Microsoft PowerPoint – Week 7 – 3D Queries and Advanced 3D Topics 003
11/5/2018
1
Lecture 7
3D Queries and Advanced Topics 1
– 3D GIS
c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
Assignment Progress
• By now you should have:
– Created your system specification
– Created your conceptual and logical diagrams and
written the documentation
– Written the DDL, DML and the non-spatial queries
– Added any 2D spatial information and queries
– Created your 3D geometry
– Made good progress on your 500 word assignment
• Last piece of information this week – 3D queries
c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
Overview
• 3D Queries
– Metric
– Topological
– Returning a Geometry
• Advanced Topics 1 – 3D GIS
– What is driving 3D
– Some 3D research
– GeoBIM – integrating 3D GIS and BIM
c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
3D Analysis
• PostGIS functions that support 3D
– http://postgis.net/docs/manual-
dev/PostGIS_Special_Functions_Index.html#PostGIS_
3D_Functions
c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
Add a Polyhedral Surface as a Roof
drop table if exists assets.roof;
create table assets.roof
(id serial,
name character varying(50));
alter table assets.roof add constraint roof_pk
primary key (id);
— add the geometry column – NB dimension = 3
select AddGeometryColumn(‘assets’,’roof’,’location’,0,
‘geometry’,3); c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
Add a Polyhedral Surface as a Roof
— insert some roof data as a polyhedral surface (not closed,
also can’t use extrusion as a roof is not a box)
insert into assets.roof(name, location)
values
(‘Chadwick’,st_geomfromtext(‘POLYHEDRALSURFACE
(((3 22 12, 3 2 12, 9 8 20, 9 16 20, 3 22 12)),
((16 22 12, 9 16 20, 9 8 20, 16 2 12, 16 22 12)),
((3 22 12, 9 16 20, 16 22 12, 3 22 12)),
((3 2 12, 16 2 12, 9 8 20, 3 2 12)))’,0));
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c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
2D and 3D Area
select ‘2D’,st_area(location), name from
assets.roof
union all
select ‘3D’,st_3darea(location), name from
assets.roof;
c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
2D and 3D perimeter
select ‘2D’,st_perimeter(location), name from
assets.roof
union all
select ‘3D’,st_3dperimeter(location), name from
assets.roof;
c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
Objects within a given 3D distance
• Is geometry A within a certain distance of geometry B (0
means it touches)
– ST_3DDWithin = “For 3d (z) geometry type Returns true if
two geometries 3d distance is within number of units”
select st_3DDwithin(a.location, b.location,0) ,
a.building_name,b.building_name
from assets.buildings a, assets. buildings b;
c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
Creating 3D Data In SQL
• Find the distance between the sensors – compare 2D and
3D
select st_3DMaxDistance(a.location, b.location) as
distance3d,
st_distance (a.location, b.location) as distance2d,
a.sensor_name, b.sensor_name
from assets.temperature_sensor a,
assets.temperature_sensor b;
c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
2D and 3D Distance – Vertical Distance
• Distance of the sensors to the UCL polygon
select st_distance(a.location,b.location) as
Distance2D,
st_3ddistance(a.location,b.location) as Distance3D
from assets.university a, assets.temperature_sensor
b;
c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
3D and 3DMax Distance
• Distance of the sensors to the Pearson Building
select st_3ddistance(a.location,b.location) as
Distance3D,
st_3dmaxdistance(a.location,b.location) as
Distance3DMax
from assets.buildings a, assets.temperature_sensor
b where a.building_name = ‘Pearson’;
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3
c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
3D Volume
• Volume of each building
select st_volume(location), building_name from
assets.buildings;
c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
3DDWithin
• Identify geometry within a specific distance e.g.
rooms within each building
select b.room_id,a.building_name,
b.room_number,st_3ddwithin(a.location, b.location,0) as
within3D
from assets.buildings a, assets.rooms b
c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
ST_ZMax
• What is the maximum height of the roof
select st_zmax(location)
from assets.roof where name = ‘Chadwick’;
c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
Overview
• 3D Queries
– Metric
– Topological
– Returning a Geometry
• Advanced Topics 1 – 3D GIS
– What is driving 3D
– Some 3D research
– GeoBIM – integrating 3D GIS and BIM
c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
3D Analysis – Topological Queries
c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
3D Analysis – Topological Queries
11/5/2018
4
c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
3D Analysis – Topological Queries
c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
3D Analysis – Topological Queries
ST_3DIntersects
• Returns TRUE if the Geometries “spatially intersect” in 3d – only for
points and linestrings
ST_3DIntersection
• Perform 3D intersection and return the geometry (any geometry type)
c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
3D Intersection – Temperature Sensors and
Buildings
c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
2D Intersection
• Temperature sensors in a building
select a.building_name,
b.sensor_name,st_intersects(a.location, b.location) as
intersects2D, st_intersects(a.location,b.location) as
intersects3D
from assets.buildings a, assets.temperature_sensor b
Error: Unknown geometry type: 13 –
PolyhedralSurface
c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
3D Intersection
select a.building_name, b.sensor_name,
st_3dintersects(a.location,b.location) as
intersects3D
from assets.buildings a, assets.temperature_sensor
b
– Doesn’t work, as our 3D building is a polyhedral
surface – and the sensors don’t touch the walls
– In spatial data, a “surface” is just the walls, and doesn’t
enclose the space in between
c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
3D Intersection
• We could turn the polyhedral surface into a solid
that would then contain the sensors so
INTERSECTION would be true
select a.building_name, b.sensor_name,
st_3dintersects(st_makesolid(a.location),b.location) as
intersects3D
from assets.buildings a, assets.temperature_sensor b
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c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
3D Intersection
• However …
• You get the same results as ST_3DIntersects just
breaks the solid back down into the individual
surfaces
c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
3D Intersection
• Add a sensor that touches the walls
insert into assets. Temperature_sensor
(sensor_name, sensor_make,sensor_installation_date,room_id, location)
values
(‘Sensor 8′,’Siemens’,’12-12-2018′,(select room_id from assets.rooms
where room_use = ‘classroom’ and room_number=’1.02′
and building_id = (select building_id from assets.buildings where
building_name = ‘Chadwick’)),
st_geomfromtext(‘POINT(6 22 2.5)’));
c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
3D Intersection
• Run the query again with the polyhedral surface
select a.building_name, b.sensor_name,
st_3dintersects(a.location,b.location) as intersects3D
from assets.buildings b, assets.temperature_sensor a
• This time you get a match as the point does in fact
intersect the surface
c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
3D Intersection – a Workaround
• Use ST_3DDistance to measure the distance to
the solid – if it is 0 then the point is on or inside
the solid
select a.building_name, b.sensor_name
from assets.buildings a, assets.temperature_sensor b
where st_distance(st_makesolid(a.location),b.location) = 0
c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
Overview
• 3D Queries
– Metric
– Topological
– Returning a Geometry
• Advanced Topics 1 – 3D GIS
– What is driving 3D
– Some 3D research
– GeoBIM – integrating 3D GIS and BIM
c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
3D Union
• Get the Chadwick Building, including the roof
select st_astext(st_3dunion(a.location,b.location))
from assets.buildings a, assets.roof b
where a.building_name = ‘Chadwick’ and b.name =
‘Chadwick’;
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c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
3D Union – Chadwick Building + Roof
• GEOMETRYCOLLECTION Z (TIN Z (((9 16 20,3 2 12,9 8 20,9 16
20)),((9 16 20,3 22 12,3 2 12,9 16 20)),((3 22 12,9 16 20,16 22 12,3 22
12)),((3 2 12,16 2 12,9 8 20,3 2 12)),((16 2 12,9 16 20,9 8 20,16 2
12)),((16 2 12,16 22 12,9 16 20,16 2 12))) ,POLYHEDRALSURFACE Z
(((3 2 0,3 22 0,16 22 0,3 2 0)),((16 2 0,3 2 0,16 22 0,16 2 0)),((3 22
12,16 2 12,16 22 12,3 22 12)),((3 22 12,3 2 12,16 2 12,3 22 12)),((3 2
0,3 2 12,3 22 12,3 2 0)),((3 22 0,3 2 0,3 22 12,3 22 0)),((3 22 0,3 22
12,16 22 12,3 22 0)),((16 22 0,3 22 0,16 22 12,16 22 0)),((16 22 0,16
22 12,16 2 12,16 22 0)),((16 2 0,16 22 0,16 2 12,16 2 0)),((16 2 0,16 2
12,3 2 12,16 2 0)),((3 2 0,16 2 0,3 2 12,3 2 0))))
• Note 12 faces for the building – the surface has been triangulated
c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
3D Intersection
• Find the geometry that is shared between the
main Chadwick building and the roof
select st_astext(st_3dintersection(a.location,b.location))
from assets.buildings a, assets.roof b
where a.building_name = ‘Chadwick’ and b.name =
‘Chadwick’;
A box made of two lines: MULTILINESTRING Z ((16
2 12,3 2 12,3 22 12),(16 2 12,16 22 12,3 22 12))
c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
3D Intersection
• Convert the lines into a box, which will give the
upper ceiling of the Chadwick building:
select st_astext(st_extent(st_3dintersection(a.location,b.location)))
from assets.buildings a, assets.roof b
where a.building_name = ‘Chadwick’ and b.name = ‘Chadwick’;
— POLYGON((3 2,3 22,16 22,16 2,3 2))
c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
3D Difference
• Compare Chadwick and Pearson
select
st_astext(st_3ddifference(a.location,b.location))
From (select location from assets.buildings where
building_name =’Chadwick’) a,
(select location from assets.buildings where
building_name =’Pearson’) b
c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
3D Centroid
• Not available in 3D
• Can ‘collapse’ the geometry to 2D
• For a polyhedral surface, first break into parts
using st_forcecollection
select
st_astext(st_centroid(st_force2d(st_forcecollection(l
ocation)))), building_name from assets.buildings
c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
3D Buffer
• Find the Volume of Insulation if we want to
insulate Chadwick with 0.25cm of outside
insulation
• Buffer not available in 3D or for polyhedral
surfaces
• You could –
– force your data into a GEOMETRY COLLECTION – i.e.
split all the walls apart,
– Force the collection into 2D
– Buffer, then extrude back to 3D
11/5/2018
7
c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
3D Buffer
• Create a temporary table so that we can visualise
the results:
create table assets.tempblds
(id serial,
name character varying(50));
alter table assets. tempblds add constraint tempblds_pk
primary key (id);
— add the geometry column – NB dimension = 3
select AddGeometryColumn(‘assets’,’tempblds’,’location’,0, ‘geometry’,3);
c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
Assignment Hint
• Creating a temporary table to test out some SQL
and visualise the results is very useful
• But …
– Don’t include it in your assignment as it won’t
correspond to the entities listed on your logical ER
diagram!
c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
3D Buffer
– Step 1 – we have to st_force3D the geometry to insert it as
the column is a 3D column – as this is a 2D geometry, it
will just add height of 0
insert into assets.tempblds (name,location)
values(‘Chadwick2D’,
(select
st_force3d(st_buffer(st_force2d(st_forcecollection(
b.location)),0.25)) from assets.buildings b
where b.building_name = ‘Chadwick’)); c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
3D Buffer
c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
3D Buffer
Step 2 – now we can cookie cut (using st_difference) to just
get the outer buffer, and then extrude back to the height of
the building
insert into assets.tempblds (name,location)
values(‘Chadwick2Dring’,
st_force3d(st_difference(
(select st_force2d(c.location) from assets.tempblds c where c.name =
‘Chadwick2D’), (select st_force2d(st_forcecollection(
b.location)) from assets.buildings b where building_name =
‘Chadwick’) )));
c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
3D Buffer
11/5/2018
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c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
3D Buffer
Step 3 – now calculate the area of the ring and multiply it by
the height of the Chadwick building to get a volume
select st_zmax(location) * (select st_area(b.location)
from assets.tempblds b where name = ‘Chadwick2Dring’)
from assets.buildings
where building_name = ‘Chadwick’;
c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
3D Buffer
• Note: it is also possible to extrude the buffer back
to the height of the building and then calculate the
volume- this gets the right answer but the extrude
function does not keep the ‘hole’ in the middle
c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
3D Buffer – Alternative using ST_Extrude
• Alternative approach – use st_extrude
insert into assets.tempblds(name, location) values
(‘Chadwick3DRing’,
(select st_extrude(st_force2d(a.location, 0,0,(select st_zmax(b.location)
from assets.buildings b where
b.building_name = ‘Chadwick’))
from assets.tempblds a where a.name = ‘Chadwick2Dring’));
c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
3D Buffer – st_extrude loses the hole
c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
3D Buffer – alternative using ST_Extrude
• Calculate volume and compare with the previous
value
select st_volume(location), name
from assets.tempblds
where name = ‘Chadwick3DRing’
union all
select st_zmax(location) * (select st_area(b.location)
from assets.tempblds b where name = ‘Chadwick2Dring’), ‘2D buffer * height’
from assets.buildings
where building_name = ‘Chadwick’;
c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
The Flying Freehold
• Building with the freehold area that belongs to it
added
insert into practical4.freehold(name, geom) values
(‘building2 minus freehold’,
(select st_3dunion(a.geom,b.geom)
from practical4.freehold a, practical4.freehold b
where a.name = ‘building2′ and b.name=’freehold’))
11/5/2018
9
c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
The Flying Freehold
c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
The Flying Freehold
• Building minus the freehold area that belongs to
next door
insert into practical4.freehold(name, geom) values
(‘building2 minus freehold’,
(select st_3ddifference(a.geom,b.geom)
from practical4.freehold a, practical4.freehold b
where a.name = ‘building2′ and b.name=’freehold’))
c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
The Flying Freehold
c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
Overview
• 3D Queries
– Metric
– Topological
– Returning a Geometry
• Advanced Topics 1 – 3D
– What is driving 3D
– Some 3D research
– GeoBIM – integrating 3D GIS and BIM
c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
What is (3D) GIS?
• Worboys and Duckham
(2004) define a GIS as a
“computer-based information
system that enables capture,
modelling, storage,
retrieval, sharing,
manipulation, analysis, and
presentation of
geographically referenced
data”.
c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
3D has been around for a while ..
1989 2004 2006 2014
11/5/2018
10
c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
3D GIS
• What is driving it forwards?
– Applications
– Government policies
– Hype curves/future technological trends
c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
Why do we need 3D GIS?
• Current Applications of 3D GIS
– City Modelling – walk-throughs or fly-throughs
• What will a new building look like in position with surrounding
buildings?
• Will a view or light be blocked?
• Augmented reality
– Flood modelling
– Satellite signal modelling
– Modelling changes in the urban landscape over time
• Densification studies (Koomen et al 2004)
– Also integration with 2D datasets
• Virtual London Land Use (2007)
c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
3D GIS – line of sight
c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
3D GIS – shadows
c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
Government Policy Priorities
c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
Government Policy Priorities
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11
c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
Government Policy Priorities
c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
Government Policy Priorities
http://www.stobartrail.com/item/health-safety-environment
c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
Hype Curves
• https://www.gartner.
com/smarterwithgart
ner/5-trends-
emerge-in-gartner-
hype-cycle-for-
emerging-
technologies-2018/
c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
5G
https://futurecities.catapult.org.uk/2018/10/16/learning-from-city-wide-5g-demonstrators/
c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
Autonomous Vehicles
11/5/2018
12
c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
Smart Cities and the Internet of Things
https://cdn.ttgtmedia.com/
rms/onlineImages/iota-
smart_city_components_
mobile.jpg
c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
Digital Twins
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F_yHjILEELQ
• (video from the Netherlands)
c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
Other Potential Applications
• Multi-layer building models, and their corresponding usage
and ownership at different layers (Grinstein 2003)
• 3D Cadastral Systems (Stoter and Salzmann 2003)
– Finding neighbours
– Identifying which buildings are located on top of or under
another one (e.g. for noise transmission)
• Noise studies of cities in 3D by locating observer points in
3D space (Stoter et al. 2008)
• Integrated above ground and below ground information
model of a city
c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
Other Potential Applications
• Utility infrastructure
– “call-before-you-dig” and infrastructure design and maintenance
• Compare the existing buildings with regulations
• Modelling changes in multi-level land use
• Locating all available office space on the 3rd, 4th and 5th floors
of buildings
• Modeling usage and mixed use
– problem with uptake of commercial space under/around residential
buildings
• In-building navigation
• Emergency Planning in Buildings
– Routing through 3D models of buildings for rapid determination of
emergency exit paths (Kwan and Lee 2005, Takino 2000 )
c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
Other Potential Applications
• Others
– Robot guidance in mining (Silver et al. 2006)
– Archaeology – which artefacts found within / on top of a
particular layer of stratigraphy?
– Routing for 3D pipeline integrity using a ‘pig’ (pipeline
inspection gauge)
– As-built modelling
• do pipelines connect, are they correctly embedded in the
required walls
c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
Overview
• 3D Queries
– Metric
– Topological
– Returning a Geometry
• Advanced Topics 1 – 3D
– What is driving 3D
– Some 3D research
– GeoBIM – integrating 3D GIS and BIM
11/5/2018
13
c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
Research: What Should a National 3D Dataset
Look Like?
c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
Research: 3D Generalisation
c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
Research: 3D Interpolation and Visualisation
c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
Research: Schema Modelling and Matching
c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
Research: Using 3D City Models to Improve
GNSS
c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
Research: 3D as a Data Index
11/5/2018
14
c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
Overview
• 3D Queries
– Metric
– Topological
– Returning a Geometry
• Advanced Topics 1 – 3D
– What is driving 3D
– Some 3D research
– GeoBIM – integrating 3D GIS and BIM
c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
What is BIM?
• A digital-based building design process that uses a
single comprehensive system of computer models
rather than separate sets of drawings.
• The models are more than just 3D CAD, they are rich
in added information.
• At the core of BIM success is collaboration
• The aim of BIM is to improve the performance of
infrastructure, reduce waste, increase resource
efficiency, reduce risk, increase resilience and
increase integration (Kemp 2011).
c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
What is BIM?
c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
What is BIM?
https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/thealternativebimtriangle-130905225403–thumbnail-4.jpg?cb=1378421677
http://www.bimtaskgroup.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/pasdiagram.jpg
c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
GIS and BIM – Similarities
BIM GIS
Model the built environment in 3D
Model indoor and outdoor features
Data can e managed in a database
management system
Spatial and non-spatial data editing
and management tools provided
2D and 3D visualization
Represent the word as is, but also
model historic and future
representations
Model at varying scales and detail
c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
GeoBIM
https://3d.bk.tudelft.nl/projects/geobim/
https://www.gim-international.com/content/article/geo-plus-bim-does-not-make-geobim
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c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
GeoBIM – Why Integrate?
c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
GeoBIM – Why Integrate: Site Access
https://www.multiplex.global/projects/22-bishopsgate
c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
GeoBIM – Why Integrate: Emergency
Planning
http://www.newsandstar.co.uk/news/16750328.concerns-over-
emergency-access-at-proposed-housing-development-in-west-
cumbrian-village/
https://www.shropshirefire.gov.uk/sites/default/files/planning-and-
developers_0.pdf c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
GeoBIM – Why Integrate: Planning and
Enforcement
https://www.dailymai
l.co.uk/news/article-
2612073/Family-
ordered-demolish-
dream-500-000-
home-builders-6ft-
high-4ft-wide.html
https://www.bbc.co.
uk/news/uk-
england-stoke-
staffordshire-
44068562
c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
GeoBIM – Why Integrate: Asset Management
http://www.stobartrail.com/item/health-safety-environment c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
GeoBIM: Relevant Data Standards
IFC
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c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
CityGML
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Siddique_Baig/publication/272565062/fig
ure/fig11/AS:294730651979788@1447280671650/UML-diagram-of-
CityGMLs-building-model-Prefixes-are-used-to.png
http://filip.biljecki.com/phd.html
https://www.isprs-ann-photogramm-remote-sens-spatial-inf-sci.net/IV-4-
W5/9/2017/isprs-annals-IV-4-W5-9-2017.pdf
Building Model
Street Space Model
c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
IFC
http://www.buildingsmart-tech.org/ifc/
IFC Shared Building Elements
c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
Convert IFC to CityGML
https://knowledge.safe.com/articles/1025/bim-to-gis-intermediate-ifc-lod-300-to-lod-4-cityg.html
c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
GeoBIM
c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
Geo and BIM – Differences
BIM Geo
Single house contains 1000 elements House contains a few elements only
Spatial data digital plan design &
construction
Spatial data is source of information
Data management for project sites/
Focus on data functionalities in native
software
Focus on data flows within Spatial Data
Infrastructure (data quality, validation,
responsibilities)
Industry dominated Government dominated
Sharing data complex; benefits for
sharing are not always clear
Open data/sharing data is seen as
public good
Geometry is designed (parametrized,
CSG)
Geometry is measured (B-Rep)
c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
Different Conceptual Models
http://www.isprs.org/proceedings/XXXVIII/3_4-C3/Paper_GeoW09/paper26_Nagel_Stadler_Kolbe.pdf
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c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
Different Conceptual Models
https://3d.bk.tudelft.nl/pdfs/3dgeoinfo2018presentations/36%20Exploring%20Schema%20M
atching%20to%20Compare%20Geospatial%20Standards%20Application%20to%20Undergr
ound%20Utility%20Networks.pdf c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
Lack of Software that supports BIM and GIS
• Single, integrated database and software (“single
source of truth”)?
vs:
• Keep the software people are used to using?
– Expensive learning curve
– Software and data ‘fit for purpose’
c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
GeoBIM – Current Work
• 2-year project working with EuroSDR
(organisation of European National Mapping and
Cadastral Agencies) investigating GeoBIM
– Currently in Phase 2 – developing case studies
– Particularly interested in:
• Constraints relating to planning/construction – can they be
automatically validated
• Asset management!
– Contact me if you have case studies or are working as an
asset manager
c.ellul@ucl.ac.uk
Overview
• 3D Queries
– Metric
– Topological
– Returning a Geometry
• Advanced Topics 1 – 3D GIS
– What is driving 3D
– Some 3D research
– GeoBIM – integrating 3D GIS and BIM