Chapter 1 The Story Of Bridging ‘Challenge-and-response’ is a formula describing the free play of forces that provokes new departures in individual and social life. An effective challenge stimulates men to creative action . . . — Arnold Toynbee This set of notes is organized around a description of the history of bridges. This chapter […]
Programming Languages Concurrency CSCI-GA.2110-003 Fall 2020 Concurrent programming ■ refers to the handling of multiple independent activities ◆ contrast to parallelism—simultaneous execution of independent activities. ■ a task (Ada) or thread (Java,C++,C#) is an independent execution of the same static code, having a stack, program counter and local environment, but shared data. ■ Ada tasks
Programming Languages ML CSCI-GA.2110-003 Fall 2020 ML overview ■ originally developed for use in writing theorem provers ■ functional: functions are first-class values ■ garbage collection ■ strict evaluation (applicative order) ■ no coercion ■ strong and static typing; powerful type system ◆ parametric polymorphism ◆ structural equivalence ◆ all with type inference! ■ advanced
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Part 1 of 2 – Part 1 – Multiple Choice 39.0 Points Question 1 of 23 3.0 Points Consider the following Scheme program: (define mystery (lambda (l) (if (null? l) nil (append (mystery (cdr l)) (list (car l)))))) Is this program tail-recursive? • A. Yes,
Programming Languages OOP CSCI-GA.2110-003 Fall 2020 What is OOP? (part I) The object idea: ■ bundling of data (data members) and operations (methods) on that data ■ restricting access to the data An object contains: ■ data members : arranged as a set of named fields ■ methods : routines which take the object they
Programming Languages CSCI-GA.2110-003 Fall 2020 Binding, scopes, and control structures Names What can we name? ■ mutable variables ■ values ■ functions ■ types ■ type constructors (e.g., list or vector) ■ classes ■ modules/packages ■ execution points (labels) ■ execution points with environment (continuation) 2 / 34 Binding times A binding is an association
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Programming Languages Modules CSCI-GA.2110-003 Fall 2020 Modules Programs are built out of components called modules. Each module: ■ has a public interface that defines entities exported by the module ■ may include other (private) entities that are not exported ■ may depend on the entities defined in the interface of another module (weak external coupling)
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Programming Languages Exceptions CSCI-GA.2110-003 Fall 2020 Exceptions General mechanism for handling abnormal conditions One way to improve robustness of programs is to handle errors. How can we do this? We can check the result of each operation that can go wrong (e.g., popping from a stack, writing to a file, allocating memory). Unfortunately, this has
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Chapter 7: Replication Management using the State Machine Approach Fred B. Schneider* Department of Computer Science Cornell University Ithaca, New York 14853 U.S.A. This chapter reprints my paper “Implementing Fault-tolerant Services using the State Machine Approach: A Tutorial” which orginally appeared in ACM Computing Surveys 22 (Dec. 1990). The paper has been reformatted, but otherwise
Chapter 2 Point Operations Definition of point operations • A function that assigns a grey level to an output pixel of an output image based solely on corresponding pixel of input image. That is, where – A(i,j) and B(i,j) are grey level of input and output images at (i,j) – f(.) is a function •
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