Copyright © 1999-2022 Ellis Horowitz HTML Basics 1
What is HTML?
• HTML stands for Hypertext Markup Language
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– It is a markup language, which means it is used for processing, definition, and display of data
• HTML is a tag-based language, similar to XML – HTML tags are already defined though
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What is HTML?(cont’d)
• Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) is a language in which one can describe:
– The display and format of text
– The display of graphics
– Pointers to other html files
– Pointers to files containing graphics,
digitized video and sound
– Forms that capture information from the viewer
• HTML was developed by -Lee of CERN around 1990
• HTML is understood by WWW browsers—e.g., Internet Explorer, Firefox, Chrome, Safari, many others — which interpret and display the output to the viewer
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First Web Page
• The first web page ever displayed by – Lee at CERN
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First Web Site
• The original web site of the “WWW Project” is still available at CERN
• http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/TheProject.html
• Includes documentation on the original browsers and servers
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World Wide Web Motivation
• Originally created in 1989 at CERN (the European Organization for Nuclear Research) for sharing research in a faster manner than journal publications allowed
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Text Browser – Lynx
• Developed by Distributed Computing Group within Academic Computing Services of the University of Kansas
• Team of students and staff with initial release in 1992
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynx_(web_browser)
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First Graphical Browser – NCSA Mosaic
• Developed at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign
• , lead student developer. NCSA released it in 1993
• http://www.ncsa.illinois.edu/
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First Commercial Browser – Netscape
• Netscape Navigator was a proprietary web browser,
and the original browser of the Netscape line
• Co-written by , with initial release in Dec. 1994
• http://home.mcom.com
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First Free Commercial Browser – IE
• Microsoft Internet Explorer (IE) killed Netscape Navigator as it was bundled with Windows 95
• Licensed from NCSA, with initial release in August 1995
• https://microsoft.com/ie
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Web Browsers Timeline
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_web_browsers
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Versions of HTML
• Version 0, 1990, was the original, minimum set of HTML
• Version 1 adds highlighting and images
• Version 2, November 1995, all V.0 and V.1, plus forms
• Version 3.2, January 1997, released by W3CW, tables
• HTML 4.01, December 1999 Recommendation: http://www.w3.org/TR/html401/
• HTML5, October 2014 Recommendation, vocabulary and APIs: http://www.w3.org/TR/html5/
• HTML5, December 2017 HTML 5.2 Recommendation: https://www.w3.org/TR/html52/
• HTML Living Standard, December 2019: https://html.spec.whatwg.org
• W3C and WHATWG Agreement
W3C and the WHATWG signed an agreement to collaborate on a single version of HTML and DOM
• “W3C stops independent publishing of a designated list of specifications related to HTML and DOM and instead will work to take WHATWG Review Drafts to W3C Recommendations“
NOTE: some of the examples shown here are extracted from the HTML4.0 specification. This document is copyrighted according to: “Copyright © World Wide Web Consortium. All Rights Reserved. http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/”
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Elements, Tags and Attributes
• An HTML file contains Elements, Tags and Attributes
• HTML Element
– Basic HTML node that adds semantics
– Most Elements have a Start Tag, an End tag and content in between
• HTML Tag
– Composed by the name of the Element surrounded by angle brackets
– End Tag has a slash after the opening angle bracket (required in HTML5)
• Attribute
– Specified inside Start Tag
– Controls the element behavior
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My First HTML
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