Views and Controllers
Computer Science and Engineering  College of Engineering  The Ohio State University

Recall: Rails Architecture

Computer Science and Engineering  The Ohio State University

Wiring Views and Controllers
Computer Science and Engineering  The Ohio State University
 A controller is just an ordinary Ruby class  Extends ApplicationController
class CourseRosterController < ApplicationController  Location: app/controllers/  Filename: course_roster_controller.rb  Actions are methods in that class def wake_up  A view is an HTML page (kind of) that corresponds to that  Location: app/views/course_roster/  Filename: wake_up.html.erb  Has access to instance variables (e.g., @student) of corresponding controller! Recall: Rails Architecture Computer Science and Engineering  The Ohio State University app/ views/ course_roster/ wake_up.html.erb app/ controllers/ course_roster_controller.rb CourseRosterController Building From Scratch Computer Science and Engineering  The Ohio State University $ rails new demo Create CourseRosterController Location: app/controllers class CourseRosterController < ApplicationController Create (empty) method wake_up Add route to config/routes.rb get 'hi', to: 'course_roster#wake_up' Create view (wake_up.html.erb) Location: app/views/course_roster $ rails server Example: Controller Computer Science and Engineering  The Ohio State University # in app/controllers/ # filename course_roster_controller.rb class CourseRosterController < ApplicationController def wake_up # for this simple eg, no code needed Example: Route Definition Computer Science and Engineering  The Ohio State University # in config/ # filename routes.rb Rails.application.routes.draw do get 'hi', to: 'course_roster#wake_up' # equivalent to (but shorter than): # match 'hi', to: # 'course_roster#wake_up', # via: [:get] Example: View Computer Science and Engineering  The Ohio State University

Yo!!

Are you awake?

Single Point of Control
Computer Science and Engineering  The Ohio State University
Notice the duplication in names
Controller name (course_roster) used in: Name of the controller class
Filename of controller class implementation Route
Directory name containing views
Action name (wake_up) used in:
Name of the method within controller class
“Solution”: generate all these parts
$ rails g controller course_roster wake_up
Filename of view source

Generating A Controller
Computer Science and Engineering  The Ohio State University
$ rails generate controller prof
ask_question visit_office
Results in:
Addition of new routes to config/routes.rb
get ‘prof/ask_question’
Creation of ProfController class app/controllers/prof_controller.rb Definition of methods in ProfController def ask_question … end
def visit_office … end
Creation of 2 views (i.e. one per action) app/views/prof/ask_question.html.erb app/views/prof/visit_office.html.erb
$ rails server

ERb: Embedded Ruby
 General templating mechanism
Computer Science and Engineering  The Ohio State University
 “Template” = a string (usually contents of some file)
 Contains (escaped) bits of ruby
 <% code %> execute ruby code (“scriplet”)
 <%= expr %> replace with result of ruby expr  <%# text %> ignore (a comment)
 Example: a text file
This is some text.
<% 5.times do %>
Current Time is <%= Time.now %>! <% end %>
 Process using erb tool to generate result $ erb example.txt.erb > example.txt
 Naming convention: filename.outputlang.erb  Example index.html.erb
 Many alternatives, eg HAML

Example: books/index.html.erb
Computer Science and Engineering  The Ohio State University

Books

Title Summary

<% @books.each do |book| %>

<%= book.title %> <%= book.content %> <%= link_to 'Show', book %> <%= link_to 'Edit', edit_book_path(book) %> <%= link_to 'Destroy', book, method: :delete
<%= link_to 'New book', new_book_path %>
{ confirm: ‘Are you sure?’ } %>

Computer Science and Engineering  The Ohio State University
 HTML formed from: Layout + Template
 Layout is the common structure of HTML pages
 See: app/views/layouts/application.html.erb
… etc<br /> <%= yield =><br />  Action’s template replaces layout’s yield<br />  Layout is where you put site-wide styling<br />  e.g., navigation bar, div’s with CSS classes, footers</p> <p> Defining and Choosing Layouts<br /> Computer Science and Engineering  The Ohio State University<br />  Default layout for responding to action in<br /> ProfController<br />  Or controller can explicitly name layout<br /> class ProfController < ApplicationController layout "people/snazzy" # layout "people/snazzy", except: [:show]  There is an application-wide controller that can also specify a fall-back layout class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base app/views/layouts/prof.html.erb If not found, then use app/views/layouts/application.html.erb layout "main" Demo of Parameters Computer Science and Engineering  The Ohio State University Add a segment to the route get 'prof/aq/:msg', # or prof/aq/(:msg) to: 'prof#ask_question' Pass parameter to action ask_question Change ask_question to access params def ask_question @q = params[:msg] Use instance variable in view <p>You said: <%= @q %>!</p> <p> Computer Science and Engineering  The Ohio State University<br /> View/Controller coupling<br /> Layouts and templates<br /> Location of view from name of controller Filename of view from name of action Controller instance variables available<br /> Template for generating HTML Scriplets and expressions<br /> Other templating approaches exist (eg HAML)</p> <p> Recall: Rails Architecture<br /> Computer Science and Engineering  The Ohio State University<br /> app/ views/<br /> course_roster/ wake_up.html.erb<br /> app/ controllers/<br /> course_roster_controller.rb<br /> CourseRosterController</p> <p> Wiring Views and Controllers<br /> Computer Science and Engineering  The Ohio State University<br />  A controller is just an ordinary Ruby class  Extends ApplicationController<br /> class CourseRosterController < ApplicationController  Location: app/controllers/  Filename: course_roster_controller.rb  Actions are methods in that class def wake_up  A view is an HTML page (kind of) that corresponds to that action  Location: app/views/course_roster/  Filename: wake_up.html.erb  Has access to instance variables (e.g., @student) of corresponding controller! Example: books/index.html.erb Computer Science and Engineering  The Ohio State University <h1>Books</h1> <th>Title</th> <th>Summary</th> <th colspan="3"></th> <p><% @books.each do |book| %></p> <td><%= book.title %></td> <td><%= book.content %></td> <td><%= link_to 'Show', book %></td> <td><%= link_to 'Edit', edit_book_path(book) %></td> <td><%= link_to 'Destroy', book, method: :delete <br /> <%= link_to 'New book', new_book_path %><br /> { confirm: ‘Are you sure?’ } %></td> <p> Creating a Response<br /> Computer Science and Engineering  The Ohio State University<br /> There are 3 ways a controller action can<br /> create the HTTP response:<br /> 1. Do nothing: defaults are used 2. Call render method<br /> 3. Call redirect method<br /> The first 2 result in HTTP status 200 (OK) Body of response is the HTML of the view<br />  The 3rd results in HTTP status 302 (temporary redirect)<br /> Other responses are possible too (e.g., useful for ajax)</p> <p> 1: Default Response<br /> If the action does not call render (or<br /> redirect), then render is implicitly<br /> called on corresponding view<br /> class BooksController < ApplicationController @books = Book.all Results in call to render app/views/books/index.html.erb Computer Science and Engineering  The Ohio State University 2: Explicitly Calling Render Computer Science and Engineering  The Ohio State University  Argument: action whose view should be rendered def wake_up render :show # or render "show" end def show ...  Action could be from another controller Action (show) does not get executed render 'products/show'  Can return text (or json or xml) directly render plain: "OK" render json: @book # calls to_json render xml: @book # calls to_xml  Note: render does not end action, so don't call it twice ("double render" error) 3: Calling Redirect Sends response of an HTTP redirect (3xx) Default status: 302 (temporary redirect) Computer Science and Engineering  The Ohio State University Consequence: client (browser) does another request, this time to the URL indicated by the redirect response New request is a GET by default Need URL, can use named route helpers redirect_to redirect_to @user # calls redirect_to users_path redirect_to Or :back to go back in (client’s)history Override for permanent redirection (301) Redirect vs Render Similarity render... and return # force termination Difference Redirect entails 2 round-trips: request, action, response, request, action response Redirect requires a URL as argument, Render requires a view (action) Common usage for Redirect: POST-Redirect-GET pattern Computer Science and Engineering  The Ohio State University Point to a different view Neither ends the action GET Blank Form, POST the Form Computer Science and Engineering  The Ohio State University GET "a blank form" POST /students lname: ...etc GET Blank Form, POST the Form Computer Science and Engineering  The Ohio State University POST /students lname: ...etc GET Blank Form, POST the Form Computer Science and Engineering  The Ohio State University POST /students lname: ...etc GET Blank Form, POST the Form Computer Science and Engineering  The Ohio State University POST /students lname: ...etc POST-Redirect-GET Pattern Computer Science and Engineering  The Ohio State University Example of POST-Redirect-GET Computer Science and Engineering  The Ohio State University class BooksController < ApplicationController def create @book = Book.new(book_params) if @book.save redirect_to @book, notice: 'Success!' render :new Example of POST-Redirect-GET Computer Science and Engineering  The Ohio State University class BooksController < ApplicationController def create @book = Book.new(book_params) if @book.save redirect_to @book, notice: 'Success!' render :new A hash returned with redirect response Set by controller action issuing redirect flash[:referral_code] = 1234 redirect_to book_url notice: '...' redirect_to book_url alert: '...' Flash included in client’s next request Flash available to next action’s view! <p id="info"><%= flash[:warn] %>…<br /> Computer Science and Engineering  The Ohio State University<br /> Common keys can be assigned in redirect<br /> But: flash.now available to first view! flash.now[:notice] = ‘no such book’</p> <p> Flash: Set, Use, Clear<br /> Computer Science and Engineering  The Ohio State University<br /> use flash (then clear)</p> <p> Using Flash in View<br /> # display just notice message</p> <p id="notice"><%= notice %></p> <p># display all the flash messages<br /> <% if flash.any? %></p> <div id="banner"> <% flash.each do |key, message| %></p> <div class="flash <%= key %>“><br /> <%= message %><br /> Computer Science and Engineering  The Ohio State University</p> <p> Example of Render vs Redirect<br /> Computer Science and Engineering  The Ohio State University<br /> class BooksController < ApplicationController def update @book = Book.find(params[:id]) if @book.update(book_params) redirect_to @book, notice: 'Success!' render :edit Why Is This Wrong? Computer Science and Engineering  The Ohio State University class BooksController < ApplicationController def update @book = Book.find(params[:id]) if @book.update(book_params) redirect_to @book, notice: 'Success!' render :edit, notice: 'Try again.' Fix: Use Flash.now Computer Science and Engineering  The Ohio State University class BooksController < ApplicationController def update @book = Book.find(params[:id]) if @book.update(book_params) redirect_to @book, notice: 'Success!' flash.now[:notice] = 'Try again.' render :edit Your Turn: Why Is This Wrong? @books = Book.all def show # there's a mistake... @book = Book.find_by(id: params[:id]) if @book.nil? render action: "index" Computer Science and Engineering  The Ohio State University Correct, But Higher Latency @books = Book.all @book = Book.find_by(id: params[:id]) if @book.nil? redirect_to action: :index Computer Science and Engineering  The Ohio State University Better Latency, Worse Code @books = Book.all @book = Book.find_by(id: params[:id]) if @book.nil? @books = Book.all flash.now[:alert] = "Book not found" render "index" Computer Science and Engineering  The Ohio State University Code Duplication Computer Science and Engineering  The Ohio State University class BooksController < ApplicationController @book = Book.find(params[:id]) @book = Book.find(params[:id]) def update @book = Book.find(params[:id]) DRY, aka Single-Point-of-Control Computer Science and Engineering  The Ohio State University class BooksController < ApplicationController before_action :set_book, only [:show, :edit, :update, :destroy] def show # method is now empty! end def edit # method is now empty! end # and other actions... def set_book @book = Book.find(params[:id]) Sanitizing Inputs def update @book = Book.find(params[:id]) if @book.update(book_params) redirect_to @book, notice: 'Success!' render :edit def book_params params.require(:book).permit(:title, Computer Science and Engineering  The Ohio State University Recall Partials A blob of ERb used in multiple views Include in a template (or layout) with: <%= render 'menu' %><br /> <%= render 'users/icon' %><br /> Computer Science and Engineering  The Ohio State University<br /> Static header used throughout site<br /> Dynamic sidebar used in many places<br /> Filename of partial has “_” prefix Default location: app/views<br /> app/views/_menu.html.erb<br /> Organize into subdirectories with good names<br /> app/views/users/_icon.html.erb</p> <p> Example: views/layouts/applic…<br /> <!DOCTYPE html><br /> … etc <body><br /> <%= render 'layouts/header' %></p> <div class="container"> <%= yield %><br /> <%= render 'layouts/footer' %><br /> Computer Science and Engineering  The Ohio State University</p> <p> Example: views/layouts/_footer<br /> Computer Science and Engineering  The Ohio State University</p> <footer class="footer"> <a href="http://www.osu.edu">OSU</a></p> <li><%= link_to "About", about_path %></li> <li><%= link_to "Contact", </ul> </nav> <p>contact_path %></li> <p> Tricks with Partials<br /> Computer Science and Engineering  The Ohio State University<br /> Content of partial can be customized<br /> with arguments in call<br /> In call: pass a hash called :locals<br /> <%= render partial: "banner", locals: { name: "Syllabus, amount: @price } %><br /> In partial: access hash with variables</p> <h3> <%= name %> </h3> <p> Costs <%= "$#{amount}.00" %></p> <p> Parameter Passing to Partials<br /> Computer Science and Engineering  The Ohio State University<br /> Partial also has one implicit local variable<br /> In the partial, parameter name same as<br /> # in partial nav/_menu.html</p> <p> The price is: <%= menu %></p> <p> Argument value assigned explicitly<br /> <%= render partial: 'nav/menu', object: cost %><br /> Idiom: Begin partial by renaming this<br /> # in partial nav/_menu.html<br /> <% price = menu %></p> <p> Example: books/index.html.erb<br /> Computer Science and Engineering  The Ohio State University</p> <h1>Books</h1> <th>Title</th> <th>Summary</th> <th colspan="3"></th> <p><% @books.each do |book| %></p> <td><%= book.title %></td> <td><%= book.content %></td> <td><%= link_to 'Show', book %></td> <td><%= link_to 'Edit', edit_book_path(book) %></td> <td><%= link_to 'Destroy', book, method: :delete { confirm: 'Are you sure?' } %></td> <p> <%= link_to 'New book', new_book_path %></p> <p> Refactored books/index.html.erb<br /> Computer Science and Engineering  The Ohio State University</p> <h1>Books</h1> <th>Title</th> <th>Summary</th> <th colspan="3"></th> <p><% @books.each do |book| %><br /> <%= render 'detail', object: book %><br /> <br /> <%= link_to 'New book', new_book_path %></p> <p> Corresponding Partial<br /> Computer Science and Engineering  The Ohio State University</p> <td><%= detail.title %></td> <td><%= detail.content %></td> <td><%= link_to 'Show', detail %></td> <td><%= link_to 'Edit', edit_book_path(detail) %></td> <td><%= link_to 'Destroy', detail, method: :delete confirm: { 'Are you sure?' } %></td> <p> Scaffolding<br /> Generate many things at once<br /> $ rails g scaffold Student lname:string<br /> buckid:integer<br /> $ rails db:migrate<br /> $ rails server<br /> Migration for table in database Model for resource<br /> RESTful routes<br /> Controller and corresponding methods Views for responses<br /> Computer Science and Engineering  The Ohio State University</p> <p> Partials With Collections<br /> Computer Science and Engineering  The Ohio State University<br />  Iteration over partials is common <% for item in @items %><br /> <%= render partial: 'item_brief', object: item %><br />  Short-hand: Replace above with<br /> <%= render partial: 'item_brief', collection: @items %><br />  Renders partial once for each element<br />  Initializes partial local variables each time<br />  item_brief (the member of the collection)<br />  item_brief_counter (integer 0..size of collection)<br />  Can also add separator between each partial <%= render partial: 'item_brief', collection: @items, spacer_template: 'line_space' %></p> <p> Partial Super Shorthands<br /> Computer Science and Engineering  The Ohio State University<br />  For a model instance (e.g. @book) in a template <%= render @book %><br />  For a model collection (e.g. @books) in a template <%= render @books %><br />  Returns nil if collection is empty<br /> <%= render @books || 'No books to see.' %><br /> Includes _book.html.erb partial<br /> Passes in @book to partial (as :object)<br /> Value available as local variable book in partial<br /> Call render multiple times, once/member<br /> Each call uses same partial (_book.html.erb)<br /> Each call passes in different member as argument Value available as local variable book in partial</p> <p>Controller generates a response<br /> Default: render corresponding view Explicit: render some action’s view Explicit: re-direct<br /> POST-redirect-GET (aka “get after post”) Flash passes information to next action<br /> Reuse of views with partials<br /> Included with render (e.g., <%= render...) Filename is prepended with underscore Parameter passing from parent template Can iterate over partial by iterating over a collection Computer Science and Engineering  The Ohio State Univers 程序代写 <a href="https://powcoder.com/tag/代考/">CS代考</a> 加微信: powcoder QQ: 1823890830 Email: powcoder@163.com</p> </div> </div> </article> <nav class="navigation post-navigation" aria-label="Post navigation"> <span class="screen-reader-text">Post navigation</span> <div class="nav-links"><div class="nav-previous"><a title="CS代考 COMP 302: Programming Languages and Paradigms" href="https://powcoder.com/2022/02/11/cs%e4%bb%a3%e8%80%83-comp-302-programming-languages-and-paradigms-3/" rel="prev"><span class="ast-left-arrow">←</span> Previous Post</a></div><div class="nav-next"><a title="CS代考 QUERYING MONGODB" href="https://powcoder.com/2022/02/11/cs%e4%bb%a3%e8%80%83-querying-mongodb/" rel="next">Next Post <span class="ast-right-arrow">→</span></a></div></div> </nav><div 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