COMP3053.SQA
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COMP3053.SQA.02: Manufacturing Quality I Slide: 2
¡Quality in Manufacturing ¡Quality in Software Engineering
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conformance to requirements
In ISO 9001, quality is defined as:
“the degree to which a set of inherent characteristics fulfills requirements”
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¡For software, getting the requirements right can be the hardest task
¡ There is no concept of “excellence” in the definition
¡We also need the concept that: “Quality is what delights the customer”
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¡ The requirements should be written so that they can be measured
§ e.g. sizes and tolerances in engineering
¡ If you want to control something you first need to
measure it
¡ How can we measure software?
§ Take SQA to find out
§ In 2 words: Tests, Metrics
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This ensures products are within their specification
It tends to produce a lot of expensive scrap
It makes for uncertainty in the supply chain necessitating piles of stock
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Dr W. Edwards Deming
• In 1947 he spent time in Japan teaching them concepts of statistical quality control
• In 1960 the Emperor of Japan decorated him with the Second Order Medal of the Sacred treasure
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¡ Then you don’t get defects
¡ If you can keep variations in manufacturing within a
tight range, then you get a consistent result
¡ Statistical methods applied to all variable factors are
a key technique
¡ You don’t need to rely on inspecting everything
¡ Six-sigma is the goal these days
§ close to zero defects
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3.4 defects per million components
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¡ Or Continuous Improvement
¡ Meet and reflect on how the
manufacturing process can be improved
¡ Agree, and take action
¡ Do this every day…
¡ Made famous by Toyota but had its origins
in Deming’s ideas
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¡ Everything tidy, clean
¡ Eliminate waste
¡ Just-in-time parts delivery § no piles of stock
¡ Ergonomic
§ everything to hand
§ Minimal clutter (and people!)
¡ Part of Toyota’s philosophy but also refined and developed at MIT’s of Management
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¡ Massive cost savings from eliminating scrap and re-work
¡ Much greater customer satisfaction
¡ Large increase in productivity per worker
¡ Cost savings through reduction in stock
¡ Positive trend of improvement forever
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The British motorcycle industry collapsed due to Japanese competition
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¡ America caught on pretty quickly
§ already a lot more productive than Europe
¡ Germany applied these ideas to production at VW-Audi and elsewhere
¡ UK was slower to respond (but did catch on)
§ Honda plant in Swindon, Toyota near Derby and Nissan in Tyne
▪ as productive as any in Japan
§ UK is no longer a “basket case”J
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