Final Exam extra study guide
Note: these questions were generated by students in Fall 2020 as practice for the final exam, consequently there will be no answer key for these. But they should be useful practice, and you can post on Piazza for clarification of answers to any of the questions.
1. A new population of fish is introduced to an aquatic island ecosystem in which it shares the same physical appearance and ecological role as one of the species of fish native to the ecosystem. Individuals from the newly introduced population exhibit rapid growth, early sexual maturity, and specialized diet.
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a. A group of scientists studying the ecosystem want to determine whether the new fish population is of a different species than the native species. Which species concept should they use to do this? Justify your answer.
b. Assuming the new fish population has been deemed a new species, is it r-selected or K-selected? Explain your reasoning.
c. List at least one reason why this species could potentially be an invasive species.
2. A species of fish is separated into two populations due to a vicariant event. What type of reproductive isolation mechanism are these populations experiencing? If migration starts to occur again between the populations and they interbreed, how might this gene flow affect the genetic makeup of the population over time?
3. There is a population of mice mostly include the brown body phenotype (with the dominant allele) and yellow body phenotype (which is recessive to brown).There are also few black mice (which are heterozygous). A fire occurs making the ground look more black so both the brown and yellow mice are more likely to be seen by predators and start to die off, so we start to see the emergence of more black mice because they blend in with the ground. What type of selection is this?
4. During the Carboniferous Period, large insects were roaming the Earth. After that period, the oxygen levels fell. Explain using natural selection what the consequences on the insects would have been.
5. Certain species of pines are considered “fire embracers,” do they better fit under the definition of an r or K type organism? What stage of succession would you most likely see the highest concentration of them in?
6. According to The National Wildlife Federation, Zebra and Quagga mussels entered the US from Eastern Europe as they were picked up from the ocean water from ships and brought to the Great Lakes in the 1980s. They are abundant at the bottom of the Great Lakes, feeding primarily on plankton, successfully doubling the water clarity in the past decade. This clearer water leads to more sunlight penetrating the lake bottom, creating the ideal conditions for algae to grow. As a result, the Zebra and Quagga mussels have facilitated the growth of deadly algal blooms. It is important to note that these mussels can produce around 5 million eggs, 100,000 of them reaching adulthood. Is this species Endemic, Native, Introduced, or Invasive? Why? (could add top down vs bottom up)
7. As we learned in lecture, just as organisms adapt to different habitats and food sources, plants adapt according to their pollinators. Thinking of the soapberry bugs we learned about in lab, how might their host plants adapt to the soapberry bugs? Laci hint: remember that the soapberry bugs are not pollinators – how might plant adaptations be different to different types of interactions with insects?
8. Identify the biome(s) that are influenced by the . Then explain whether those biome(s) experience any seasonality in temperature or precipitation. Finally, explain how the influences those biome(s).
9. In a population of 1000 individuals with an intrinsic growth rate of 0.09, how many years would it take for the population to double its initial size?
10. In a short paragraph, please explain why genetic diversity is so important for the conservation of species. Use concepts from population genetics and the extinction vortex to support your explanation.
11. On the side of one mountain, there is one species of weed, species A, whose fundamental niche spans the entire mountain side. On the second mountain, there is a separate species of weed, species B, whose fundamental niche spans the bottom 2/3 of the mountain. When these two species come into contact/experience competition on a mountain-side, species A inhabits the top 1/3 of the mountain and species B inhabits the bottom 2/3 (their realized niches). Which species is a better competitor?
12. What else did the Initiative do besides plant trees to stop the expansion of the ?
13. For a bird, having blue feathers is dominant (R) and having white feathers is recessive (r). If a heterozygous and homozygous recessive are crossed, what would be the potential genotypes and phenotypes?
14. Would we expect to see elephants as a pioneer species or in the climax community?
15. How are humans contributing to the 6th extinction and what efforts are being enacted to stop it.
16. How does urban expansion and the development of cities exacerbate pollution from runoff?
17. If the predator population is currently in a state of decline, what is likely to happen to the prey population and why?
18. Which of the following are examples of density DEPENDENT factors? Select all that apply.
a. The average occurrence of large tornadoes per year
b. The average temperature and precipitation per year
c. The increase or decrease in predation rates
d. Spread of a deadly disease in a habitat
e. None of these are examples are density dependent factors
19. Question: which types of selection favor the average form/value of a trait
a. Disruptive Selection
b. Sexual Selection
c. Directional Selection
d. Stabilizing Selection
e. Frequency-dependent selection
20. What type of reproductive isolation is occurring if two similar species feed and breed on the same plant, but at different times?
21. Explain how genetic drift can negatively affect species and contribute to the extinction vortex
22. Many diseases like and Sickle Cell Anemia are rare and recessive. It seems like through selection, these alleles should be eliminated from the population, yet they are not. Why is this?
23. Following a mass extinction, rapid adaptive radiations are seen in some of the survivors. How do the concepts of niches, both fundamental and realized, relate to this?
24. A moose is tied between saving his sister from being eaten by wolves or running away. If he runs away he survives. If his sister lives, she will have 3 offspring throughout her life, while he is expected to have 2 offspring. Is saving his sister a behavior that is favored by natural selection, according to Hamilton’s Rule?
25. For each of these butterflies, which aspect do they decrease to avoid predation (detection, capture, or consumption)?
A) Owl Butterfly – When their wings are fully expanded, the pattern on their wings are similar to owls which are predators to some birds.
B) Monarch Butterfly – As caterpillars, they eat from the milkweed plant which are poisonous to many birds.
C) Tiger Swallowtail – The larvae of this butterfly looks similar to bird droppings.
26. Suppose we have a flower that is homozygous for being blue and tall, BBTT, and another flower is homozygous for being purple and short, bbtt. Blue alleles are dominant to purple and tall alleles are dominant to short alleles. What are the possible gametes each flower could pass down, and what genotype will the offspring have?
27. A fictional species has some tiny individuals that can hide from predators, and some large individuals that can fight off predators. The middle sized individuals are the most susceptible to predators. What form of selection is this species experiencing? Explain.
28. Two species of meerkat engage in mating patterns during different times of the year. What type of reproductive isolation is this and is it prezygotic or postzygotic?
a. Behavioral; postzygotic
b. Temporal; prezygotic
c. Temporal; postzygotic
d. Habitat; prezygotic
e. None of the above
29. A study tested the effects of an increase of certain elements on plant growth. Based on the data provided, which of the elements is the limiting nutrient?
Element Added
Resulting Plant Growth (inches)
Nothing (control)
Phosphorus
30. There is a population of birds that live together in a remote area. A vicariance event happens that separates the population in half. Not only did it divided the population, it also slowly over time change the biome on each side. Enough time has pass that the speciation has happened. One species mate during the day and the other mates at dusk and dawn. What kind of speciation is the described scenario and explain? Can the 2 species mate again? If yes, explain. If no, is it prezyogotic or postzygotic barrier? Why is it one or the other barrier?
31. A species of dogs can either have brown eyes (B) or blue eyes (b). Brown eyes are completely dominant over blue eyes. The frequency of BB is 0.4, the frequency of Bb is 0.2, and the frequency of bb is 0.4.
a. What is the frequency of the B allele and the b allele?
b. Based off the allele frequencies calculated in part a, what are the genotype frequencies?
c. Is this population in Hardy- ? Explain. If not, what condition is being violated?
32. If a male has a disease that is because of a sex linked trait, what is the probability that he will pass it on to his offspring?
33. In an ecosystem that has just experienced a disruption that greatly decreased the population sizes of multiple species, including both plants and animals, are specialist or generalist species more likely to survive and recover quickly?
34. In a population, the blue color is represented by the allele Y and is dominant to the yellow color, which is represented by y. If a heterozygous parent and a homozygous recessive plant bred, what would be the chances of the offspring to be heterozygous?
35. How can we use phylogenetic trees to determine homologous and analogous traits?
36. You are studying the population genetics of squirrels at UC Davis. The population consist of only 100 individuals. There are two alleles, R1 and R2. Of the 100 individuals you study, 15 individuals are R1R1 homozygotes, 50 individuals are heterozygotes, and 35 individuals are R2R2 homozygotes. What are the allele frequencies of the R1 and R2 alleles in this population? What would be the expected frequencies of the genotypes in the next generation of squirrels, assuming the conditions of Hardy-Weinberg are met? Is this population in Hardy- ? Why or why or not?
37. Explain and contrast the differences between CAM, C3, and C4 photosynthesis (hint: include in which situations they are most efficient).
38. Populations in the primary food resources (primary consumers) for catfish (secondary consumers) have declined rapidly, which has caused the catfish population to decline as well. These catfish were the main source of income and nutrition for the local fishing village, but due to the pollution gathering around the lakes, the catfishes’ resources have dropped. Would this be an example of a top-down or bottom-up effect? Why?
39. If natural selection eliminates the structures that are not required for an organism’s survival, why do vestigial structures exist? Laci hint: sometimes the answer is in the question
40. What is the diversity index of a habitat that has 6 ants, 4 flies, 10 mosquitoes, and 2 beetles?
41. On the first day, researchers marked 100 lizards and then released them. After five days, researchers caught 42 lizards and 15 of them were marked. What is the estimated total population size of the lizards?
42. One individuals has a genotype of AABb where A is completely dominant to a for black hair color and B is completely dominant to b for pink eyes. List the possible genotypes and phenotypes of the parents.
43. Which reproductive isolation does wildlife corridors impact most?
a. Behavioral
b. reduced hybrid viability
c. Habitat
d. Temporal
44. Two animals are crossed, one animal is heterozygous and the other animal is homozygous recessive. The dominant phenotype has lower fitness. What are the chances of the offspring carrying the dominant trait and why might the dominant trait still be circulating the population if it selected against?
45. How does self-fertilization affect the potential genotypes of an offspring (compare for a homozygote vs. a heterozygote)?
46. Why is the law of independent assortment always true for unlinked genes?
47. Populations in the primary food resources (primary consumers) for catfish (secondary consumers) have declined rapidly, which has caused the catfish population to decline as well. These catfish were the main source of income and nutrition for the local fishing village, but due to the pollution gathering around the lakes, the catfishes’ resources have dropped. Would this be an example of a top-down or bottom-up effect? Why?
48. Describe how artificial selection suggests evidence for natural selection and provide an example.
49. If an organism with the genotype MmNn produces gametes, and these two genes assort independently, what proportion of their gametes will have the mN genotype?
50. How might a larger fundamental niche enable the process of speciation and the development of different phenotypic traits?
51. Why is it more likely that competitive exclusion will occur the more two species niches overlap?
52. Are mutations bad? Why or why not?
53. Consider a population that has two alleles, (A and a) at a particular gene. Which of the following is/are always true? Select all that apply (Note: the notation f(x) means ‘frequency of x’)
a. f(AA) + f(Aa) + f(aa) = 1
b. f(aa)= (q^2)
c. p= f(AA) + 1/2f(Aa)
d. p + q = 1
54. Food chain: Plant–>Insect–>Mouse–>Owl If there were a sudden surge in owl population, what would be the effect on the primary consumer?
55. Explain how s dictate the location of two terrestrial biomes. In which of those biomes would you expect to see more C3 photosynthetic plants?
56. How many genetically different gametes can be produced by an RrYyGG genotype?
According to this pedigree, which variation of the trait (shaded or unshaded) is dominant? which recessive? Do you know for certain? Based on your earlier answer, what is the genotype of person I-2? Label the genotypes of individuals that you are sure of and list those that you do not have enough information to determine.
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