程序代写 AVICPS2010.pdf 17/01/2020 (c) King's College London 6

Week 1: Introduction

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Model-Driven Engineering (MDE)

Foundations
Safe reuse and composition
17/01/2020 (c) King’s College London
Model-Driven Engineering (MDE)

Foundations
Safe reuse and composition
Optimisation Language composition Debugging
17/01/2020
(c) King’s College London
Model-Driven Engineering (MDE)

Foundations
Safe reuse and composition
Optimisation Language composition Debugging
Model-Driven Engineering (MDE)
Applications
Biology Emergency Medicine Robotics
17/01/2020
(c) King’s College London

Foundations
Safe reuse and composition
Optimisation Language composition Debugging
Focus of this module
Model-Driven Engineering (MDE)
Applications
Biology Emergency Medicine Robotics
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Motivation

Our software grows increasingly more complex
For example: Every 5 years, Thales systems grow by a factor of approx. 5 to 10
6000 5500 5000 4500 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000
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ATC Networks Simulators C3I
FE Radar NCS
1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002
Size (KLOC)

Our software grows increasingly more complex – 2
Demir, Kadir & Caymaz, Ebru. (2016). Current Research Areas in Defense Software and Information Systems Project Management.
11th International Scientific Conference Defense Resources Management In The 21st Century.
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Our software grows increasingly more complex – 3
SEI, “Virtual Integration for Improved System Design”, Redman et. al, 2010 https://wiki.sei.cmu.edu/aadl/images/d/de/SAVI_Virtual_Integration-AVICPS2010.pdf 17/01/2020 (c) King’s College London 6

We have too few professional software developers
By 2020, we will lack between 525,000 and 750,000 qualified IT professionals across Europe [1]
We cannot satisfy this demand only by educating more software engineers
→ Need more efficient ways of software development
→ Must enable domain experts to participate in software development
[1] N. van der Linden et al. Digital organisational frameworks and it professionalism – interim report. On-line: hps://bit.ly/2OoWp0S, 2018. [2] Institute of Coding: https://instituteofcoding.org/, accessed 23 October, 2019
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A practical experiment – let’s build Minesweeper
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Let’s do some work… Form into two sets of pairs: A and B
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Let’s do some work…
Form into two sets of pairs: A and B
– Use the Java Minesweeper implementation at
https://classroom.github.com/a/oLERdTTs (also on KEATS)
1. Click on the link – this will create a new repo for you
– Use the Minesweeper implementation at
https://classroom.github.com/a/JNth9ZPW (also on KEATS)
1. Click on the link – this will create a new repo for you
17/01/2020 (c) King’s College London

Let’s do some work…
Form into two sets of pairs: A and B
– Use the Java Minesweeper implementation at
https://classroom.github.com/a/oLERdTTs (also on KEATS)
1. Click on the link – this will create a new repo for you
2. Open Eclipse
– Use the Minesweeper implementation at
https://classroom.github.com/a/JNth9ZPW (also on KEATS)
1. Click on the link – this will create a new repo for you
2. Open Eclipse
17/01/2020 (c) King’s College London

Let’s do some work…
Form into two sets of pairs: A and B
– Use the Java Minesweeper implementation at
https://classroom.github.com/a/oLERdTTs (also on KEATS)
1. Click on the link – this will create a new repo for you
2. Open Eclipse
3. Import the project from Git using the
standard Eclipse importer 4. Run the program
– Use the Minesweeper implementation at
https://classroom.github.com/a/JNth9ZPW (also on KEATS)
1. Click on the link – this will create a new repo for you
2. Open Eclipse
3. Import the project from Git using the
standard Eclipse importer
4. Run the program (right-click on the project
and choose “Run as Java Application”)
17/01/2020 (c) King’s College London

Let’s do some work…
Form into two sets of pairs: A and B
– Use the Java Minesweeper implementation at
https://classroom.github.com/a/oLERdTTs (also on KEATS)
1. Click on the link – this will create a new repo for you
2. Open Eclipse
3. Import the project from Git using the
standard Eclipse importer
4. Run the program
5. Explore the Java code to understand it
17/01/2020 (c) King’s College London
– Use the Minesweeper implementation at
https://classroom.github.com/a/JNth9ZPW (also on KEATS)
1. Click on the link – this will create a new repo for you
2. Open Eclipse
3. Import the project from Git using the
standard Eclipse importer
4. Run the program (right-click on the project
and choose “Run as Java Application”)
5. Open the .ggames file and understand it

Let’s do some work…
Form into two sets of pairs: A and B
– Use the Java Minesweeper implementation at
https://classroom.github.com/a/oLERdTTs (also on KEATS)
1. Click on the link – this will create a new repo for you
2. Open Eclipse
3. Import the project from Git using the
standard Eclipse importer
4. Run the program
5. Explore the Java code to understand it
– Use the Minesweeper implementation at
https://classroom.github.com/a/JNth9ZPW (also on KEATS)
1. Click on the link – this will create a new repo for you
2. Open Eclipse
3. Import the project from Git using the
standard Eclipse importer
4. Run the program (right-click on the project
and choose “Run as Java Application”)
5. Open the .ggames file and understand it
You have 10 minutes – don’t get lost in playing Minesweeper☺
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Now enhance the program
Add a new feature:
Right-clicking on a hidden cell twice, should change it from a flag (“F”) to a question mark (“?”). This can be used to mark cells where the player suspects that their might be a bomb, but isn’t sure.
In your pairs work through this list as far as possible:
1. Identify the places in the code you need to change
2. Identify what changes you need to make: what code do you need to add / remove / change?
3. Make the changes
4. Test them by running the program again
Prepare to report back to the class
– Take notes on what you discover:
– How many places in the code do you need to touch?
– How easy is it to find what changes need making and where? – Are you sure you’ve found all the places that need changing?
– Did you manage to implement the new feature? Did it work?
Remember you have decent IDE support for each of the implementations.
Use it to your advantage!
Some ideas below:
– Use Ctrl+Space to trigger a dropdown with
code-completion suggestions
– Use Ctrl (Cmd) + Left Click to navigate to the
definition of any identifier in your code
– Use code folding and unfolding to make it
easier to navigate around a long source file
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Now enhance the program
Add a new feature:
Right-clicking on a hidden cell twice, should change it from a flag (“F”) to a question mark (“?”). This can be used to mark cells where the player suspects that their might be a bomb, but isn’t sure.
In your pairs work through this list as far as possible:
1. Identify the places in the code you need to change
2. Identify what changes you need to make: what code do you need to add / remove / change?
3. Make the changes
4. Test them by running the program again
Prepare to report back to the class
– Take notes on what you discover:
– How many places in the code do you need to touch?
– How easy is it to find what changes need making and where? – Are you sure you’ve found all the places that need changing?
– Did you manage to implement the new feature? Did it work? You have 15 minutes
Remember you have decent IDE support for each of the implementations.
Use it to your advantage!
Some ideas below:
– Use Ctrl+Space to trigger a dropdown with
code-completion suggestions
– Use Ctrl (Cmd) + Left Click to navigate to the
definition of any identifier in your code
– Use code folding and unfolding to make it
easier to navigate around a long source file
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Plenary: what have you found?

So what was all of this about?
Worked directly in a general-purpose programming language
– All the complexity of how to solve the problem
– Mix of different concerns: domain logic, GUI management, efficiency, maintainability, …
– Difficult to understand / extend
– Need to understand all concerns to identify
correct places to change in correct way
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Worked with domain-specific modelling language
– Focus on describing the problem, not the solution
– Focus on one concern: domain logic. Other concerns are hidden in solution implementation.
– Easier to understand / extend the domain logic
– Still just as difficult to extend other concerns

So what was all of this about?
Worked directly in a general-purpose programming language
– All the complexity of how to solve the problem
Worked with domain-specific modelling language
– Focus on describing the problem, not the solution
We used modelling to
– Mix of different concerns: domain logic, GUI – Focus on one concern: domain logic. Other conquer complexity
management, efficiency, maintainability, …
– Difficult to understand / extend
– Need to understand all concerns to identify
correct places to change in correct way
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concerns are hidden in solution implementation.
– Easier to understand / extend the domain logic
– Still just as difficult to extend other concerns

Cost and Benefit of Modelling

What is modelling? What is a model?
What do you think?

What is modelling?
Modelling means using models to develop software
→ What’s a model? – Abstraction
– Reduction
– Representation – Pragmatics
Really want to get into this? Check out http://www.is.informatik.uni-kiel.de/thalheim/models.htm
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What is modelling?
Modelling means using models to develop software
→ What’s a model? – Abstraction
– Reduction
– Representation – Pragmatics
A model is an abstraction of a part of the real world for a purpose. Models are represented in a modelling language. Models can have different pragmatics: they can be descriptive or prescriptive, or describe a vision of what reality should be like (to-be).
Really want to get into this? Check out http://www.is.informatik.uni-kiel.de/thalheim/models.htm
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What’s the most important characteristic of models?
What do you think?
– Discuss with your neighbour – Reach an agreement
You have 5 minutes
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Plenary: what is the most important characteristic of models?

Is modelling being used in practice?
Can you think of examples?

Examples of industrial use of modelling
Low-Code platforms (Mendix, Oracle, node-red, …) jHipster
/Docker (incl. the various swarm variants) Routing DSMLs in web frameworks
Dutch tax system
(Of course, any program is a model. The above are approaches that are more tightly focused on specific aspects and use dedicated languages.)
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A survey on industrial use of modelling
., ., Rouncefield M., Kristoffersen S.: Empirical Assessment of MDE in Industry. International Conference on Software Engineering, 2011.
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Types of models – Models as…
– Rough, incomplete models
– Often on paper or whiteboard
– Good for better communication
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Types of models – Models as…
– Rough, incomplete models
– Often on paper or whiteboard
– Good for better communication
Blueprints
– Detailed models
– Often, but not always, produced electronically
– Handed to programmers to be manually implemented
– Models can be analysed more easily than full programs
– Detailed, electronic models
– Formalised semantics – models can be executed by computer
– Interpretation or compilation (e.g., generation of Java code)
– More efficient programming; developers work at higher abstraction level
– Depends on abstraction gap:
– Low for UML: need to give almost as much detail as in a program
– High for more domain-specific modelling languages (e.g., our grid-games
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language): need to give only absolute minimum of information 23

Cost–Benefit Curve for Modelling
Development Effort (idealised)
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Cost–Benefit Curve for Modelling
Development Effort (idealised)
Without modelling
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Cost–Benefit Curve for Modelling
Development Effort (idealised)
Without modelling
With modelling
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Cost–Benefit Curve for Modelling
Development Effort (idealised)
Explicit modelling tends to create cost in the short term that is outweighed by the benefit in the long term.
Without modelling
With modelling
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The MDE hype cycle
Visibility
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The MDE hype cycle
Visibility Peak of Inflated Expectations
Technology Trigger
Slope of Enlightenment
Trough of Disillusionment
Plateau of Productivity
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The MDE hype cycle
Visibility Peak of Inflated Expectations
Technology Trigger Adoption Rate
Slope of Enlightenment
Trough of Disillusionment
Plateau of Productivity
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The MDE hype cycle
Visibility Peak of Inflated Expectations
Plateau of Productivity
Technology Trigger
Adoption Rate
Slope of Enlightenment
Trough of Disillusionment
Late Majority
Early Majority
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Innovators
Chasm of Adoption

Principles of modelling and MDD

Modelling vs Drawing
Drawing Tools Modelling Tools
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Modelling vs Drawing Drawing Tools
Modelling Tools
– Highly flexible – good for models as sketches
– Bound by syntactical constraints of modelling language
– Can be cumbersome for models as sketches
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Modelling vs Drawing Drawing Tools
Modelling Tools
– Highly flexible – good for models as sketches – Doesn’t “understand” meaning of drawings
– Bound by syntactical constraints of modelling language
– Can be cumbersome for models as sketches – “Understands” meaning of models
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Modelling vs Drawing Drawing Tools
Modelling Tools
– Highly flexible – good for models as sketches – Doesn’t “understand” meaning of drawings
– Allows meaningless drawings
– Bound by syntactical constraints of modelling language
– Can be cumbersome for models as sketches – “Understands” meaning of models
– Prevents or flags incorrect models
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Modelling vs Drawing Drawing Tools
Modelling Tools
– Highly flexible – good for models as sketches
– Doesn’t “understand” meaning of drawings
– Allows meaningless drawings
– Cannot be used for models as blueprints or
– Bound by syntactical constraints of modelling language
– Can be cumbersome for models as sketches – “Understands” meaning of models
– Prevents or flags incorrect models
– Can be computer interpreted – models as
blueprints or programs
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