Instructor: Joanna Chociej
Lecture 6 Part 1
Vowel articulation
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& the IPA cardinal vowel chart
Review……
• Vowels symbols we learned about in Lecture 3
• This way of organizing matches the way these sounds pattern in English.
The official IPA chart has a slightly different way of organizing the symbols for vowel sounds.
Articulatory vs Acoustic properties of vowels
• Articulatorydescriptionsofvowelsusetheparametersof: • Height;Backness;Rounding
• Thesedescriptionsaremeanttocorrelatewiththehighestpointofthetongueinthe mouth. However, they are based on the intuitions of traditional phoneticians who did not have access to x-ray technology or other methods of accurately investigating tongue placement.
• Acousticdescriptionsofvowelsarebasedonthefrequenciesofthe1st,2ndand3rd formants.
Articulatory vs Acoustic properties of vowels
• Theillustrationsshowthehighestpoint of the tongue in American English vowels.
• Noticethattherelativepositionofthe vowels does not actually match the traditional vowel descriptions.
From: Ladefoged (2001) Vowels and Consonants, pages 115-116
Articulatory and Acoustic properties of vowels
Traditional descriptions more accurately reflect acoustic properties of vowels than articulatory properties of vowels.
• F1andF2forthesamesetofvowels are plotted with F2 on the horizontal axis going from right to left, and F1 on the vertical axis ascending from the top of the chart to the bottom.
• Theresultingpatternclosely resembles the traditional vowel quadrilateral.
From: Ladefoged (2001) Vowels and Consonants, pages 115-116
Cardinal vowels
& the IPA vowel quadrilateral
Where symbols appear in pairs,
the one on the right represents a rounded vowel.
• Thecardinalvowelsystemwas designed to provide reference points in the description of vowels.
• Vowelsinparticularlanguages can be described in reference to the cardinal vowels.
Cardinal vowels
& the IPA vowel quadrilateral
• Inadditiontothevowels produced at the 4 extreme corners of the vowel space, the vowel quadrilateral is further divided with a vertical line down the centre and 2 horizontal lines equidistant from one another.
• Eachofthehorizontallines have cardinal vowels at the front and back extremes. The vowel schwa is in the very centre of the vowel space.
Where symbols appear in pairs,
the one on the right represents a rounded vowel.
Cardinal vowels can also be grouped into primary and secondary sets of vowels.
Primary vowels are more common than secondary vowels across the world’s languages.
Primary front vowels are all unrounded; Most primary back vowels are rounded.
To go from a primary to its corresponding secondary vowel, you just have to change the rounding of your lips.
Green=unrounded
Yellow=rounded
• Lip rounding for back vowels tends to be made by protruding the lips whereas lip rounding on front vowels tends to be made by narrowing the lips without pushing them forward.
• Adding lip rounding to front vowels lowers both formants, but particularly F2.
• Because a high F2 is characteristic of front vowels in general, the effect of rounding gives the impression that the high front rounded [y] is somewhere between [i] and [u].
rounded (protruded lips)
rounded (compressed lips)
Cardinal vowels
Average frequencies of F1 and F2 for the cardinal vowels (in Hz):
u 250 595 ɯ 300 1390
Vowel systems
• Vowel systems of particular languages are generally transcribed by using the cardinal vowel symbol that is closest to each vowel in a language (and that matches the rounding feature)
• (…and given the choice, often the symbol that is easiest to type on a standard keyboard is preferred)
Spanish: Japanese: Danish:
i• u• i• ɯ• i•y• u• e• ø• o•
e• o• e• o• ɛ•œ• ɔ• a• a•a•ɑ•
E.g., the Spanish /i/ is lower and slightly more back than the cardinal vowel [i]. 15
Vowel systems
• Notethat,evenwhenthevowel systems of two languages are the same, their average articulation may be slightly different.
From: Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996
Vowel systems
• Language specific transcription traditions also develop and differ from the cardinal vowel usage.
• This is particularly true for phonology, where phonetic accuracy may not be the goal.
• Historically, people were constrained by what they could type on a typewriter.
• In phonology, using a particular symbol might make sense from the point of view of how vowels pattern in the language.
Additional Vowel Symbols
• Additionalsymbolsareneededforsomelanguages.
• Ifalanguagehasfive,unroundedfrontvowelstherewillnotbeenoughcardinal
vowel symbols to represent every vowel in the language.
• Thefollowingadditionalsymbolsareneededforlanguageswithlargervowel inventories:
• [ɪ] • [ʏ] • [ʊ] • [æ] • [ɐ]
–between[i]and[e] –between[y]and[ø] –between[u]and[o] –between[ɛ]and[a] –higherlowcentralunrounded
• In English, for example, the low front vowel is transcribed with [æ] and not with the low, front cardinal vowel symbol [a], since there can be said to be 3 distinct low unrounded vowels.
Full IPA vowel quadrilateral Symbols used to transcribe vowel
sounds in the world’s languages Summary
Handwriting IPA symbols
Lecture 6 Part 2
Vowel diacritics
& additional vowel qualities
• Specifying height, backness, and rounding beyond what’s possible with regular IPA vowel symbols
• Nasalization
• Rhotacization
• Expansion
• Tense&Laxdistinction
Vowel Diacritics for
Height, Backness, and Rounding
Sometimes additional precision is needed in a transcription that cannot be conveyed using symbols alone.
• E.g.Ifwewanttoconveydetaileddifferences between languages, dialects, speakers, etc.
• Inthesecases,additionaldiacriticscanbeplaced under the vowel symbol.
Nasalization
• Nasalvowelsareproduced with a lowered velum and air passing out through both the mouth and the nose.
• Englishvowelsare nasalized allophonically when they are adjacent to nasal consonants.
Nasalization
• Some languages use nasalization of vowels contrastively.
• Nasalization is indicated with a tilde above the vowel symbol.
e.g. French:
[sɛ] sait ‘knows’ [sɛ̃] saint ‘saint’
Rhotacization
• Vowels are rhotacized by curling back the tongue tip or by retracting the tongue tip into the body of the tongue.
• Rhotacized vowels generally have a hollowing of the tongue body.
The words dee and deer. Note the lowering of F3 in the articulation of the [ɹ]
Rhotacization causes lowering of F3.
Rhotacization
Examples of rhotacization in other languages:
• Badaga(Dravidian):plain,half-rhotacized,andfully-rhotacizedvowels
• beː • be˞ː • be˞˞ː
‘bangle’ ‘bananaplant,crop’
• Mandarin: is represented in IPA with a hook ˞ to the right of the affected vowel.
Vowels can be produced with varying duration.
• InEnglish,tensevowelsareinherentlylongerthanlaxvowels. • Butinsomelanguages,vowellengthiscontrastive
If there are two levels of length distinction:
Short: [a] vs. Long: [aː]
If there are more than two levels of length distinction, the following diacritics may be used:
half-long [aˑ] or extra-short [ă]
Contrastive Length in Danish
• Somelanguagesmakeacontrast between vowels made with an expanded pharynx and vowels made without an expanded pharynx.
• Intheexpandedset,thetongue root is pulled forward and the larynx is lowered.
• Thenon-expandedsetisproduced with the tongue root back and without any lowering of the larynx.
The terms advanced tongue root (ATR) and retracted tongue root (RTR) are also used for expanded and non-expanded vowels respectively.
A diacritic below the vowel indicates:
a̘ Advanced Tongue Root a̙ Retracted Tongue Root
Expanded vowels have a lowered F1 due to the greater size of the pharyngeal cavity.
Expansion vs. Tense/Lax disctinction
• Thetense-laxdistinctionisusefulindescribingphonologicalclassesofEnglishvowelsand may be relevant for other languages as well.
• Phonetically,however,thereisnoarticulatoryoracoustictraitwhichconsistently distinguishes tense from lax vowels.
• Sometimesthetermsorsymbolsareconventionallyusedinterchangeably,butthetense-lax distinction is not the same as [ATR] or [RTR].
• Indescriptionsoflanguagesthathave[ATR]distinctions,youmightsee[iueo] representing vowels with advanced tongue root and [ ɪ ʊ ɛ ɔ ] representing vowels with retracted tongue root.
Expansion vs. Tense/Lax distinction
Note that there is little difference in the size of the pharyngeal cavity when it comes to English tense vs. lax vowels.
We learned about several additional characteristics of vowels and the IPA diacritics used to represent them.
Announcements/Reminders
• Tutorial 6 is on Monday October 24th
• Quiz 3 is from Tuesday October 25th to
Thursday October 27th
• Assignment 2 is due on Friday November 4th
Assignment 2 and academic integrity
• Each student should complete and write this assignment individually.
• However, I recognize that some students may benefit from working through the technical aspects of this assignment with others. In order to maintain Academic Integrity: if you discussed this assignment with anybody else, such as in a study group or group chat, you should credit them by writing their name(s) (or aliases) and briefly stating how they helped you with working through the assignment.
• Please consult this website for more information on Academic Integrity and sharing work: https://www.academicintegrity.utoronto.ca/smart- strategies/students-sharing-academic-work/
• This document was completed by: (give your full name) •
• I received help on this assignment from the following people: •
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