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1. Course Orientation
2. History and Definition of Cloud Computing
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3. Business Drivers for creation of Cloud Computing
– Capacity Planning, Cost Reduction, Organisational Agility
4. Technologies that impact Cloud Computing
– Clustering, Grid Computing, Virtualisation
5. Cloud Characteristics
– On-demand usage, Ubiquitous access, Multitenancy, Elastic, Measurable,
Resilient.
Cloud Computing
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• Cloud Delivery Models
• Cloud Deploy Models
• Cloud-Enabling Technologies
– Broadband Networks and Internet Architecture
– Virtualisation Technology (VT)
– Data Centre Technology
– Web Technology
– Multitenant Technology
• Goals and Benefits
• Risks and Challenges
• Cloud-based Applications in the World
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A cloud delivery model represents a specific, pre-packaged combination of IT
resources offered by a cloud provider.
Three common cloud delivery models:
• Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS)
• Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS)
• Software-as-a-Service (SaaS)
Cloud Delivery Models
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Cloud Delivery Models — IaaS
Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS):
• a self-contained virtual environment consists of infrastructure-centric IT
• IT resources can be accessed and managed via cloud service-based
interfaces and tools
• can include hardware, network, connectivity, operating systems, and
other “raw” IT resources
• provides a high level of control and responsibility over its configuration
and utilization
• needs cloud consumers’ administrative responsibility
• can be different by different cloud providers (different specs: CPU cores,
RAM, storage, etc)
• is generally offered as freshly initialized virtual machines
• users: system admins
• examples: Amazon EC2, Google Compute Engine (GCE), Microsoft
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Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS):
• a pre-defined “ready-to-use” environment typically consists of already
deployed and configured IT resources
• can include a programming language execution environment, an operating
system, a web server, and a database.
• encapsulates an environment where users can build, compile, and run
program without worrying about the infrastructure.
• no need to take administrative and maintaining responsibility
• needs users to manage their own data (e.g. with SQL databases)
• Lower level of control over the underlying IT resources
• users: developers
• examples:
• AWS Elastic Beanstalk
• Google app engine (GAE)
Cloud Delivery Models — PaaS
https://cloud.google.com/appengine
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Software-as-a-Service (SaaS):
• a shared cloud service and made available as a “product”
• provides on-demand services
• no installation of the software on users’ PCs
• assessible via a web browser or lightweight client apps.
• run a single instance of the software
• can be available for multiple users
• has very limited administrative control over a SaaS implementation.
• users: end-users
• examples:
• Google ecosystem docs/sheets/mails/calendar/etc
• Microsoft Office 365
Cloud Delivery Models — SaaS
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Model Comparisons
Delivery Model Control Level Functionality Consumer Activities Provider Activities
SaaS Usage and
usage-related
configuration
Access to front-end
user-interface
Uses and configures
cloud services
Implements, manages, and
maintains cloud service
Monitors usage by cloud
PaaS Limited
administrative
Moderate level of
administrative control
over IT resources
relevant to cloud
consumer’s usage of
Develops, tests,
deploys, and manages
cloud services and
cloud-based solutions
Pre-configures platform
and provisions underlying
infrastructure, middleware,
and other needed IT
resources, as necessary
Monitors usage by cloud
administrative
Full access to
virtualized
infrastructure-related IT
resources and possibly
to underlying physical
IT resources
Sets up and configures
bare infrastructure,
and installs, manages,
and monitors any
needed software
Provisions and manages
the physical processing,
storage, networking, and
hosting required
Monitors usage by cloud
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Model Comparisons
Infrastructure Platform Software
(as a Service) (as a Service) (as a Service)
Application Application Application Application
Data Data Data Data
O/S O/S O/S O/S
Virtualizatio
Virtualization Virtualization Virtualization
Servers Servers Servers Servers
Storage Storage Storage Storage
Networking Networking Networking Networking
anaged by U
anaged by U
anaged by U
Network Architects
System Admins
Application
Developers
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New Adventures in the Cloud
https://www.cnbc.com/2020/08/04/microsoft-reveals-more-details-about-its-xcloud-game-streaming-service.html
https://www.xbox.com/en-US/xbox-game-pass/cloud-gaming
https://stadia.google.com/ 10
https://www.cnbc.com/2020/08/04/microsoft-reveals-more-details-about-its-xcloud-game-streaming-service.html
https://www.xbox.com/en-US/xbox-game-pass/cloud-gaming
https://stadia.google.com/
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Amazon’s AWS:
• leading company in Cloud Computing
• provides IaaS and PaaS
• famous for EC2
Google Cloud:
• offers IaaS, PaaS (GAE), and SaaS (Google
docs/sheets/calendar/gmail)
Microsoft Azure:
• provides IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS (Office 365)
• majorly for Apple products (Macbook, iPad, iPhone, etc)
• store and backup users’ documents online.
• Storage-as-a-service (aka STaaS)
Examples of Cloud Computing Usage
Google App
Google Doc
AWS Elastic
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• Cloud Delivery Models
• Cloud Deploy Models
• Cloud-Enabling Technologies
– Broadband Networks and Internet Architecture
– Virtualisation Technology (VT)
– Data Centre Technology
– Web Technology
– Multitenant Technology
• Goals and Benefits
• Risks and Challenges
• Cloud-based Applications in the World
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A cloud deployment model represents a specific type of cloud environment
In terms of ownership, size, and access, models can be divided into four common groups:
• Public cloud
– a publicly accessible cloud environment owned by a third-party cloud provider
– usually supplied via the delivery models and offered to consumers at a cost
– is created and on-going maintained by the cloud provider.
– typical examples: GCP, AWS, AZURE, etc.
• Community cloud
– is similar to a public cloud except that its access is limited to a community of cloud consumers.
– may be jointly owned by the community members or by a third-party cloud provider
– cloud consumers of the community typically share the responsibility for defining and evolving the
community cloud
– Typical examples: Cloud for multiple governmental departments.
Cloud Deployment Models
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• Private cloud
– is owned by a single organization and enables an organization to use CC technology to
access to IT resources by different parts, locations, or departments.
– actual administration may be carried out by internal or outsourced staff.
– within a private cloud, the same organization is technically both the cloud consumer and
– Typical examples: UQCloud (VMs) and UQRDM cloud (STaaS)
• Hybrid cloud
– is a cloud environment comprised of two or more different cloud deployment models.
– Example: private cloud (sensitive data) + public cloud (less sensitive cloud services)
– can be complex and challenging to create and maintain due to the potential disparity in
cloud environments
Cloud Deployment Models
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• Cloud Delivery Models
• Cloud Deploy Models
• Cloud-Enabling Technologies
– Broadband Networks and Internet Architecture
– Virtualisation Technology (VT)
– Data Centre Technology
– Web Technology
– Multitenant Technology
• Goals and Benefits
• Risks and Challenges
• Cloud-based Applications in the World
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Modern-day clouds are underpinned by a set of primary technology components
that collectively enable key features and characteristics associated with
contemporary cloud computing:
• Broadband Networks and Internet Architecture
• Virtualisation Technology
• Data Centre Technology
• Web Technology
• Multitenant Technology
Cloud-Enabling Technology (CET)
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• All clouds must be connected to a network (an
inherent dependency on WWW, most clouds are
Internet-enabled).
• Worldwide connectivity is enabled through a
hierarchical topology composed of Tiers 1, 2, and 3.
• Cloud consumers and cloud providers typically use
the Internet to communicate.
• Easily configuration of IT resources (external and
internal users via WWW) and superior connectivity
• The potential of cloud platforms therefore generally
grows in parallel with advancements in Internet
connectivity and service quality (bandwidth, latency,
protocols, etc.)
CET I – Broadband Networks and Internet Architecture
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• VT is the process of converting a physical IT resource into a virtual IT
• Most types of IT resources can be virtualised, including:
– Servers – A physical server can be abstracted into a virtual server.
– Storage – A physical storage device can be abstracted into a virtual
storage device or a virtual disk.
– Network – Physical routers and switches can be abstracted into logical
network fabrics, such as VLANs.
– Power – A physical UPS and power distribution units can be abstracted
into what are commonly referred to as virtual UPSs.
• A physical server is called a host or physical host.
• A software that manages VMs and hardware is called as Virtual Machine
Monitor (VMM), also known as hypervisor in cloud computing context.
• An operating system in a virtual machine is called as guest OS.
CET II: Virtualisation Technology (VT)
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• Steps of creating a new virtual server through virtualisation software:
I. the allocation of physical IT resources (e.g. specify #CPU, Mem, Storage in VirtualBox by
II. followed by the installation of an operating system (e.g. Install Ubuntu or Windows
systems in VirtualBox).
• Virtual servers use their own guest operating systems, which are independent of the
operating system in which they were created.
• Guest OS and the application software on the virtual server are unaware of the virtualisation
CET II: Virtualisation Technology (VT)
VM1 VM2 VM3 VM4
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Hardware Independence
• VT can convert and translate IT hardware into emulated and standardised software-based copies.
• Due to HI, virtual servers can easily be moved to another virtualisation host
• Thus, cloning and manipulating virtual IT resources is much easier than duplicating physical hardware.
Server Consolidation
• VT enables different virtual servers to share one physical server, which is called server consolidation
• SC is commonly used to increase hardware utilisation, load balancing, and optimisation of available IT
resources.
• The resulting flexibility: different virtual servers can run different guest operating systems on the same
• supports common cloud features, e.g. on-demand usage, resource pooling, elasticity, scalability, and
resiliency.
CET II: Virtualisation Technology (VT)
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Resource Replication
• Virtual servers are created as virtual disk images that contain binary file copies of hard disk
• Host’s OS can access these disk images e.g. copy, move, and paste (replicate, migrate, and
back up the virtual server).
• In this way, it enables:
– Standard virtual machine creations with common configurations
– Increased agility in the migration and deployment of a virtual machine’s new instances
– Backup & Roll back abilities
CET II: Virtualisation Technology (VT)
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Operating System-Based Virtualisation
• virtualisation is the installation of virtualisation software in a pre-
existing operating system (called the host operating system)
• example: Install ubuntu on Windows with VMware/VirtualBox
• processing overhead: virtualisation software and host OS.
Hardware-Based Virtualisation
• the installation of virtualisation software directly on the physical host
hardware bypassing the host OS
• example: Oracle VM Server for x86 (up to 384 CPUs and 6TB RAM)
• VMM is also named as Hypervisor
• more efficient (no hosting OS), but compatible issues.
CET II: Virtualisation Technology (VT)
operating system-based virtualisation
Hardware-based virtualisation
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A data centre is a specialised IT infrastructure that houses
centralised IT resources
• Servers (rack in cabinet);
• Databases and software systems;
• Networking and telecommunication devices.
Typical technologies and components
• Virtualisation:
– Data centres consist of both physical and virtualised IT
resources.
– The physical IT resource layer refers to the facility
infrastructure that houses:
� computing/networking systems and equipment,
� hardware systems and their operating systems.
CET III – Data Centre Technology
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Typical technologies and components of Data Centre:
• Standardisation and Modularity:
– DCs are built upon standardised commodity hardware and designed with modular
architectures.
– reduce investment and operational costs.
• Automation:
– DCs have specialised platforms that automate general management tasks such as
provisioning, configuration, patching, and monitoring without supervision.
• Remote Operation and Management:
– Remotely access via consoles and management systems: most of the tasks in DCs (e.g.
operational and administrative tasks).
– On-site jobs: highly specific tasks – equipment handling and cabling or hardware-level
installation and maintenance.
CET III – Data Centre Technology
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Typical technologies and components of Data Centre:
• High Availability:
– Aiming to high-level availability, DCs usually have redundant, uninterruptable power supplies,
cabling, and environmental control subsystems in anticipation of system failure, along with
communication links and clustered hardware for load balancing.
• Security-Aware Design, Operation and Management:
– Security requirements (e.g. physical and logical access controls and data recovery strategies)
need to be comprehensive for DCs.
• Facilities:
– Site: custom-designed locations that are outfitted with specialised computing, storage, and
network equipment.
– Layout: multiple functional areas
– various power supplies, cabling, and environmental control stations that regulate heating,
ventilation, air conditioning, fire protection, and other related subsystems.
CET III – Data Centre Technology
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Hardware of Data Centres:
• Computing Hardware:
– rackmount form factor server (multiple racks in a cabinet);
– a power-efficient multi-core CPU architecture (many cores but
low frequency, e.g. Xeon/EPYC CPUs);
– redundant and hot-swappable components, such as hard disks,
power supplies, network interfaces, and storage controller cards.
• Storage Hardware:
– specialised storage systems that maintain enormous amounts of
digital information in order to fulfill considerable storage capacity
needs by using arrays of disks;
– frequently used storage technologies: RAID, Hot-Swappable,
Virtualisation, and Fast Data Replication Mechanisms.
• Network Hardware:
– LAN fabric, high-performance switches & adaptors (up to 10 G/s),
CET III – Data Centre Technology
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5 Largest Data Centres in the world 1 (as of date 22 May 2018)
1. Digital Reality Main Data Centre (San Francisco, US)
2. Global Switch (Singapore)
3. Du Technology data center in Virginia (Virginia, US)
4. CyrusOne’s Data Center (Arizona, US)
5. China Telecom’s Inner Mongolia data center (China) (No 1 in 2020)
Largest Data Centre in Australia:
EQUINIX SY3 Data Centre (Sydney) 2
CET III – World-class Data Centres
1. https://www.avalon.host/blog/5-largest-data-centers-in-the-world/
2. https://cloudscene.com/market/data-centers-in-australia/all 27
https://www.avalon.host/blog/5-largest-data-centers-in-the-world/
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CET III – Data Centre in Brisbane
NEXTDC Brisbane Data Centre https://www.nextdc.com/
https://www.nextdc.com/
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CET IV – Web Technology
• Web technology is very commonly used for cloud service implementations and for front-ends used to remotely
manage cloud-based IT resources.
• Fundamental technologies of Web architecture:
– Uniform Resource Locator (URL) – A standard syntax used for creating identifiers that point to Web-
based resources, the URL is often structured using a logical network location.
– Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) – This is the primary communications protocol used to exchange
content and data throughout the World Wide Web. URLs are typically transmitted via HTTP.
– Markup Languages (HTML, XML) – Markup languages provide a lightweight means of expressing Web-
centric data and metadata: HTML (webpages) and XML (data).
• Example: a web browser can request to execute an action like read, write, update, or delete on a web
resource on the Internet, and proceed to identify and locate the Web resource through its URL. The request is
sent using HTTP to the resource host, which is also identified by a URL. The Web server locates the Web
resource and performs the requested operation, which is followed by a response being sent back to the client.
The response may be comprised of content that includes HTML and XML statements.
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CET V – Multitenant Technology
• Multitenant application enables multiple users (tenants) to access the same application logic
simultaneously.
• Each tenant has its own view of the application that it uses, administers, and customises as a dedicated
instance of the software while remaining unaware of other tenants that are using the same application.
• Multitenant applications ensure that tenants do not have access to data and configuration information
that is not their own.
• Tenants can individually customise features of the application:
– User Interface – Tenants can define a specialised “look and feel” for their application interface.
– Business Process – Tenants can customise the rules, logic, and workflows of the business
processes that are implemented in the application.
– Data Model – Tenants can extend the data schema of the application to include, exclude, or rename
fields in the application data structures.
– Access Control – Tenants can independently control the access rights for users and groups.
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CET V – Multitenant Technology
• Multitenant application architecture is significantly more complex than that of single-tenant
applications.
• Common characteristics of multitenant applications include:
– Usage Isolation – individual behaviour does NOT affect the other tenants’ behaviours.
– Data Securit
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