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Knowledge Representation: Logic [ AIMA 4G ] Chapter 7 ( Optional: 7.6-7.7) COSC1127/1125 Artificial Intelligence Semester 2, 2021 Prof. * Many slides are based on those from and , those of , and those of .
— Wominjeka! Welcome! I acknowledge, and invite you all to acknowledge, the Traditional Owners (Wurundjeri people of the Kulin Nations) of the land on which we will conduct this session for AI21. I recognise their continuing connection to land, waters and culture, as well as the challenges and injustices that continue up to our times, unfortunately.
IMPORTANT DISCLAIMER These pack of slides are NOT core study material . The core & main material is the book or any specific resources given for the week. The slides in this presentations were prepared only for supporting the instructor during the lectorial and only some of them have been used in the session as needed. These pack of slides do not represent the complete material of the week , but only a few bits here and there around what was discussed in lectorials. Most of the week content will NOT show up in this pack of slides. Please refer to the book (and any resources specifically given) for a comprehensive coverage of the week material.
I have Pacman dreams…
Overview for … Book-keeping info & news. Project 0 & Project 1 Project 2: team formation Questions? Representing knowledge and reasoning. Propositional Syntax & Semantics. Propositional Resolution.
From Project 1 to 2 Project 1 is finished, we will be marking it soon… Time to start Project 2 – Adversarial Search First thing is to register your team! See #100 Deadline for teams: Wed Aug 11 After that, I will assign teams randomly – no changes then. Teams of 3 as a default. Teams of 2 if: You want to do Project Contest in a group of 4. Send me an email to discuss. You have just 1 team-mate so far. GitHub Template coming soon… For ONLY when you have a team!
Project 0 + 1 lessons.. P0 t o make “cheap” errors now and avoid them later for the “real” projects! Double check tag and certification: Is my tag in the GitHub remote repo? Have I received my certification email receipt? And before and above all: style.visibility
style.visibility style.visibility style.visibility
style.visibility style.visibility style.visibility style.visibility
Ownership matters! style.visibility style.visibility
Remember drop-in lab + consultation Pacman drop-in labs on Fridays No booking, in CU Monday 4pm-5pm Consultation Time via booking in MT
90%+ said YES!
Some feedback… “Assignment was more interactive than other subject assignments” “ Heuristic is hard to write” “ Very nice assignment. I quite enjoyed implementing the different algorithms. I wish I could have completed the heuristic questions 100% though very tricky especially Q7.” “ pretty brutal for those of us who havent used python much. shoudld be worth more than 7% considering how much time i put into this” “It is a very engaging project.” “ While it was indeed a fun project, I feel the amount of work involved should be represented as more than just 7% of the course. Regardless, it was very interesting and I very much appreciated the inclusion of the autograder giving direct on the spot feedback.” “Autograder is very helpful in gauging progress.” “Overall I’d say a tough but fair task.” Projects 1 & 2 are the “foundations” for the main contest project. So, consider them as stepping stones, a checkpoint to the final main project. I recognize they are quick & challenging, including catching up with Python. That’s partly why it is “just” 7%! (used to be 5%!) style.visibility style.visibility style.visibility style.visibility style.visibility style.visibility style.visibility style.visibility style.visibility
Some feedback (cont.) … “Very nice assignment. I quite enjoyed implementing the different algorithms. I wish I could have completed the heuristic questions 100% though very tricky especially Q7.” “While it’s only 7% and that in some cases may have alleviated stress, I found the comments about how important this assignment was for upcoming ones extremely unhelpful. It did not serve as motivation to me and only stressed me out when I got stuck due to fearing falling behind in later assignments. What I did complete, however, I learned a great deal from and felt accomplished for finishing.” “Was a great assignment. Would have loved a small session to briefly explain the codebase but I guess its fine as its part of the learning experience. Great work from teaching team to make learning fun.” “Nothing against the assessment. I did however underestimate the work required to complete it and I hold myself accountable at all costs. Will be working harder on the future assessments.” Ownership! style.visibility style.visibility style.visibility style.visibility style.visibility
On Q7 – Heuristic “It is difficult to get a good heuristic function applying to Q7 to find the shortest path in a second. I always end up with time out with various methodologies. If possible, would you please give a hint on Q7 during the lectorial? Really want to make it work. Thanks.” Indeed, it is one of the challenging ones. At the top level of Bloom’s hierarchy. It is OK to struggle on that. Aim is to have a first exposure . We will discuss ideas and tips for this question in THIS Friday drop-in session on Friday, join us!
What? No “rough” emails or posts? Of course yes, there were, but a minority. Most were: Thankful. Respectful of our work & effort. Appreciative. Well & carefully written. Assuming own mistakes and limitations, and challenges. Appreciating of the learning journey. So, THANKS! style.visibility style.visibility style.visibility style.visibility style.visibility style.visibility style.visibility style.visibility style.visibility style.visibility
Remember drop-in lab + consultation Pacman drop-in labs on Fridays No booking, in CU Monday 4pm-5pm Consultation Time via booking in MT
Questions?
Where is search today? IDS? style.visibility ppt_y
Weeks 4 and 5: KR&R
Knowledge Representation & Reasoning Chapter 7 : Provides a useful motivation for logic, and an introduction to some basic ideas. Also introduces propositional logic, which is a good background for first-order logic. Much covered in Discrete Structures In our AI course we want to focus on : Logic as a knowledge representation formalism. syntax vs semantics Logic to infer implicit conclusions: reasoning propositional AND first-order resolution
Why logic in CS & AI? Again? Why!? It is part of the curriculum to get you degree. It is fun! Logic is fun! Logical thinking is useful in life: think straight. Logic is the foundation of maths. Logic is the foundation of CS! Logic is the foundations of AI! style.visibility style.visibility style.visibility style.visibility style.visibility style.visibility
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“Computational Thinking”… ‹#› What is “computation”? What does it have to do with (human) “thinking”? “Computation is the process of taking symbolic structures , breaking them apart, comparing them, and reassembling them according to a precise recipe called a procedure . The symbols at the start of the procedure are called the inputs . The symbols at the end of the procedure are called the outputs . The procedure is called on the inputs and returns the outputs. It is important to keep track of where you are and to follow the instructions in the procedure exactly . (You may not be able to figure out why you are doing the steps involved. No matter.)” – Computation as Thinking , H. Levesque style.visibility style.visibility style.visibility style.visibility style.visibility style.visibility
Why KR&R in AI? A bit of history… We have been interested in understanding the phenomenon of rational thinking/argument/reasoning for long long time…. Aristotele 4th BC Gottfried Leibniz 17th Century Syllogisms Premise A Premise B —————— Conclusion C Ideas , (objects of ordinary thought) are like numbers . It will be sufficient to manipulate symbols standing for them according to certain rules. One will be able to go from one idea to the next idea just by doing symbolic manipulation according to certain unambiguous rules. 19th Century … but also those universal laws of thought which are the basis of all reasoning, and which, whatever they may be as to their essence, are at least mathematical as to their form . 19th Century First-order logic: variables, for all x , some x . “logicism” : arithmetic can be reduced to logic, no intuition needed 19th Century Computation beyond pure calculations… style.visibility style.visibility style.visibility style.visibility style.visibility style.visibility style.visibility style.visibility style.visibility style.visibility style.visibility style.visibility style.visibility style.visibility style.visibility style.visibility style.visibility
History of thinking, logic, CS and AI. Aristotele 4th century BC Gottfried Leibniz 17th Century George Boole 19th Century 19th Century 19th Century Bertrand Russell 20 th Century David Hilbert 19th Century Kurt Godel 20th Century Alan Turing 20th Century John McCarthy 20th Century style.visibility style.visibility style.visibility style.visibility style.visibility style.visibility style.visibility style.visibility style.visibility style.visibility style.visibility style.visibility
What is knowledge? Easier question: how do we talk about it? We say “John knows that …” and fill the blank with a proposition: – can be true / false, right / wrong Contrast: “John fears that …” – same content, different attitude Other forms of knowledge: • know how, who, what, when, … • sensorimotor: typing, riding a bicycle • affective: deep understanding The main idea: Taking the world to be one way and not another. style.visibility
Why Knowledge for AI? For sufficiently complex systems, it is sometimes useful to describe systems in terms of beliefs , goals, fears, intentions. e.g. in a game-playing program: “because it believed its queen was in danger, but wanted to still control the center of the board.” more useful than description about actual techniques used for deciding how to move: “because evaluation procedure P using minimax returned a value of +7 for this position” = taking an intentional stance ( ) • sometimes anthropomorphizing is inappropriate e.g. thermostats