Topic 1.1.1
Identify the context for which a new system is planned
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Reality check
• New systems very rarely come in a vacuum.
• They are normally replacements for a less efficient system
that came before.
• When planning for a new system, the context in which it will be used is important to be understood.
• Context = background, environment, framework, setting, or situation surrounding an system.
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Considerations
• Two important considerations when considering a new system’s context are:
– The extent of the new system
– The limitations of the new system
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What would be the context of introducing a new payment system for school trips?
Questions to consider:
• Will there be any organisational issues related to the new system?
• How will user roles be affected/change?
• Will any underlying technologies be affected/changed?
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Topic 1.1.2
Describe the need for change management
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Change is not always easy
Changing a system can be difficult for a variety of reasons:
– Users don’t like change (too often/at all)
– New systems might omit old features
– Old systems might be faster in certain circumstances
– People find change complex
– From a technology perspective, change might lead to incompatibility
– There might be data loss during migration
– It might be expensive (either in terms of money or time)
– … the list goes on!
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Change must be managed
Before any change is applied, the following steps might make
the process easier:
•Before undertaking any change, a business needs to have a clear and valid reason and mission for the change process.
Communicate
•The most important factor in changing anything within a business, small or large, is to communicate the change, and its many factors, to the key stakeholders within the organisation
•If it’s possible for the change program of your business to be adjusted, then open up your plans for consultation with your stakeholder group
•It’s crucial that the organisation, its passage through the change program, and the wider
Evaluate organisation’s reactions to that change program are evaluated at every feasible
opportunity
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Topic 1.1.3
Outline compatibility issues resulting from situations including
legacy systems or business mergers
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Legacy system
In computing, a legacy system is an old method, technology, computer system, or application program, that may or may not be supported/available for purchase any more.
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“Famous” legacy systems
• Hardware:
– Floppy disks
– Parallel printer cables
– Connections like PS2
• Software:
– Windows XP
– Movie Maker
– Industry specific software
• Computer systems: – Amiga
– Commodore 64
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A combination of two entities or more, especially companies, into one.
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“Famous” mergers
• Vodafone & Mannesmann
• American Online (AOL) and Time Warner • Pfizer and Warner-Lambert
• ABC and Disney
• Exxon and Mobile
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Mergers can be VERY tricky
If companies/organisations merge across international borders, there may be several issues, such as:
• Issues of software compatibility • Language differences
• Time zone differences
• Workforce cultural differences
Warning: Always discuss these in terms of Computer Science (don’t drift off into Economics/Business/ToK/Sociology…)
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Topic 1.1.4
Compare the implementation of systems using a client’s hardware with hosting systems remotely
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Local software vs Remote software
• There are two competing models of distributing software:
Local and Remote (also called SaaS/cloud).
• You can either buy a program and install it on a particular
computer or set of computers (called local)
• Or you can buy/rent/use software that is installed on a computer somewhere on the internet and then use it though a browser or dedicated local application (called remote)
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SaaS (Software-as-a-Service)
SaaS is a software distribution model in which a third-party provider hosts applications and makes them available to customers over the Internet.
Also known as on-demand software, hosted software or web- basedsoftware,SaaSdoesawaywiththe traditionalsoftware installation, maintenance and management approaches in favour of delivering cloud-based applications via the internet.
With SaaS, service provider partners shoulder the burdens of security, availability and performance.
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Common SaaS examples
• Microsoft Office 365 • Google Apps
• Amazon Web Services • Dropbox
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Office 2016 (local) vs Office 365 (SaaS)
Almost identical, but Word 365 runs in a web browser, while Word 2016 has it’s own dedicated locally installed application.
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Benefits of being ‘cloud-based’
• SaaS is great for any organisation that wants to minimize it’s IT
responsibilities and costs.
• SaaS is particularly well suited for small businesses. Instead of investing in additional in-house server capacity and software licenses, companies simply can adjust their SaaS subscription on a monthly basis,
• There’s also a reduction in staff workload. In-house IT workers are liberated from the tasks associated with on-premise hardware and software
• Because the IT infrastructure resides in the service provider’s data centre, the organization can get back up and running immediately in the event of a service outage or more dramatic disruption.
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Drawbacks of SaaS
• Companies that adopt multiple SaaS applications or plan to connect hosted software with existing on-premise apps may encounter software integration headaches along the way.
• Security is another common concern: whenever sensitive company data and business processes are entrusted to a third-party service provider, issues such as identity and access management must be addressed.
• Businesses must also take into account the government compliance regulations inherent to storing customer data in
a remote data centre, i.e. laws might be different in different countries.
Content adapted by Beijing Huijia Private School Computer Science Department
Content adapted by Beijing Huijia Private School Computer Science Department
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