DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING COURSEWORK
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Academic Year:
Module Code:
ENGI 4497 /
Title: Decarbonisation of Heating and Cooling
Written Assignment
Time Required:
It is expected that you should spend approximately 100
hours on this coursework assignment.
Deadline for submission:
Thursday 27 April 2023
Submission instructions:
• It is required your submission is uploaded to Turnitin
in advance of the deadline.
• All submissions in the Department are electronic
and no hard copy is required.
• Maximum file size accepted is 20 MB.
• All submissions to be saved using the following
convention: SURNAME-Firstname_ENGI 4497.pdf.
• E.g. “BLOGGS-Joanna_ENGI 4497.pdf”
Technical reports should be submitted in PDF format. Details of
page sizes, fonts etc. are set out in more detail in the guidance.
Model, assumptions and calculations should be submitted in a
single MS Excel Spreadsheet.
Penalties for non-
compliance:
In accordance with the Learning and Teaching Handbook :
6.2.5: Penalties for the Late Submission of Assessed Work –
Durham University summative assessed work received late
within five working days of the deadline will be capped at the
module pass mark; work received more than five days of the
deadline will not be marked and a mark of zero will be recorded.
Date for Feedback:
Instructions to Candidates:
You should not include a separate cover sheet.
The assignment title and your name (first name and surname)
must be presented at the top of the first page.
Your submission file should be named using the following
convention:
SURNAME-Firstname_ENGIXXXX.pdf E.g. “BLOGGS-
Joanna_ENGI 4497.pdf”
https://www.dur.ac.uk/learningandteaching.handbook/6/2/5/
https://www.dur.ac.uk/learningandteaching.handbook/6/2/5/
https://www.dur.ac.uk/learningandteaching.handbook/6/2/5/
Assessment Brief:
Supplementary guidance notes
The below are guidance notes to support the submission of a written assignment for the module
“Decarbonisation of heating and cooling”.
The assignment has a general question of –
“Carry out a technical and economic evaluation which explores an opportunity for decarbonising
heating and cooling.”
You should plan that the assignment is will take around 100 hours to complete.
It is expected that students decide on the precise detail of the opportunity themselves hopefully inspired
by something that they have enjoyed during the module and would like to explore further. It can be on
any related topic or idea for decarbonisation of heating/cooling, however example titles might be:
1. Using hydrogen rather than natural gas to heat my house
2. A hydrogen fuelled industrial scale bakery
3. Geothermal energy for a district heating system
4. Solar powered heating using seasonal thermal storage for a church
5. Heat recovery from electrical transformers for residential heating
6. A dishwasher powered using a heat pump rather than a heating element
7. Ground source heat pump for domestic heating
8. Solar heat and thermal energy storage for domestic heating
9. A seasonal solar thermal energy storage system for domestic heating
10. Thermal energy storage for an electric vehicle to save miles in winter
11. Desiccant system to assist drying process in the paper industry
12. Ab-/adsorption chiller using industrial waste heat for process cooling
13. Heat recovery for temperature and humidity control with desiccant technology in libraries or gyms
Picking a title
The above are a simple list of titles but students are encouraged to pick their own. It is normal for every
student to have their own title and explore the specifics of their own interests. Ideally, the title should not
be similar to your on-going MEng or MSc research project. If resitting this module, a new title to your
original submission should be used.
However beyond the original title and any details specific to it, the methods and outputs used for
evaluation should largely be very similar in style and presentation. As such, there are a number of
specific requirements that the title and its subsequent evaluation should aim to achieve.
The completed assignment must:
1. Consider an opportunity to decarbonise heating and/or cooling in any relevant context.
2. Use a heating & cooling technology which has been presented in the course.
3. Add context by comparing with a conventional approach i.e. what it aims to replace.
4. Underpinned by thermodynamic calculations, comment on the technical viability & calculated
efficiencies of the proposed solution, highlighting any clear practical or operational limitations.
5. Compute the total economic cost and presents in terms of a levelised cost of energy (£/kWh) or
its corresponding equivalent.
6. Comply with the page limits (set-out below) and formatting rules – A4 paper, Arial size 11 font,
single column, single line spacing and standard Word page borders.
7. Be submitted alongside the MS Excel Spreadsheet used to perform the evaluation. This file
should include the assumptions, calculations and any graphs.
NOTE: The emphasis of the Assignment (and thus corresponding marks) is on the methodologies
adopted and write-up rather than the specific prospects or merits of the idea explored. It is fully
recognised that at least from a techno-economic perspective, that the proposed opportunity may not be
viable. We are certainly not expecting many economically viable outcomes. Outcomes should be realistic
and concluding that something is ‘very expensive’ or ‘not viable economically’ is a reasonable outcome
and you will certainly not be marked down if you conclude this.
Page 1 – Report front cover (one page only)
The front cover must include the title, your name and a summary.
1. Title – Please provide a simple and informative title of the techno-economic evaluation
undertaken.
2. Name – Please provide your name.
3. Summary – In less than 100 words, very briefly summarise your decarbonisation idea or concept,
its application and the outcome of the techno-economic evaluation. You must state what you think
the most rational outcome of your analysis is. At the end of the summary please write the number
of words used.
Page 2 – Present the technical challenge & its proposed solution (one page only)
In one A4 page, the technical challenge and the proposed solution should be presented clearly and
articulately. The available space is limited to one page, it should be utilised to present only the most
pertinent and key information. For example, we do not need to know why decarbonisation is important –
we already know that. The text should only detail specifically what heating and cooling challenge you
plan to decarbonise and how.
Firstly you should set out the details of the heating or cooling related service or technology that you wish
to replace. Provide a table which details the key (numerated) specifications which need to be met. For
example, if you were planning to replace a residential natural gas boiler, this would include what the
existing system delivers in terms of thermal energy, hot water temperature and at what cost.
Next, you should present your proposed “decarbonised” solution. To help with this, it is suggested that
you include (and label) a graphical diagram to illustrate the concept or idea. The diagram, should show
all the key components (batteries, pumps, compressors etc.) so that the reader knows what you want to
do and how you will do it precisely. Each of these key components will be considered further in later
sections. You should describe the operation of the system.
Page 3 – Underlying assumptions (one page only)
In one A4 page, the most important assumptions behind the techno-economic assessment should be set-
out in this section. All assumptions need to be justified and referenced using a high quality sources (if
possible), the length of the final References section has been left unlimited to support this.
These assumptions will be used to obtain both the CAPEX and OPEX of each key component and these
should be presented clearly. It should also state the required size of each component. You may also
need to estimate other key parameters used in the analysis such as energy prices or other economic
It is also recognised that some key data that you need may well be difficult to obtain. You may need to be
creative and make your own assumptions to make estimates for data you cannot find easily. This kind of
work is common in techno-economics and you should describe it and comment on how robust these
assumptions might be and its impact.
The above description is often supported by a Table which states the key assumptions, the source and
justifies them.
In parallel to the above, you will have an MS Excel Spreadsheet which underpins the calculations. It
should be easy for the reader to cross reference the above with the spreadsheet. NOTE: The
spreadsheet may well have more assumptions or data than can be presented in this one page, hence in
this case, only the most important assumptions should be included.
Page 4 – Techno-economic model (one page only)
In one A4 page, describe the mathematical methods you have employed in the Excel Spreadsheet to
carry out the techno-economic analysis. You should describe the details of any technical calculations
which underpin the economic analysis.
There are multiple definitions and terminologies associated with techno-economic modelling, for
simplicity please use the terminology from A Manual for the Economic Evaluation of Energy Efficiency
and Renewable Energy Technologies, , . Packey, and , NREL/TP-462-
5173, March 1995. https://www.nrel.gov/docs/legosti/old/5173.pdf
Page 5 – Results (one page only)
Over one page of A4, you should present and describe your techno-economic results. As a minimum,
you should present the results of your analysis for:
https://www.nrel.gov/docs/legosti/old/5173.pdf
https://www.nrel.gov/docs/legosti/old/5173.pdf
1. The total project costs separated by CAPEX, OPEX etc.
2. CAPEX (& OPEX) separated by each system component
3. A levelised cost of energy (£/kWh) comparison between your idea/concept and the solution you
intend to replace
4. Any other outputs you think are important
Thus, it is expect that this section should include both text and tables and/or graphs. Please ensure that
all graphs are well presented and any text is legible. This can be difficult when space limited but all text
(including within diagrams) should appear to be at least 11 point.
Page 6 – Analysis and discussion (one page only)
The final page should be used to analyse the results and discuss them in more detail.
You should comment on the robustness of your results in context with your assumptions and the impact
of any uncertainties. You should discuss the potential for your idea/concept and its prospects and
limitations. You should also comment on how it might compete with the technical solution you intend to
Page 7+ – References (unlimited)
Please present and cross reference using IEEE style (https://ieeeauthorcenter.ieee.org/wp-
content/uploads/IEEE-Reference-Guide.pdf). If citing from a website please make sure that it includes
Excel Spreadsheet (unlimited)
An Excel spreadsheet should be submitted alongside the written assignment. It should include.
1. The assumptions and link to the references
2. The underlying calculations and equations
3. Any graphs or results produced
It should be set-out clearly and be readable for a 3rd person trying to understand the document. There is
no limit on size or number of tabs used.
1. I can’t fit everything within the page limits, can I use more space?
No. In industry, is very common that reports and documents are finite in length. If you need more space
then you must reduce the level of detail you provide. The formatting rules have been established to
ensure that everybody has the same restrictions and everybody can be assessed fairly.
2. Can I use Latex?
You can use whatever you wish as long as you comply with the “A4 paper, Arial size 11 font, single
column, single line spacing and standard Word page borders” rule.
3. Does formatting of font sizes apply to figures and tables too?
Yes, otherwise they can be unreadable.
4. Can I use an Appendix?
Only the 6 pages, references and Excel will be read during marking. An appendix will not be read or
included in the marking assessment.
5. I’ve spent ages looking for some key data and I’m stuck without it.
It’s normal for many of your assumptions to have qualified data which are very easy to find (and
reference). At the same time, some data may be nearly impossible to obtain for a variety of reasons (it
may not be particularly notable, it may be very bespoke or commercially sensitive etc.). Once you’ve tried
to find a suitable source, there will be a point when you may feel you cannot find anything, this is a
normal and a very common outcome when doing these kinds of assessments. In the timeframe of your
assignment, there is little value in you searching endlessly for a specific figure. It is better to move on
quickly and make a qualified and justified assumption (or estimate) as to the figure you need.
Nevertheless, with this in mind, it may well be worth considering the impact of any uncertainty this brings
upon your final calculations and discussing it.
6. I can’t think of an idea, what do I do?
A few example titles have been provided. You can use them directly or modify them slightly to your taste.
The solution that you explore doesn’t need to be economically viable – the methods you use to determine
this are what is important.
Useful data sources
Heat Recovery
https://ieeeauthorcenter.ieee.org/wp-content/uploads/IEEE-Reference-Guide.pdf
https://ieeeauthorcenter.ieee.org/wp-content/uploads/IEEE-Reference-Guide.pdf
Giampieri, Alessandro, Ma, Zhiwei, Chin, , Smallbone, Andrew, Lyons, Padraig, Khan, Imad,
Hemphill, Stephen & Roskilly, (2019). Techno-economic analysis of the thermal energy
saving options for high-voltage direct current interconnectors. Applied Energy 247: 60-77.
Ling- , Bao H, Ma Z, , and Roskilly AP. State-of-the-Art Technologies on Low-Grade Heat
Recovery and Utilization in Industry. Energy Conversion – Current Technologies and Future Trends,
Chapter 4. IntechOpen, 2018, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.78701
Bruckner et al. Industrial waste heat recovery technologies: An economic analysis of heat transformation
technologies. Applied Energy, 2015. 151: p. 157-167.
Energy Storage
Smallbone, Andrew, Juelch, Verena, Wardle, Robin & Roskilly, (2017). Levelised Cost of
Storage for Pumped Heat Energy Storage in comparison with other energy storage technologies. Energy
Conversion and Management 152: 221-228.
Verena Jülch, Comparison of electricity storage options using levelized cost of storage (LCOS) method,
Applied Energy, Volume 183, 2016, Pages 1594-1606, ISSN 0306-2619,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.08.165.
(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261916312740)
Solar system & absorption chiller
Arabkoohsar, A. and Andresen, G.B., 2018. A smart combination of a solar assisted absorption chiller
and a power productive gas expansion unit for cogeneration of power and cooling. Renewable energy,
115, pp.489-500.
Ehyaei, M.A., Ahmadi, A., Assad, M.E.H. and Rosen, M.A., 2020. Investigation of an integrated system
combining an Organic Rankine Cycle and absorption chiller driven by geothermal energy: Energy,
exergy, and economic analyses and optimization. Journal of Cleaner Production, 258, p.120780.
Thermal energy storage material:
Alva, G., Lin, Y. and Fang, G., 2018. An overview of thermal energy storage systems. Energy, 144,
pp.341-378.
Desiccant solutions
Giampieri A, Ma Z, Smallbone A, and Roskilly AP. Thermodynamics and economics of liquid desiccants
for heating, ventilation and air-conditioning – An overview. Applied Energy, 2018. 220: p. 455-479.
Costing of the components
Zalewski, W., B. Niezgoda-Żelasko, and M. Litwin, Optimization of evaporative fluid coolers. International
Journal of Refrigeration, 2000. 23(7): p. 553-565
Lucas, K., et al., Ableitung von Kostenfunktionen für Komponenten der rationellen Energienutzung.
Forschungsvorhaben, 2002 (in German).
Baakeem, S.S., J. Orfi, and A. Bessadok-Jemai, Thermodynamic and economic analysis of the
performance of a direct evaporative cooler working under extreme summer weather conditions. Journal
of Mechanical Science and Technology, 2018. 32(4): p. 1815-1825.
Renewable Energy
https://www.lazard.com/perspective/lcoe2019
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/beis-electricity-generation-costs-2020
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.08.165
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261916312740
https://www.lazard.com/perspective/lcoe2019
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/beis-electricity-generation-costs-2020
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