Supp -phone
501x
xxx
qwert
F
615
123445678
502x
yyy
asdfgg
B
615
234567890
503x
zzz
zxxcvv
X
234
345678901
a. From the above data, what type of relationships: one-to-one, one-to-many, or many-to-many, do the above two tables have? Explain your answer or draw the entity relationship diagram for these 2 tables. (2 marks)
b. The above database contains an error in the data. Identify and describe this error.
(3 marks)
c. Write a Query-by-example (QBE) to display the Prod-code, Prod-name, Prod-descript for those products that are supplied by supplier with Supp-code “502x”. Sort the display results by Prod-name in ascending order. Use the table below for your answers.
(5 marks)
Field
Table
Total
Sort
Show
Criteria
Or
PAGE