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3. Logic and Codes
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(**) Truth tables for logical expressions.
Define predicates and/2, or/2, nand/2, nor/2, xor/2, impl/2
and equ/2 (for logical equivalence) which succeed or
fail according to the result of their respective operations; e.g.
and(A,B) will succeed, if and only if both A and B succeed.
Note that A and B can be Prolog goals (not only the constants
true and fail).
A logical expression in two variables can then be written in
prefix notation, as in the following example: and(or(A,B),nand(A,B)).
Now, write a predicate table/3 which prints the truth table of a
given logical expression in two variables.
?- table(A,B,and(A,or(A,B))).
true true true
true fail true
fail true fail
fail fail fail
(*) Truth tables for logical expressions (2).
Continue problem 3.01 by defining and/2, or/2, etc as being
operators. This allows to write the logical expression in the
more natural way, as in the example: A and (A or not B).
Define operator precedence as usual; i.e. as in Java.
?- table(A,B, A and (A or not B)).
true true true
true fail true
fail true fail
fail fail fail
(**) Truth tables for logical expressions (3).
Generalize problem 3.02 in such a way that the logical
expression may contain any number of logical variables.
Define table/2 in a way that table(List,Expr) prints the
truth table for the expression Expr, which contains the
logical variables enumerated in List.
?- table([A,B,C], A and (B or C) equ A and B or A and C).
true true true true
true true fail true
true fail true true
true fail fail true
fail true true true
fail true fail true
fail fail true true
fail fail fail true
(**) Gray code.
An n-bit Gray code is a sequence of n-bit strings constructed
according to certain rules. For example,
n = 1: C(1) = [‘0′,’1′].
n = 2: C(2) = [’00’,’01’,’11’,’10’].
n = 3: C(3) = [‘000′,’001′,’011′,’010′,’110′,’111′,’101′,’100′].
Find out the construction rules and write a predicate with the following
specification:
% gray(N,C) :- C is the N-bit Gray code
Can you apply the method of “result caching” in order to make the predicate
more efficient, when it is to be used repeatedly?
(***) Huffman code.
First of all, study a good book on discrete mathematics or
algorithms for a detailed description of Huffman codes, or consult
We suppose a set of symbols with their frequencies, given as a list of
fr(S,F) terms. Example:
[fr(a,45),fr(b,13),fr(c,12),fr(d,16),fr(e,9),fr(f,5)]. Our objective is to
construct a list hc(S,C) terms, where C is the Huffman code word for
the symbol S. In our example, the result could be Hs = [hc(a,’0′),
hc(b,’101′), hc(c,’100′), hc(d,’111′), hc(e,’1101′),
hc(f,’1100′)] [hc(a,’01’),…etc.].
The task shall be performed by the predicate huffman/2 defined as follows:
% huffman(Fs,Hs) :- Hs is the Huffman code table for the frequency table (1):
Solutions-3
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