ENGN1218 Introduction to Electronics HLAB5 Manual and Report:
Smart Phone Battery Charger Circuit Implementation
Lab Duration: 3 hours
Due Date: The measurements are to be completed during lab time. The lab report is due Monday, 10am in Week 12. Late submission is accepted with 5% penalty only if submitted within 24 hours of due date.
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Submission: All students will complete an individual or group lab report and upload a PDF report in wattle.
Total Marks: 25
Bonus Mark: Bonus Mark: +1 bonus mark for completing the additional task. See
last pages of this document for details. Contribution to Final Assessment: 6%
Attendance: To pass this course, students must attend and complete at least 6 out of 8 Labs, including HLab5.
Pre-Lab Reading: The following resources will help you successfully complete the lab.
• How to study for HLab5 web page in wattle
• Week 10 Zoom Masterclass.
• T6 V10-V14 echo360 video lectures
• Weekly problems in weeks 8 and 9
• Appendices in HLab02 (soldering)
• How to use vero board when soldering document
• Video lecture in echo360: HLab4-5 How_to_characterise_the
diode_and_zener_diode
• Appendices in this lab manual
HLAB5 Manual
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Pre-Lab Tasks:
• Before completing the lab, study the Pre-Lab Reading and read this entire lab manual carefully. Lab time is precious. Do not waste it reading the background material. If you do not do this minimum preparation, you may not be able to complete all the tasks in the lab time, resulting in loss of marks.
• Complete the theoretical calculations in Table 1 before completing the lab.
Post-Lab Tasks:
• Simulate the circuits in Figure 1 and Figure 2 in PSPICE/LTSPICE and complete the results in Table 1. Pspice/LTspice does not have 78L12 part name so simulation results of Figure 3 are not required.
• Compare theoretical analysis, simulation and actual measurements in Table 1 and submit a report before the due date. Refer to the template report in wattle.
• Note: Do not perform the post-lab tasks during the lab time. You can complete these task, after the lab at your own convenience.
Lab Instructions:
• Students will perform this individually.
• Students should attempt the sections marked with TinkerCAD accordingly
• Utilise the lab recording to gain context of this lab in practice, as it contains some
key practical procedures. It is recommended to follow along with the in person
lab while watching, and fill in appropriate components of this manual.
• A formal report should be prepared and submitted in Wattle. Thus it would be a good idea to take some photos of the assembled circuit for inclusion in the report. Only one lab report is required for a group. Only one group member needs to upload the report using the link provided in wattle.
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Learning Objectives:
After completing this lab, students will be able to:
1. Implement and solder a bridge rectifier circuit on a proto-board, demonstrating its performance.
2. Understand the effect of adding components such as capacitors and regulators.
3. Appreciate the difference between the values obtained from theoretical
calculations, simulation, and measurements.
4. Learn how to remove, replace, or add components on the soldered circuit.
5. Measure various (dc and ac) voltages in the soldered circuit using appropriate lab
instruments.
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The results for this lab are to be tabulated in Table 1 of the Lab Report section of this manual.
You will need to recreate this table in your lab report.
Figure 1: Diode bridge rectifier circuit. For this lab, you require the following components:
1. Two 2.2 kΩ resistors.
2. One 12V (rms) AC transformer with fused line cord.
3. Four diodes 1N4004.
4. One 100 μF capacitor.
5. One 0.01 μF capacitor.
6. One 78L12 regulator.
7. One proto-board.
8. One LED (light emitting diode).
1. Full-Wave Rectifier Output
Consider the circuit shown in the Figure 1. Results for this circuit are to be tabulated in Table
1. Using the breadboard in TinkerCAD, construct the full-wave bridge rectifier by laying out four diodes and a load resistor, as shown in Figure 1. The ground symbol is not necessarily connected to Earth – the two ground points indicated here should be connected together.
2. The output of the transformer in this lab is called the secondary terminal (our model has two outputs with nominal 12V (rms)) and will be used as input to the rectifier circuit. The
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primary terminal is connected to 240V (rms) with a fuse. We will use the TinkerCAD function generator to model this.
3. Measure the peak voltage Vsec(p) from the function generator output using the oscilloscope in TinkerCAD and the actual value of the load resistor RL using the ohmmeter. Record your results in Table 2. You will need to recreate this table in your lab report. Note that the measurement of the output of the function generator should be done so before connecting to the circuit.
4. Check your circuit carefully before switching on the power. In a practical context, short- circuit checking functionality in a multi-meter can be useful to check the connections and any accidental short circuits. You can check for any short circuits using a multi-meter.
5. Measure and record the rectifier output peak voltage Vout(p) using the oscilloscope in Table 1. This measured value can be used to calculate the measured Vout(DC). Tip: This is just a measurement across the resistor, ensuring the two grounds are connected.
Note: In practice, the oscilloscope should not be used to view both the secondary voltage Vsec and the output voltage Vout in the Figure 1 at the same time. The reason is that the ground terminals of the probes are internally connected together.
6. Now consider the full-wave rectifier circuit with capacitor as shown in the Figure 2.
Figure 2: Diode bridge rectifier circuit with smoothing capacitor.
7. Connect the 100 μF (electrolytic, polarised) capacitor in parallel with the load resistor as shown in Figure 2. Make sure the electrolytic capacitor polarity is correct. Measure Vout(p), Vr(pp) and the ripple frequency using the oscilloscope. Record the values in Table 1. Use measured Vout(p) to calculate measured Vout(DC). You can take a screenshot of the oscilloscope for inclusion in your report. Also be mindful of report length constraints.
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8. Now consider the full-wave rectifier circuit with capacitor and regulator as shown in the Figure 3. Unfortunately, the 78L12 is not available in TinkerCAD. Please utilise the lab recordings to finalise the lab tasks. Instructions have been retained as though you were attending the practical lab.
Figure 3: Diode bridge rectifier with smoothing capacitor and zener regulator.
Figure 4: Zener Regulator pin diagram.
9. You can construct the circuit in Figure 3 from the already soldered circuit for Figure 2. For this purpose, disconnect (or cut off) the load resistor RL from the soldered circuit for Figure 2, and then add the 78L12 regulator with an additional 0.01 μF capacitor, which is required for the regulator to operate properly. In the output load side, connect a 2.2 kΩ resistor in series with a LED to indicate the presence of power.
10. Connect and solder a 78L12 regulator to provide +12V regulated output voltage as shown in Figure 3. The 78L12 regulator (shown in Figure 4) is a three terminal component. The letter “L” in the name 78L12 means small power option which can deliver over 100 mA and “12” denotes a 12V output. If more output current is required such as 1.0 A then you would need to use 7812 regulator.
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11. Measure and record the output voltage Vout(DC) in Table 1 (measure across both RL and LED diode). You can take a picture of the oscilloscope for inclusion in your report. Also be mindful of report length constraints.
12. Measure the voltage drop across the resistor using voltmeter and use ohm’s law to calculate the measured current Iout(DC). Is this current within the outage range of the zener regulator. Briefly discuss in your report.
13. Is your measured Vout(DC) within 10% of predicted 12V DC output? Discuss in your report.
14. Show your working circuit to your tutor (LED should be turning ON) for recording attendance. You can take a picture of the oscilloscope for inclusion in your report. Also be mindful of report length constraints.
15. Turn off the power and clean up the table.
16. Congratulations!! You have successfully built the diode bridge rectifier with smoothing capacitor and zener regulator, which is the main part of the everyday smartphone battery charger.
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Appendices: Theoretical Calculations
1. Bridge Rectifier without Capacitor
The analysis steps for the circuit without capacitor are:
Step 1. Find the peak input voltage
𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖(𝑝𝑝) = 𝑉𝑉sec (𝑝𝑝) (Use the measured value in Table 2 as the theoretical input value)
Step 2. Step 3.
Find the peak output voltage
𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜(𝑝𝑝) = �𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖(𝑝𝑝) − 1.4�𝑉𝑉 Find the average load voltage 2𝑉𝑉
Find the peak-to-peak ripple voltage
𝑉𝑉 = 𝑜𝑜(𝑝𝑝)
2. Bridge Rectifier with Capacitor
The analysis steps for the circuit with capacitor are:
Step 1. Find the peak input voltage
𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖(𝑝𝑝) = 𝑉𝑉sec (𝑝𝑝) (Use the measured value in Table 2 as the theoretical input value)
Step 2. Step 3.
Find the peak output voltage
𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜(𝑝𝑝) = �𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖(𝑝𝑝) − 1.4�𝑉𝑉
𝑉𝑉 = 𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜(𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷) ≈ 𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜(𝑝𝑝) 𝑉𝑉
2𝑓𝑓𝑅𝑅𝐿𝐿𝐶𝐶 2𝑓𝑓𝑅𝑅𝐿𝐿𝐶𝐶
Note: The assumption Vo(p) ≈ Vo(DC) can be made in analysis, assuming the rectifier circuit given is properly designed.
Step 4. Find the average load voltage 1
𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜 ( 𝐷𝐷 𝐷𝐷 ) = 𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜 ( 𝑝𝑝 ) − 2 𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟 ( 𝑝𝑝 𝑝𝑝 )
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Find the average load current 𝑉𝑉
𝐼𝐼 =𝑜𝑜(𝑝𝑝)
Find the ripple factor and express it as a percentage
3. Bridge Rectifier with Capacitor and Zener Regulator
Vo(DC) = 12 V (because of the zener regulator)
𝑟𝑟 = 𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟(𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝) × 100% 𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜(𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷)
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For Use in ENGN1218 HLab5 Report
Please see the HLab5 report template, which is separately provided. The Tables below are to be included in the HLab5 report.
Lab Report
The results for this lab are to be tabulated in Table 1. You will need to scan or take a photo
and include this part in your report.
Table 1: Results for HLab5. The values for the cells highlighted with blue colour are not required.
Vout(p) Vout(DC)
Vr(pp) Ripple f
Without capacitor
With capacitor
With capacitor and Zener regulator
Bonus Mark
Theoretical Simulation TinkerCAD Theoretical Simulation TinkerCAD Theoretical Measured (recording)
Table 2: Measurements for the full-wave rectifier. Vsec(p) RL
Note: You will need to recreate Table below in your report to get the bonus mark. Also include the explanation why you choose the IC diode bridge.
In this lab, we used four 1N4004 diodes to make a diode bridge. Diode bridges are also available as a single integrated circuit.
Research the website https://au.element14.com/ and find an Integrated circuit diode bridge component which has similar electrical properties (repetitive reverse voltage, forward current and forward voltage). Complete the following table:
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Manufacturer
Price (1+ or 5+)
Repetitive Reverse Voltage Vrrm Current If(AV) Forward Voltage VF max
Using 1-2 sentences, please justify why you choose this IC diode bridge.
Table 3: Bonus mark
Part name of IC diode bridge =
Uni ID: Date:
The Australian National University College of Engineering and Computer Science
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