Assignment (coursework) 2021-22
For the assignment each student should prepare an essay on their specific topic. This assignment must be submitted as PDF file with the file name “Assignment. Student ID number. Student name” Example of the file name: “Assignment. 30990132. Peter Green”. The assignment shall be prepared strictly in a scientific paper format and style (IEEE standard, one column). The format of the essay is presented later in this document.
The structure of the report on the assignment is:
Abstract: Brief description of the project goal, methodology used and achievements (max half page)
Introduction: Formulate the goal of the study, describe the task and workflow block diagram.
Section I: . Explain the system operational principles. Give brief overview of literature on the subject (best practise is to see how it is done in IEEE journal papers) . Then start with the mathematical description of the signal and noise presented in your system as well as an analytical equation for the system performance evaluation.
Section II: Draw the system model and signal processing chart and explain the meaning of all blocks in the chart. Compulsory:
1. For all deterministic signals to generate and show the signals in time domain (waveform), e.g.
and frequency domain (spectrum), e.g.
2. All random signals and noise shall be presented by their power spectral density, e.g.
and probability density function, e.g.
Section III: Comparison of analytical and modelling results.
Compulsory: BER vs signal (bit)-to-noise ratio should be modelled. The modelling results and theoretical (analytical) results should be presented in one Figure, e.g.
Conclusion IV should discuss and summarize results on Section III.
Appendix: Appendix with the codes developed in the project is compulsory for all the students.
The main text of the essay length should be between 2000 (minimum) and 3000 (maximum) words plus Tables (not more than 4), Figures (not more than 12) and, appendices with MATLAB codes and any other information students want to present.
3. Students are expected to show their ability to understand the subject area and the specific problem given as well as to demonstrate their technical communication and computer modelling skills. The essay must be self-sufficient for readers.
4. The assessment criteria are presented later in this document
Submission
Use an electronic submission via Canvas. Late submission will be penalised at 5% per day after the deadline. All will be checked on a plagiarism, which will include cross check between the current submissions. So, please work on your assignment by yourself.
Recommended book: “Wireless Communications – Principles and Practice”, T. Rappaport, Prentice Hall, 1996 and later edition and the lecture notes.
Example of the contents:
Typical example of an essay topic – “Analysis and simulation of communication system with Amplitude Shift Keying modulation”, which may include:
a. Definition of ASK and an area of applications
b. Analytical equations which describe ASK signal
c. Definition of baseband and bandpass signals in the system.
d. The modulation and demodulation processes description.
e. Examples of ASK signal with time domain and frequency domain presentations
f. Analytical equations which describe BER in ASK based systems.
g. Calculations of BER using the equations
h. Signal modelling (Signal generation using computer).
i. Show the signal waveform and spectrum
j. Noise modelling (Gaussian noise generation using computer).
k. Show the noise Power Spectral Density (PSD)
l. Signal and noise processing in the demodulator (with matched filter)
m. BER modelling for 10-2 and 10-3
n. Comparisons of modelling (m) and calculation (g) results
o. Conclusions
This is an example only!!!
Template: (one column) of the MSc assignment “Communication Signal Modelling” template.
ASSIGNMENT TITLE
Student name, ID number and the date of submission
Abstract—(Arial 9) These instructions give you guidelines for preparing papers for IEEE TRANSACTIONS and JOURNALS. Use this document as a template if you are using Microsoft Word 6.0 or later. Otherwise, use this document as an instruction set. The electronic file of your paper will be formatted further at IEEE. Define all symbols used in the abstract. Do not cite references in the abstract. Do not delete the blank line immediately above the abstract; it sets the footnote at the bottom of this column.
Keywords – (Arial 9) e.g. communication systems, bit error rate, etc.
I Introduction (from this point all the text body is in Aerial 10, titles Aerial 11, bold, subtitles Aerial 11, Italic )
T
HIS document is a template for Microsoft Word versions 6.0 or later.
If your paper is intended for a conference, please contact your conference editor concerning acceptable word processor formats for your particular conference. When you open TRANS-JOUR.DOC, select “Page Layout” from the “View” menu in the menu bar (View | Page Layout), which allows you to see the footnotes. Then, type over sections of TRANS-JOUR.DOC or cut and paste from another document and use markup styles. The pull-down style menu is at the left of the Formatting Toolbar at the top of your Word window (for example, the style at this point in the document is “Text”). Highlight a section that you want to designate with a certain style, then select the appropriate name on the style menu. The style will adjust your fonts and line spacing. Do not change the font sizes or line spacing to squeeze more text into a limited number of pages. Use italics for emphasis; do not underline.
To insert images in Word, position the cursor at the insertion point and either use Insert | Picture | From File or copy the image to the Windows clipboard and then Edit | Paste Special | Picture (with “float over text” unchecked).
All pages should be numerated starting with “1”.
II Procedure for the submission
A. Figures
Format and save your graphic images using a suitable graphics processing program that will allow you to create the images as PostScript (PS), Encapsulated PostScript (EPS), or Tagged Image File Format (TIFF), sizes them, and adjusts the resolution settings. If you created your source files in one of the following you will be able to submit the graphics without converting to a PS, EPS, or TIFF file: Microsoft Word, Microsoft PowerPoint, Microsoft Excel, or Portable Document Format (PDF).
III Electronic Image Files (Optional)
Import your source files in one of the following: Microsoft Word, Microsoft PowerPoint, Microsoft Excel, or Portable Document Format (PDF); you will be able to submit the graphics without converting to a PS, EPS, or TIFF files. Image quality is very important to how your graphics will reproduce. Even though we can accept graphics in many formats, we cannot improve your graphics if they are poor quality when we receive them. If your graphic looks low in quality on your printer or monitor, please keep in mind that cannot improve the quality after submission.
If you are importing your graphics into this Word template, please use the following steps:
Under the option EDIT select PASTE SPECIAL. A dialog box will open, select paste picture, then click OK. Your figure should now be in the Word Document.
If you are preparing images in TIFF, EPS, or PS format, note the following. High-contrast line figures and tables should be prepared with 600 dpi resolution and saved with no compression, 1 bit per pixel (monochrome), with file names in the form of “fig3.tif” or “table1.tif.”
Photographs and grayscale figures should be prepared with 300 dpi resolution and saved with no compression, 8 bits per pixel (grayscale).
A. Sizing of Graphics
Most charts graphs and tables are one column wide (3 1/2 inches or 21 picas) or two-column width (7 1/16 inches, 43 picas wide). We recommend that you avoid sizing figures less than one column wide, as extreme enlargements may distort your images and result in poor reproduction. Therefore, it is better if the image is slightly larger, as a minor reduction in size should not have an adverse effect the quality of the image.
B. Size of Author Photographs (Compulsory for all students)
The final printed size of an author photograph is exactly 1 inch wide by 1 1/4 inches long (6 picas × 7 1/2 picas). Please ensure that the author photographs you submit are proportioned similarly. If the author’s photograph does not appear at the end of the paper, then please size it so that it is proportional to the standard size of 1 9/16 inches wide by 2 inches long (9 1/2 picas × 12 picas). JPEG files are only accepted for author photos.
C. How to create a PostScript File
First, download a PostScript printer driver from http://www.adobe.com/support/downloads/pdrvwin.htm (for Windows) or from http://www.adobe.com/support/downloads/ pdrvmac.htm (for Macintosh) and install the “Generic PostScript Printer” definition. In Word, paste your figure into a new document. Print to a file using the PostScript printer driver. File names should be of the form “fig5.ps.” Use Open Type fonts when creating your figures, if possible. A listing of the acceptable fonts are as follows: Open Type Fonts: Times Roman, Helvetica, Helvetica Narrow, Courier, Symbol, Palatino, Avant Garde, Bookman, Zapf Chancery, Zapf Dingbats, and New Century Schoolbook.
D. Print Color Graphics Requirements
IEEE accepts color graphics in the following formats: EPS, PS, TIFF, Word, PowerPoint, Excel, and PDF. The resolution of a RGB color TIFF file should be 400 dpi.
When sending color graphics, please supply a high quality hard copy or PDF proof of each image. If we cannot achieve a satisfactory color match using the electronic version of your files, we will have your hard copy scanned. Any of the files types you provide will be converted to RGB color EPS files.
E. Web Color Graphics
IEEE accepts color graphics in the following formats: EPS, PS, TIFF, Word, PowerPoint, Excel, and PDF. The resolution of a RGB color TIFF file should be at least 400 dpi.
Your color graphic will be converted to grayscale if no separate grayscale file is provided. If a graphic is to appear in print as black and white, it should be saved and submitted as a black and white file. If a graphic is to appear in print or on IEEE Xplore in color, it should be submitted as RGB color.
F. Graphics Checker Tool
The IEEE Graphics Checker Tool enables users to check graphic files. The tool will check journal article graphic files against a set of rules for compliance with IEEE requirements. These requirements are designed to ensure sufficient image quality so they will look acceptable in print. After receiving a graphic or a set of graphics, the tool will check the files against a set of rules. A report will then be e-mailed listing each graphic and whether it met or failed to meet the requirements. If the file fails, a description of why and instructions on how to correct the problem will be sent. The IEEE Graphics Checker Tool is available at http://graphicsqc.ieee.org/
For more Information, contact the IEEE Graphics H-E-L-P Desk by e-mail at . You will then receive an e-mail response and sometimes a request for a sample graphic for us to check.
IV MATH
If you are using Word, use either the Microsoft Equation Editor or the MathType add-on (http://www.mathtype.com) for equations in your paper (Insert | Object | Create New | Microsoft Equation or MathType Equation). “Float over text” should not be selected.
V Units
Use either SI (MKS) or CGS as primary units. (SI units are strongly encouraged.) English units may be used as secondary units (in parentheses). This applies to papers in data storage. For example, write “15 Gb/cm2 (100 Gb/in2).” An exception is when English units are used as identifiers in trade, such as “3½-in disk drive.” Avoid combining SI and CGS units, such as current in amperes and magnetic field in oersteds. This often leads to confusion because equations do not balance dimensionally. If you must use mixed units, clearly state the units for each quantity in an equation.
The SI unit for magnetic field strength H is A/m. However, if you wish to use units of T, either refer to magnetic flux density B or magnetic field strength symbolized as µ0H. Use the center dot to separate compound units, e.g., “A·m2.”
VI Helpful Hints
A. Figures and Tables
Because IEEE will do the final formatting of your paper, you do not need to position figures and tables at the top and bottom of each column. In fact, all figures, figure captions, and tables can be at the end of the paper. Large figures and tables may span both columns. Place figure captions below the figures; place table titles above the tables. If your figure has two parts, include the labels “(a)” and “(b)” as part of the artwork. Please verify that the figures and tables you mention in the text actually exist. Please do not include captions as part of the figures. Do not put captions in “text boxes” linked to the figures. Do not put borders around the outside of your figures. Use the abbreviation “Fig.” even at the beginning of a sentence. Do not abbreviate “Table.” Tables are numbered with Roman numerals.
Color printing of figures is available, but is billed to the authors. Include a note with your final paper indicating that you request and will pay for color printing. Do not use color unless it is necessary for the proper interpretation of your figures. If you want reprints of your color article, the reprint order should be submitted promptly. There is an additional charge for color reprints. Please note that many IEEE journals now allow an author to publish color figures on Xplore and black and white figures in print. Contact your society representative for specific requirements.
Figure axis labels are often a source of confusion. Use words rather than symbols. As an example, write the quantity “Magnetization,” or “Magnetization M,” not just “M.” Put units in parentheses. Do not label axes only with units. As in Fig. 1, for example, write “Magnetization (A/m)” or “Magnetization (Am1),” not just “A/m.” Do not label axes with a ratio of quantities and units. For example, write “Temperature (K),” not “Temperature/K.”
Multipliers can be especially confusing. Write “Magnetization (kA/m)” or “Magnetization (103 A/m).” Do not write “Magnetization (A/m) 1000” because the reader would not know whether the top axis label in Fig. 1 meant 16000 A/m or 0.016 A/m. Figure labels should be legible, approximately 8 to 12 point type.
B. References
Number citations consecutively in square brackets [1]. The sentence punctuation follows the brackets [2]. Multiple references [2], [3] are each numbered with separate brackets [1]–[3]. When citing a section in a book, please give the relevant page numbers [2]. In sentences, refer simply to the reference number, as in [3]. Do not use “Ref. [3]” or “reference [3]” except at the beginning of a sentence: “Reference [3] shows … .” Please do not use automatic endnotes in Word, rather, type the reference list at the end of the paper using the “References” style.
Number footnotes separately in superscripts (Insert | Footnote).[footnoteRef:1] Place the actual footnote at the bottom of the column in which it is cited; do not put footnotes in the reference list (endnotes). Use letters for table footnotes (see Table I). [1: It is recommended that footnotes be avoided (except for the unnumbered footnote with the receipt date on the first page). Instead, try to integrate the footnote information into the text.]
Please note that the references at the end of this document are in the preferred referencing style. Give all authors’ names; do not use “et al.” unless there are six authors or more. Use a space after authors’ initials. Papers that have not been published should be cited as “unpublished” [4]. Papers that have been accepted for publication, but not yet specified for an issue should be cited as “to be published” [5]. Papers that have been submitted for publication should be cited as “submitted for publication” [6]. Please give affiliations and addresses for private communications [7].
Capitalize only the first word in a paper title, except for proper nouns and element symbols. For papers published in translation journals, please give the English citation first, followed by the original foreign-language citation [8].
C. Abbreviations and Acronyms
Define abbreviations and acronyms the first time they are used in the text, even after they have already been defined in the abstract. Abbreviations such as IEEE, SI, ac, and dc do not have to be defined. Abbreviations that incorporate periods should not have spaces: write “C.N.R.S.,” not “C. N. R. S.” Do not use abbreviations in the title unless they are unavoidable (for example, “IEEE” in the title of this article).
D Equations
Number equations consecutively with equation numbers in parentheses flush with the right margin, as in (1). First use the equation editor to create the equation. Then select the “Equation” markup style. Press the tab key and write the equation number in parentheses. To make your equations more compact, you may use the solidus ( / ), the exp function, or appropriate exponents. Use parentheses to avoid ambiguities in denominators. Punctuate equations when they are part of a sentence, as in
(1)
Be sure that the symbols in your equation have been defined before the equation appears or immediately following. Italicize symbols (T might refer to temperature, but T is the unit tesla). Refer to “(1),” not “Eq. (1)” or “equation (1),” except at the beginning of a sentence: “Equation (1) is … .”
VII Other Recommendations
Use one space after periods and colons. Hyphenate complex modifiers: “zero-field-cooled magnetization.” Avoid dangling participles, such as, “Using (1), the potential was calculated.” [It is not clear who or what used (1).] Write instead, “The potential was calculated by using (1),” or “Using (1), we calculated the potential.”
Use a zero before decimal points: “0.25,” not “.25.” Use “cm3,” not “cc.” Indicate sample dimensions as “0.1 cm 0.2 cm,” not “0.1 0.2 cm2.” The abbreviation for “seconds” is “s,” not “sec.” Do not mix complete spellings and abbreviations of units: use “Wb/m2” or “webers per square meter,” not “webers/m2.” When expressing a range of values, write “7 to 9” or “7-9,” not “7~9.”
A parenthetical statement at the end of a sentence is punctuated outside of the closing parenthesis (like this). (A parenthetical sentence is punctuated within the parentheses.) In American English, periods and commas are within quotation marks, like “this period.” Other punctuation is “outside”! Avoid contractions; for example, write “do not” instead of “don’t.” The serial comma is preferred: “A, B, and C” instead of “A, B and C.”
If you wish, you may write in the first person singular or plural and use the active voice (“I observed that …” or “We observed that …” instead of “It was observed that …”). Remember to check spelling. If your native language is not English, please get a native English-speaking colleague to carefully proofread your paper.
VIII Some Common Mistakes
The word “data” is plural, not singular. The subscript for the permeability of vacuum µ0 is zero, not a lowercase letter “o.” The term for residual magnetization is “remanence”; the adjective is “remanent”; do not write “remnance” or “remnant.” Use the word “micrometer” instead of “micron.” A graph within a graph is an “inset,” not an “insert.” The word “alternatively” is preferred to the word “alternately” (unless you really mean something that alternates). Use the word “whereas” instead of “while” (unless you are referring to simultaneous events). Do not use the word “essentially” to mean “approximately” or “effectively.” Do not use the word “issue” as a euphemism for “problem.” When compositions are not specified, separate chemical symbols by en-dashes; for example, “NiMn” indicates the intermetallic compound Ni0.5Mn0.5 whereas “Ni–Mn” indicates an alloy of some composition NixMn1-x.
Be aware of the different meanings of the homophones “affect” (usually a verb) and “effect” (usually a noun), “complement” and “compliment,” “discreet” and “discrete,” “principal” (e.g., “principal investigator”) and “principle” (e.g., “principle of measurement”). Do not confuse “imply” and “infer.”
Prefixes such as “non,” “sub,” “micro,” “multi,” and “ultra” are not independent words; they should be joined to the words they modify, usually without a hyphen. There is no period after the “et” in the Latin abbreviation “et al.” (it is also italicized). The abbreviation “i.e.,” means “that is,” and the abbreviation “e.g.,” means “for example” (these abbreviations are not italicized).
An excellent style manual and source of information for science writers is [9]. A general IEEE style guide and an Information for Authors are both available at http://www.ieee.org/web/publications/authors/transjnl/index.html
IX Publication Principles
The contents of IEEE TRANSACTIONS and JOURNALS are peer-reviewed and archival. The TRANSACTIONS publishes scholarly articles of archival value as well as tutorial expositions and critical reviews of classical subjects and topics of current interest.
Authors should consider the following points:
1) Technical papers submitted for publication must advance the state of knowledge and must cite relevant prior work.
2) The length of a submitted paper should be commensurate with the importance, or appropriate to the complexity, of the work. For example, an obvious extension of previously published work might not be appropriate for publication or might be adequately treated in just a few pages.
3) Authors must convince both peer reviewers and the editors of the scientific and technical merit of a paper; the standards of proof are higher when extraordinary or unexpected results are reported.
4) Because replication is required for scientific progress, papers submitted for publication must provide sufficient information to allow readers to perform similar experiments or calculations and use the reported results. Although not everything need be disclosed, a paper must contain new, useable, and fully described information. For example, a specimen’s chemical composition need not be reported if the main purpose of a paper is to introduce a new measurement technique. Authors should expect to be challenged by reviewers if the results are not supported by adequate data and critical details.
5) Papers that describe ongoing work or announce the latest technical achievement, which are suitable for presentation at a professional conference, may not be appropriate for publication in a TRANSACTIONS or JOURNAL.
X Conclusion
A conclusion section is not required. Although a conclusion may review the main points of the paper, do not replicate the abstract as the conclusion. A conclusion might elaborate on the importance of the work or suggest applications and extensions.
Appendix
Appendixes, if needed, appear before the acknowledgment.
Acknowledgment
The preferred spelling of the word “acknowledgment” in American English is without an “e” after the “g.” Use the singular heading even if you have many acknowledgments. Avoid expressions such as “One of us (S.B.A.) would like to thank … .” Instead, write “F. A. Author thanks … .” Sponsor and financial support acknowledgments are placed in the unnumbered footnote on the first page, not here.
References
[1] G. O. Young, “Synthetic structure of industrial plastics (Book style with paper title and editor),” in Plastics, 2nd ed. vol. 3, J. Peters, Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964, pp. 15–64.
[2] W.-K. Chen, Linear Networks and Systems (Book style). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1993, pp. 123–135.
[3] H. Poor, An Introduction to Signal Detection and Estimation. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1985, ch. 4.
[4] B. Smith, “An approach to graphs of linear forms (Unpublished work style),” unpublished.
[5] E. H. Miller, “A note on reflector arrays (Periodical style—Accepted for publication),” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., to be published.
[6] J. Wang, “Fundamentals of erbium-doped fiber amplifiers arrays (Periodical style—Submitted for publication),” IEEE J. Quantum Electron., submitted for publication.
[7] C. J. Kaufman, Rocky Mountain Research Lab., Boulder, CO, private communication, May 1995.
[8] Y. Yorozu, M. Hirano, K. Oka, and Y. Tagawa, “Electron spectroscopy studies on magneto-optical media and plastic substrate interfaces (Translation Journals style),” IEEE Transl. J. Magn.Jpn., vol. 2, Aug. 1987, pp. 740–741 [Dig. 9th Annu. Conf. Magnetics Japan, 1982, p. 301].
[9] M. Young, The Technical Writers Handbook. Mill Valley, CA: University Science, 1989.
[10] J. U. Duncombe, “Infrared navigation—Part I: An assessment of feasibility (Periodical style),” IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, vol. ED-11, pp. 34–39, Jan. 1959.
[11] S. Chen, B. Mulgrew, and P. M. Grant, “A clustering technique for digital communications channel equalization using radial basis function networks,” IEEE Trans. Neural Networks, vol. 4, pp. 570–578, Jul. 1993.
[12] R. W. Lucky, “Automatic equalization for digital communication,” Bell Syst. Tech. J., vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 547–588, Apr. 1965.
[13] S. P. Bingulac, “On the compatibility of adaptive controllers (Published Conference Proceedings style),” in Proc. 4th Annu. Allerton Conf. Circuits and Systems Theory, New York, 1994, pp. 8–16.
[14] G. R. Faulhaber, “Design of service systems with priority reservation,” in Conf. Rec. 1995 IEEE Int. Conf. Communications, pp. 3–8.
[15] W. D. Doyle, “Magnetization reversal in films with biaxial anisotropy,” in 1987 Proc. INTERMAG Conf., pp. 2.2-1–2.2-6.
[16] G. W. Juette and L. E. Zeffanella, “Radio noise currents n short sections on bundle conductors (Presented Conference Paper style),” presented at the IEEE Summer power Meeting, Dallas, TX, Jun. 22–27, 1990, Paper 90 SM 690-0 PWRS.
[17] J. G. Kreifeldt, “An analysis of surface-detected EMG as an amplitude-modulated noise,” presented at the 1989 Int. Conf. Medicine and Biological Engineering, Chicago, IL.
[18] J. Williams, “Narrow-band analyzer (Thesis or Dissertation style),” Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. Elect. Eng., Harvard Univ., Cambridge, MA, 1993.
[19] N. Kawasaki, “Parametric study of thermal and chemical nonequilibrium nozzle flow,” M.S. thesis, Dept. Electron. Eng., Osaka Univ., Osaka, Japan, 1993.
[20] J. P. Wilkinson, “Nonlinear resonant circuit devices (Patent style),” U.S. Patent 3 624 12, July 16, 1990.
[21] IEEE Criteria for Class IE Electric Systems (Standards style), IEEE Standard 308, 1969.
[22] Letter Symbols for Quantities, ANSI Standard Y10.5-1968.
[23] R. E. Haskell and C. T. Case, “Transient signal propagation in lossless isotropic plasmas (Report style),” USAF Cambridge Res. Lab., Cambridge, MA Rep. ARCRL-66-234 (II), 1994, vol. 2.
[24] E. E. Reber, R. L. Michell, and C. J. Carter, “Oxygen absorption in the Earth’s atmosphere,” Aerospace Corp., Los Angeles, CA, Tech. Rep. TR-0200 (420-46)-3, Nov. 1988.
[25] (Handbook style) Transmission Systems for Communications, 3rd ed., Western Electric Co., Winston-Salem, NC, 1985, pp. 44–60.
[26] Motorola Semiconductor Data Manual, Motorola Semiconductor Products Inc., Phoenix, AZ, 1989.
[27] (Basic Book/Monograph Online Sources) J. K. Author. (year, month, day). Title (edition) [Type of medium]. Volume (issue). Available: http://www.(URL)
[28] J. Jones. (1991, May 10). Networks (2nd ed.) [Online]. Available: http://www.atm.com
[29] (Journal Online Sources style) K. Author. (year, month). Title. Journal [Type of medium]. Volume(issue), paging if given. Available: http://www.(URL)
[30] R. J. Vidmar. (1992, August). On the use of atmospheric plasmas as electromagnetic reflectors. IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. [Online]. 21(3). pp. 876–880. Available: http://www.halcyon.com/pub/journals/21ps03-vidmar
PHOTO
The photo is not compulsory.
First A. Author (M’76–SM’81–F’87) and the other authors may include biographies at the end of regular papers. Biographies are often not included in conference-related papers. This author became a Member (M) of IEEE in 1976, a Senior Member (SM) in 1981, and a Fellow (F) in 1987. The first paragraph may contain a place and/or date of birth (list place, then date). Next, the author’s educational background is listed. The degrees should be listed with type of degree in what field, which institution, city, state, and country, and year degree was earned. The author’s major field of study should be lower-cased.
04 24098
Principles of Communication Systems
Student:
Mark
Max
Demonstration of the problem and the concept understanding as a part of the broader concept of Digital Communication. Ability to specify the problem and define the proper way of the problem investigation
/
20
Creativity of the material presentation, i.e. original approach, graphs, figures, examples, etc. Understanding of how to select a proper literature and use of the literature.
/
20
Proper and clear explanation and presentation of the specified problem.
Technical communication skills, i.e. clarity of the mathematical presentation, the introduction and conclusion of arguments, correspondence to the recommended to the assignment template.
/
20
Demonstration of computer modelling skills, that include the model flow chart, language (software package) selection and the modelling simulation skills application to the given problem solution
/
20
Ability to draw and clearly formulate conclusions which are essentially based on the results comparison with the known from literature as well as the results correspondence to general knowledge obtained by the students from the lecture course as well as other related disciplines.
/
20
Marker name: Professor xxx Date
/100
Any evidence of plagiarism YES NO
Comments:
Example. Good practice
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Abstract— This report demonstrates a non-coherent binary amplitude shift keying communication system with a data rate of 64Kbps. In detailed analysis of binary ASK system is presented followed by the design, simulation and modelling of the system in MATLAB and Simulink. To observe the effect of variable channel noise in the overall performance of system, designed model is simulated in the presence of AWGN with an Eb/ No of 1-15dB. Noise analysis has also been performed to demonstrate the parameters of white Gaussian noise. Comparison between simulation results and theoretical results show that the designed system performs well in the presence of AWGN noise.
Keywords – binary ASK, non-coherent, BER, AWGN, digital modulation
I. Introduction
Digital modulation is advantageous over the analog counterpart because of its high noise immunity, high spectral efficiency, efficient multiplexing, software implementation and greater security.
Basic aim of this research is to demonstrate a binary amplitude shift keying (BASK) communication system in the medium with an additive white Gaussian noise having various values of Eb/No (Energy per bit to noise power) thereby, demonstrating the variation in BER with Eb/No as the BASK signal propagates.
BASK is digital modulation technique in which, data communication is performed using two amplitude levels i.e. 1 and 0. The carrier is transmitted when the bit is 1 whereas, no transmission is done for bit 0. As the modulated signal is transmitted through the medium, the effect of channel noise is introduced in the transmitted signal. BASK modulation scheme is comparatively simpler in comparison to other digital modulation schemes; therefore, the effect is channel noise is prominent. Because of this, the bit error rate for a binary amplitude shift keying system is more in comparison to FSK, PSK, QAM modulation schemes. Due to an intrinsic high bit error rate (BER), when a BASK system is designed, it is essential to have an efficient detection of the input bits at the receiver due to the effect of a dominant channel noise.
In the designed system, to pass the required signal bandwidth and to limit the channel noise (AWGN) bandwidth, a band-pass and a low-pass filter is used in first stage of receiver. BPF suppresses AWGN at the receiver thereby, improving the overall bit error rate. Whereas the LPF is used for envelop detection. The designed LPF has a cut off frequency of 5Hz with an out of band rejection of 30dB. If the cutoff frequency is reduced, the performance of LPF in suppressing the noise enhances. However, there is a practical limitation on the cut off frequency of a LPF because of which, the frequency cannot be further reduced from 5Hz. Sampling frequency also affects the performance of filter. The higher the sampling frequency, better is the performance of filter in terms of noise removal. However, there is again a limit up to how much the sampling frequency of filter can be increased. Higher sampling frequency makes the overall design of communication system complex. In the designed filter for the BASK system, sampling frequency is set at 100Hz.
Generic block level diagram of ASK communication system in Figure 1 consists of a transmitter where BASK modulation is performed on the input bit stream, a transmission medium where noise is added to the system and a receiver where demodulation is performed to retrieve the transmitter bit stream. Comparison of transmitted and detected bit stream of performed to determine the BER.
Figure 1: Block Diagram of a generic Binary ASK Communication System
II. Literature review
A. Digital Modulation
Modulation is a process in which the information from source is encoded by up converting it to a band pass signal with a frequency higher than the baseband signal. Modulation is performed by translating or keying the amplitude, frequency or phase of the carrier having higher frequency according to the amplitude of baseband signal. To extract baseband signal from the continuous carrier signal, demodulation is performed.
B. Digital Modulation Schemes
Different types of digital modulation schemes are shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2: Types of Digital Modulation Schemes
C. Maximum Data Rate
The maximum possible data rate in any transmission medium is given by Shannon’s channel capacity equation [1].
(1)
Where,
C= Channel Capacity in bps
B= Signal Bandwidth
S/N= Signal to noise ratio
D. Binary Amplitude Shift Keying
BASK commonly known as on-off keying (OOK) is modulation scheme in which a digital signal is expressed as carrier amplitude’s variation. It is narrow band modulation in which amplitude of a continuous high frequency carrier is varied according to amplitude of input binary data.
i. Modulation
In ASK system, baseband information is unipolar binary data with information as 0’s and 1’s. Bit 1 is transmitted with a high frequency carrier whereas for bit 0 no transmission is done. ASK waveform can be mathematically represented as:
(2)
The input bit stream with 16 symbols, sinosoidal carrier and ASK modulated signal to be transmitted is shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3: Input bit stream, carrier signal and BASK modulated signal
ii. Transmission Medium
Transmission medium constitutes of various types of noise, which affects the modulated signal. If the strength of noise if large, received signal is corrupted thereby, giving errors. There are different types of noise as shown below.
· Band limited white noise
The PSD of this noise is constant over the defined bandwidth. The signal is corrupted when noise level is greater than the decision threshold leading to bit error.
· Additive White Gaussian Noise
AWGN replicates the effect of random processes occurring in the medium.
· Additive: Noise is added to the transmitted signal
· White: Flat spectrum for all frequencies
· Gaussian: Noise follows Gaussian probability distribution [2]
(3)
With μ=0 and
iii. Demodulation
Received signal can now be represented as:
Rx = Tx + No (4)
Where,
Rx = Received signal
Tx = Transmitted modulated signal
No = Channel noise
Demodulator reduces the channel corrupted waveform to a series of symbols which estimates the transmitted data bits. On the basis of a threshold, it maps the received signal to digital bits. Demodulator only needs to determine the presence or absence of carrier therefore, it’s a simple process. Signal detection is of two main types [3]:
· Coherent Detection (Synchronous Detection)
· Receiver’s carrier and transmitter carrier are phase locked
· Correlation between received noisy signal and locally generated signal detects the transmitted signal
· Expensive and complex carrier recovery required
· Improved BER
· Non-coherent Detection (Asynchronous Detection)
· Phase locking not required between transmitter and receiver carrier
· Simpler signal recovery process
· High probability of BER
E. Bit error rate (BER)
It is the ratio of total error bits and the transmitted bits, affected by the following factors:
· Channel noise
· Inter symbol interference
· Distortion
· Bit synchronization
· Signal attenuation
· Multi path Fading
BER is expressed as normalized signal to noise ratio or Eb/No. BER vs SNR (Eb/No) curves are plotted to express the performance of a digital system.
The received signal is represented by:
Y=s1+n : bit 1 transmitted (s1=1)
Y=so+n : bit 1 transmitted (so=0)
The two conditional probabilities for bit detection can be represented by [4]:
(5)
(6)
If magnitude of received signal Y is greater than the threshold, the detected bit is 1 whereas, if the magnitude of received signal Y is less than threshold, it is expected that the transmitted bit is 0. The amplitude of modulated symbol is represented as:
Hence,
(7)
(8)
The signal space of binary ASK system is in single dimension.
The distance between two signal points is represented by:
Therefore, the probability of error is:
BER of non-coherent ASK is mathematically represented as [5]:
(9)
BER of coherent ASK is mathematically represented as:
(10)
F. BASK Constellation Diagram
Constellation diagram of an ASK signal can be represented as:
The x-axis is reference for the in phase signal whereas, y-axis displays the quadrature component. As the quadrature component is absent in BASK system, so the constellation diagram shows only the in-phase component along x-axis.
G. Power Efficiency
It is the ability of modulation scheme to preserve signal with low power levels and is expressed as [1]:
H. Bandwidth Efficiency
It is the capacity of modulation technique to limit data within a defined band and is represented as:
Where,
Rb: bit rate in bps
B: bandwidth of modulated RF signal
I. Power Spectral Density (PSD)
PSD demonstrates signal’s frequency response by plotting the frequency vs power. It shows the spectral power of all the frequency contents within a signal.
J. Pulse Shaping
It is performed using specialized pulse shaping filters in the transmitter to decrease the interference between the signals by increasing the channel bandwidth. It helps to filter out the spectrum’s side lobes as shown in Figure 4.
Figure 4: Signal Spectrum before and after pulse shaping
K. Comparison
An efficient modulation technique should exhibit following characteristics:
· Low BER at less SNR
· Power and bandwidth efficiency
· Good performance in the presence of multipath fading
· Utilize less bandwidth
· Less complex and cost effective
L. Applications of ASK System
The applications of an ASK communication system are mentioned below:
· Transmission of digital information in an optical fiber
· Short range military communication
· Early telephone modem up to 1200bps on voice grade lines
· Used in RF systems for the transmission of Morse code
III. BASK System
A. Systematic Block Diagram
The detailed block diagram is ASK communication system is shown in Figure 5.
Figure 5: Systematic Block Diagram of ASK Communication System
Band Pass Filter
B. Signal Modelling
System modelling is performed in Matlab and Simulink. The Matlab code is attached in Appendix A. ASK system is composed of a transmitter, transmission medium and a receiver described below.
i. Transmitter
BASK modulation is performed in the transmitter through the steps mentioned below. The ASK modulated waveform is shown in Figure 3.
a) Signal Generation
Modulating baseband signal is expressed as a series of symbols or bits in the time domain. Each symbol represents the information of n bits where,
N = log2m bits/symbol (11)
For the ease of representation, 16 symbols are considered in the design with 4000 bits in each symbol to achieve a data rate of 64Kbps.
b) Carrier Generation
A continuous high frequency sinusoidal carrier is generated. The frequency of carrier should be greater than that of baseband signal otherwise, the signal detection results in large BER at the receiver.
c) ASK Modulation
ASK modulation can be performed using a switch which only passes the carrier when the input bit is 1. When the input bit is 0, no carrier is passed. The PSD of ASK transmitted signal is shown in Figure 6.
Figure 6: Power spectral density of transmitted ASK waveform
ii. Channel
AWGN is added in the transmission medium. The system’s performance is analyzed in three scenarios.
a) No AWGN
When no noise is added to the system the received waveform is exactly like the transmitted waveform.
b) A constant AWGN with Eb/ No or SNR of 10dB
c) A variable AWGN with Eb/ No or SNR of 1-15dB
The received waveform after adding the AWGN with SNR of 1-15dB is shown in Figure 7.
Figure 7: Received Signal after adding AWGN from Eb/ No = SNR 1=15dB and filtration
iii. Receiver
In the BASK receiver, signal detection is performed to retrieve the transmitter bit information.
a) Band Pass Filtration
Band pass filter is used as the first stage of receiver to reduce the noise effects.
b) Rectification
The input signal to rectifier is multiplied with itself which rectifies the output. Therefore, only the positive side of waveform is received at the output of rectifier.
c) Filtration
A low pass filter reduces the effect of noise from rectified signal. A least square FIR filter is designed for the removal of noise. LPF suppresses the higher noise frequency. Rectification and filtration combines to detect the envelop of received signal.
d) Comparator
The comparator delivers a digital output of the envelop detected signal on the basis of a threshold value. If the value of signal is below threshold, the output is 0 whereas, the output is 1 is the value of signal is above threshold. The received bit steam for AWGN with SNR 1-15dB is shown in Figure 8.
e) BERFigure 8: BASK received Bit Stream with AWGN having Eb/ No = SNR 1-15dB
The transmitted bit stream is compared with detected bit stream to find the BER. Simulation results are then plotted against the theoretical bit error rate for a non-coherent BASK system as shown in Figure 9. Analysis has been done for BER 10-2 and 10-3.Figure 9: BER analysis for 10 -2 and 10-3 between theoretical and calculated results
1.1. Simulink Model
The system modelling of ASK system is done in Simulink. Threshold for signal detection is set at 0.5. The Simulink model is presented in Figure 10a whereas, the simulation results are presented in Figure.Figure 10a: Simulink Model of ASK communication system
C. Noise Modelling
Figure 10b: Simulation results of ASK system in Simulink
AWGN is represented by a random process with a PDF having a Gaussian distribution and a constant PSD with a value equivalent to noise power or variance. Noise has a constant mean and covariance is time invariant making it a wide sense stationary process. The histogram of white noise is plotted to determine its PDF. The PDF is nearly equal to the theoretical PDF represented by the following equation with a Gaussian distribution [4].
(12)
Autocorrelation function is a scaled signal with magnitude equal to the variance. MATLAB code for the noise modelling is attached in Appendix B. Simulation results of noise modelling are shown in Figure 11.Figure 11: Noise Modelling of AGWN in MATLAB showing generated noise, PDF, ACF and PSD of noise
PSD of a white noise shows that it has nearly fixed power in the entire band with a value equal to 6dB. Thereby, it is confirmed that the generated white noise has a constant PSD.
Power = 10log10 (σ2) =10log10 (4) =6 dB
IV. Design Analysis
A. BER Comparison
The comparison of BER calculated using theoretical formula in equation 10 and the simulated results is shown in Table 1. It is found that the BER of designed BASK system is nearly equal to the theoretical results. The results can also be verified from Figure 9.dB
TABLE I
COMPARISON OF THEORETICAL AND CALCULATED BER FOR SNR 1-15 dB
Eb/ No or SNR (dB)
BER Theoretical
BER Calculated
1
0.331902666542877
0.527366314920639
2
0.278382207307438
0.4330396525850132
3
0.223823897295794
0.353271833286657
4
0.170651194356157
0.258898845230837
5
0.121709824615639
0.180549318689371
6
0.079814667661548
0.111318237100481
7
0.047093102397304
0.06586618958376
8
0.024325941089215
0.034328134289297
9
0.010627897188806
0.015034552398623
10
0.003760324064043
0.005151674628544
11
0.001020091579789
0.001287084315818
12
0.000198042813939
0.000250194125872
13
0.000025228735034
0.000032213359232
14
0.000001890569040
0.000002305326446
15
0.000000072627681
0.000000085308201
It is determined that for SNR from 1-6dB there is more difference between the simulated and theoretical results. However, if SNR is increased further, the calculated results are almost equal to the theoretical results.
When the value of SNR is less, the signal to noise ratio is less which means that the difference between desired signal and noise energy is quiet less therefore, it becomes difficult to distinguish the data bits from noise. As a result of this, the BER is more when SNR is less.
B. BER for Different Modulation Schemes
An ASK system with non-coherent detection has high probability of error as compared to other digital modulation schemes. Although it is a bandwidth efficient system, but its power efficiency is low resulting in poor noise immunity thereby, high BER.
Table 2 shows the comparison of E0/ No (dB) values of different digital modulation schemes needed to achieve a BER of 10-6 [6].
TABLE II
Eb/ No FOR DIGITAL MODULATION TECHNIQUES TO ACHIEVE BER OF 10-6
Modulation Scheme
Eb/ No (dB)
BPSK
10.6
QPSK
10.6
4-QAM
10.6
D-BPSK
11.2
D-QPSK
12.7
8-PSK
14
BASK
14
16-QAM
14.5
16-PSK
18.3
64-QAM
18.8
32-PSK
23.3
C. BASK System
ASK transmitters are simple and efficient since power is not consumed for bit 0. Receiver complexity can be reduced by using non-coherent detection.
As BER is high with an abrupt change in the amplitude of carrier at bit transition, therefore BASK is not spectrally efficient and is limited to low or moderate data rates as compared to other digital modulation techniques. The threshold detection depends upon the received signal’s amplitude, so BASK has poor performance in presence of fading. This limits the BASK communication range.
D. BASK Spectral Efficiency
The PSD of binary ASK signal is of the form of which has distribution on both sides of the vertical axis. Therefore, the bandwidth of a binary ASK system is double than the baseband bit stream’s bandwidth. Therefore,
B= =
The bandwidth of BASK system can be verified from the generalized spectrum shown in Figure 12. This is also called the null to null bandwidth of an ASK modulated signal. As the quadrature component is wasted in an ASK modulation scheme, therefore the spectral efficiency is half than that of the baseband unipolar signal. The spectrum is in the form of sinc2, which is similar to the one obtained for the designed system shown in Figure 6.
Spectrum of ASK modulated signal is centered on the carrier frequency whereas the spectrum of bit stream is spread along the frequency band.
Figure 12: Bandwidth of an ASK signal
E. System Limitation
The noncoherent BASK system receiver often uses a band pass filter at the first stage of receiver with a bandwidth of 2/Tb Hz centered on the carrier frequency fC Hz. However, as the data rate is very high (64Kbps), the bit duration is quiet low. Therefore, the design of such a band pass filter is a very tedious task for the required results. An increase in the data rate reduces the symbol’s pulse width thereby, increasing signal bandwidth.
A half wave rectifier together with a LPF forms an envelope detector. The bandwidth of low pass filter is 2/Tb Hz. This configuration is used to detect bit stream. In the Matlab code, an envelope command is used for half wave rectification whereas, in the Simulink model, signal is multiplied with itself for rectification. Design of low pass filter is again a limitation. A higher cutoff frequency is used to design a more practical filter with good results.
An analog comparator with a specific threshold voltage outputs the estimate of the received binary data. At low SNR, the received signal has more BER because of the reason that it has high false detections. If the threshold is increased to reduce the BER for low SNR, the BER of signal with high SNR is affected. Therefore, threshold is selected to maximize the performance of the system for wide range of SNR values.
This noncoherent BASK demodulator is not optimal because the envelope detector and comparator are not equivalent to correlation performed in coherent detection.
For Gaussian case Matched Filter detection is optimal because it maximizes the SNR of received signal and making it apt for detection. Matched filter allows the detection of bits which are below the threshold. But for the matched filter, the signal that is being detected should be known. Therefore, the coherent detection provides better BER as compared to non-coherent detection without the use of a matched filter.
F. System Improvement
To enhance the performance of communication system, digital error control codes are often used to detect and correct the error bits [7]. The system uses complex signal processing techniques like source coding, encryption and equalization thereby, reducing the bit error rate. This is however out of scope for this research document. The system can be improved by following techniques:
· Increase in SNR by reducing the communication distance
· Decrease in data rate
· Decrease in bandwidth which reduces the data rate
· Use of pulse-shaping filter which reduces the sharp amplitude transition among different bits
· Band limiting the transmitted ASK thereby, reducing the bandwidth
G. Advantages and Disadvantages
1. Advantages
· Employed in control applications due to simple architecture and cost effectiveness
· Less power consumption as the transmitter is practically off during bit 0
· Simple transmitter and receiver design
2. Disadvantages
· Sharp discontinuities at the transition points between binary 1 and 0
· Can be easily corrupted by noise
· High BER
· Low SNR
· Inefficient to use for multiplexing
V. Conclusion
A binary ASK communication system with non-coherent detection is designed using MATLAB and Simulink. The simulation results are presented in the report. It is observed that as the signal in an ASK signal is only transmitted for half the time if there is a 50% probability for bit 1, therefore, there is a 3dB degradation in BER as compared to that in BPSK system where the transmission is for complete communication duration.
The designed system is analyzed for various values of Eb/No and it is examined that the performance of system at high Eb/No is nearly similar to the theoretical results. The data rate of assigned task is quiet high for an ASK non-coherent system therefore, at low bit energy to noise ratio, there are more deviations in the system performance as compared to the analytical results. This can be improved by using coherent detection and reducing the data rate.
As there are sharp discontinuities in the received ASK waveform, therefore it is implied that the bandwidth is high. This might increase the BER. However, if a band limiting or pulse shaping of the message signal is done before modulation, the sharp discontinuities can be avoided.
Noise Analysis performed shows that the PDF and ACF of the generated white noise are in accordance to the theoretical results with a Gaussian PDF and an even ACF centered about 0. The PSD of noise is constant over the entire band with a level of 6dB.
ASK systems are preferred in low cost systems with a short communication distance such as RFID. Pulse shaping by the use of a band limited filter can improve the bit error rate. The side bands in spectrum can be eliminated by using a pulse shaping filter.
BIOGRAPHY – Removed
Appendix A
Signal modelling m.file
clc; clear all; close all;
%% —– BASEBAND SIGNAL PARAMETERS —–%%
D_R=64e3; %Data Rate = 64Kbps
P_D=1/D_R; %Pulse duration
%%% TRANSMITTER %%%%
% SIGNAL GENERATION
bits=16;
Input=rand(1,bits)>0.5;
Input=repmat(Input’,1,4000)’;
Input=Input(:)’;
t=linspace(0,bits,numel(Input));
figure(‘Name’,’Transmitted Data’)
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(t,Input,’r’);
title(‘INPUT BIT STREAM’);
xlabel(‘Samples’);
ylabel(‘Amplitude’);
grid on
% CARRIER GENERATION
DC=1/2;
Ao=3;
F=10;
Carrier=Ao.*sin(2*pi*F*t)+DC;
subplot(3,1,2);
plot(t,Carrier,’b’);
title(‘CARRIER’);
xlabel(‘Samples’);
ylabel(‘Amplitude’);
grid;
% ASK MODULATION
ModSig=Carrier.*Input;
subplot (3,1,3);
plot(t,ModSig);
title(‘BASK MODULATED SIGNAL’);
xlabel(‘Samples’);
ylabel(‘Amplitude’);
grid;
% POWER SPECTRAL DENSITY:
[Pxx,F] = periodogram(ModSig,[],length(ModSig),D_R);
figure;
plot(F,10*log10(Pxx));
xlim ([0 500]);
%%%% TRANSMISSION MEDIUM %%%%
% ZERO NOISE
No=0;
RxSig_1=ModSig+No;
% FIXED AWGN
SNRdB_C=10;
RxSig_2=awgn(ModSig,SNRdB_C,’measured’,10);
% MULTIPLE AWGN
for SNRdB_=1:1:15
RxSig_3=awgn(ModSig,SNRdB_,’measured’,10);
end
L1=length(RxSig_1); L2=length(RxSig_2); L3=length(RxSig_3);
%%%% RECEIVER %%%%%
% LOW PASS FILTER TO REDUCE THE EFFECT OF NOISE
LPF = fdesign.lowpass(‘Fp,Fst,Ap,Ast’,5,20,1,30,100);
lowpass = design(LPF,’equiripple’);
%BAND PASS FILTER
[ A B C D] = butter(10,[1 5]/50);
d=designfilt(‘bandpassfir’,’FilterOrder’,20, …
‘CutoffFrequency1′,1,’CutoffFrequency2’,5, …
‘SampleRate’,100);
% RECEIVED BIT STREAM WITHOUT NOISE
% RECEIVED SIGNAL
figure (‘Name’,’Received Bit Stream Without AWGN’);
subplot (2,1,1);
plot(t,RxSig_1);
title(‘BASK RECEIVED SIGNAL WITH ZERO NOISE’);
xlabel(‘Samples’);
ylabel(‘Amplitude’);
% COMPARATOR
for a=1:1:L1
if RxSig_1(a)==0
R1(a)=0;
else
R1(a)=1;
end
end
subplot(2,1,2)
plot(t,R1);
title(‘RECEIVED BIT STREAM WITHOUT NOISE’);
xlabel(‘Samples’); ylabel(‘Amplitude’);
% RECEIVED BIT STREAM WITH CONSTANT NOISE
% RECEIVED SIGNAL
figure(‘Name’,’Received Bit Stream for Fixed Noise’);
subplot (4,1,1);
plot(t,RxSig_2);
legend(‘Signal with fixed AWGN:SNR=10dB’);
title(‘BASK MODULATED SIGNAL WITH FIXED AWGN OF 10dB’);
xlabel(‘Samples’); ylabel(‘Amplitude’);
% BAND PASS FILTER
R2_F1=filter(d,R2_R);
% RECTIFICATION
R2_R=envelope(R2_F1);
subplot(4,1,2)
plot(t,R2_R);
% FILTERATION
R2_F=filter(lowpass,R2_R);
subplot(4,1,3)
plot(t,R2_F);
% COMPARATOR
for b=1:L2
if R2_F(b)>2
R2(b)=1;
else
R2(b)=0;
end
end
subplot(5,1,5)
plot(t,R2);
%RECEIVED BIT STREAM WITH MULTIPLE AWGN: SNR IN dB=1-15dB
figure(‘Name’,’Received Signal After Multiple AWGN’);
title(‘BASK RECEIVED SIGNAL WITH MULTIPLE AWGN’);
for SNR_dB=1:1:15
% ADDING NOISE
RxSig3=awgn(ModSig,SNR_dB,’measured’,10);
% FILTERATION
R3F1= filter(d,RxSig3);
R3F=filter(lowpass,R3F1);
subplot(4,4,SNR_dB)
plot(t,RxSig3,’g’,’LineWidth’,2);
hold on;
plot(t,R3F,’b’);
title([‘SNR: ‘,num2str(SNR_dB),’dB’]);
xlim([0 16]); ylim( [-8 8]);
xlabel(‘Samples’); ylabel(‘Amplitude’);
end
legend(‘Signal with AWGN’,’Signal After Filteration’);
h=1; i=1; j=1; k=1; l=1; m=1;
figure(‘Name’,’RECEIVED BITS AFTER AWGN: SNR=1-15dB’);
title(‘BASK RECEIVED BIT STREAM WITH VARIABLE NOISE’);
for SNR=1:1:15
snrlin=10.^(SNR./10);
RxSig_3=awgn(ModSig,SNR,’measured’,10);
R3_F=filter(lowpass,RxSig_3);
% RECTIFICATION
R3_R=envelope(R3_F);
% COMPARATOR
for Sample=1:L3
if R3_R(Sample)>2
Rx_Bits(Sample)=1;
else
Rx_Bits(Sample)=0;
end
end
subplot(5,3,SNR)
plot(t,Rx_Bits);
title([‘SNR: ‘,num2str(SNR),’dB’]);
xlabel(‘Samples’); ylabel(‘Amplitude’);
xlim( [0 16]);
%%%%% BER %%%%%
error=length(find(Rx_Bits~=Input));
cber(h)=error/64000;
h=h+1;
tber(i) = 0.5*exp(-0.5*snrlin)+0.5*qfunc(sqrt(snrlin));
snrdb(j)=SNR;
j=j+1;
end
legend(‘BASK Received BITSTREAM with different AWGN’);
%Plotting the theoretical and calculated BER
figure (‘Name’,’Comparison B/W Theoretical & Calculated BER’);
semilogy(snrdb,cber,’-bo’,snrdb,tber,’-mh’)
title(‘BER vs Eb/No or SNR in dB’);
xlabel(‘Signal to noise ratio’); ylabel(‘Bit error rate’);
Appendix b
Noise modelling m.file
clear all; clc; close all;
Length = 64000; % Gaussian Noise Signal Length
% WHITE NOISE
n_mean = 0; % Mean
SD = 2; % Standard Deviation
W_Noise = SD * randn (Length,1) + n_mean; %White Noise
figure;
subplot(4,1,1)
plot(W_Noise);
title([‘White noise : \mu_x=’,num2str(n_mean),’ \sigma^2=’,num2str(SD^2)])
xlabel(‘No. of Samples’); ylabel(‘Sample Value’); xlim ([0 64000]); grid on;
% NOISE PDF
subplot(4,1,2)
n = 200; %Total Histrogram Bins in the noise PDF
[f,x] = hist (W_Noise,n);
Bar (x,f/trapz(x,f)); hold on;
%Theoretical PDF of Gaussian Random Variable
T_PDF_WN = (1/(sqrt(2*pi)*SD)) * exp (-((x-n_mean).^2) / (2*SD^2));
plot (x,T_PDF_WN);hold off; grid on;
title (‘Theoretical PDF and Simulated PSD of White Gaussian Noise’);
legend (‘Histograms’,’Theoretical PDF’); xlabel (‘Histogram’); ylabel (‘PDF f_x(x)’);
% NOISE ACF
subplot (4,1,3)
ACF_W_N = 1/Length * conv (flipud(W_Noise), W_Noise);
lag = (-Length+1):1:(Length-1);
plot(lag , ACF_W_N);
title(‘ACF of White Noise’); xlabel(‘Lag’); ylabel(‘Auto-Correlation’);
xlim ([-200 200]); grid on;
% VERIFICATION OF CONSTANT PSD
n_mean = 0;
SD = 2;
S_L = 1024;
% Random White Gaussian Noise
Avg_Mean = n_mean * ones(1,S_L);
Co_Var = (SD^2) * diag(ones(S_L,1));
Chol_Cov_M = chol(Co_Var);
% Multivariate Gaussian Distribution
z = repmat(Avg_Mean,Length,1) + randn(Length,S_L)* Chol_Cov_M;
S = 1/sqrt(S_L)*fft(z,[],2);
P_Avg = mean(S.*conj(S));
Norm_Freq = [-S_L/2:S_L/2-1]/S_L;
P_Avg = fftshift(P_Avg);
subplot (4,1,4)
plot (Norm_Freq,10*log10(P_Avg),’m’);
axis ([-0.5 0.5 0 10]); grid on;
ylabel(‘PSD in dB/Hz’); title(‘PSD of AWGN’);
xlabel (‘Normalized Frequency’);
Acknowledgment
I wish to express my sincere gratitude to Prof. Mike Cherniakov for providing me with an opportunity to work on this research project and sincerely thank him and Emidio Marchetti for their guidance and encouragement in carrying out this research project.
References
[1] “Wireless Communications- Principles and Practice”, T. Rappaport, Prentice Hall, 1996
[2] Athanasios Papoulis, Probability, Random Variables, and Stochastic Processes, 3rd ed. WCB/McGraw-Hill, 1991
[3] “Coherent and Non-coherent Receivers”, Professor Sheng Chen, School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton.
[4] “Mobile Communication Systems” Professor Z Ghassemlooy Electronics & IT Division Scholl of Engineering, Sheffield Hallam University U.K.
[5] Y. Kim, S.-W. Tam, G.-S. Byun, H. Wu, L. Nan, G. Reinman, J. Cong, and M.-C. F. Chang, “Analysis of noncoherent ASK modulation-based RF-interconnect for memory interface,” IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Topics Circuits Syst., vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 200–209, Jun. 2012
[6] “Digital Communications” by John G.Proakis, Chapter 7: Channel Capacity and Coding
[7] “Error Control Techniques and Their Applications”, Chaudhary, Rubal & Gupta, Vrinda, International Journal of Computer Applications in Engineering Sciences, Vol I, Issue II, June 2011
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For
the assignment
each student should prepare an essay on their specific topic. Th
is
assignment
must
be submitted as PDF file with the file name “
Assignment.
Student ID number.
Student name”
Example of the file name: “
Assignment
. 30990132. Peter Green”.
The
assignment
shall be
prepared st
rictly in a scientific paper format and style (IEEE standard,
one column). The format of the essay is presented
later in
this document.
The
structure of th
e report on the
assignment
is
:
Abstract:
Brief description of the project
goal, methodology used
and achievements (max half
page)
Introduction:
Formulate the goal
of the study
,
describe the task
and workflow
block diagram.
Section I:
. E
xplain the syst
em operational principles
. Give brief overview of literature on the
subject (best practise is to see how it is done in IEEE journal papers) . Then start with the
mathematical description of the signal and noise presented in your system as well as an
ana
lytical equation for the system performance evaluation.
Section II:
D
raw the system model and signal processing chart and explain the meaning of
all blocks in the chart.
Compulsory
:
1.
For all deterministic signals to generate and show the signals in time
d
omain
(waveform), e.g.
and frequency domain (spectrum), e.g.
2.
All random signals and noise
shall be presented
by
their power spectral density
, e.g.
/docProps/thumbnail.emf
Assignment (coursework) 2021-22
For the assignment each student should prepare an essay on their specific topic. This
assignment must be submitted as PDF file with the file name “Assignment. Student ID number.
Student name” Example of the file name: “Assignment. 30990132. Peter Green”. The
assignment shall be prepared strictly in a scientific paper format and style (IEEE standard,
one column). The format of the essay is presented later in this document.
The structure of the report on the assignment is:
Abstract: Brief description of the project goal, methodology used and achievements (max half
page)
Introduction: Formulate the goal of the study, describe the task and workflow block diagram.
Section I: . Explain the system operational principles. Give brief overview of literature on the
subject (best practise is to see how it is done in IEEE journal papers) . Then start with the
mathematical description of the signal and noise presented in your system as well as an
analytical equation for the system performance evaluation.
Section II: Draw the system model and signal processing chart and explain the meaning of
all blocks in the chart. Compulsory:
1. For all deterministic signals to generate and show the signals in time domain
(waveform), e.g.
and frequency domain (spectrum), e.g.
2. All random signals and noise shall be presented by their power spectral density, e.g.